The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in association with the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium, produces the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) for the United States. The MRLC, a consortium of federal agencies who coordinate and generate consistent and relevant land cover information at the national scale for a wide variety of environmental, land management, and modeling applications, have been providing the scientific community with detailed land cover products for more than 30 years. Over that time, NLCD has been one of the most widely used geospatial datasets in the U.S., serving as a basis for understanding the Nation’s landscapes in thousands of studies and applications, trusted by scientists, land managers, students, city planners, and many more as a definitive source of U.S. land cover. NLCD land cover suite is created through the classification of Landsat imagery and uses partner data from the MRLC Consortium to help refine many of the land cover classes. The classification system used by NLCD is modified from the Anderson Land Cover Classification System. The NLCD Class Legend and Description is maintained at https://www.mrlc.gov/data/legends/national-land-cover-database-class-legend-and-description. The land cover theme includes two separate products. The first is a standard land cover product suite that provides 16 land cover classes for the conterminous United States and Alaska only land cover types and is available at https://www.mrlc.gov/data. The second product suite, NLCD Land Cover Science Products, provides additional discrimination and land cover classes differentiating grass and shrub and regenerating forest regime from grass and shrub and rangeland setting and is available at https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd-2021-science-research-products. The latest release of NLCD land cover spans the timeframe from 2001 to 2021 in 2 to 3-year intervals. These new products use a streamlined compositing process for assembling and preprocessing Landsat imagery and geospatial ancillary datasets; a temporally, spectrally, and spatially integrated land cover change analysis strategy; a theme-based post-classification protocol for generating land cover and change products; a continuous fields biophysical parameters modeling method; and a scripted operational system. Unmasked Impervious - To produce the unmasked impervious layer a multilayered perceptron neural network (MLP) was deployed across CONUS. The MLP was trained to perform the regression task of predicting the 1-100 impervious fractional cover. To sample data to train the network, we broke CONUS into a grid comprised of 256x256 pixel regions of interest (ROIs) and sampled from that grid all ROIs with at least 40% impervious cover according to NLCD 2019 impervious fractional cover, which gave us samples from large impervious areas. From those ROIs, we then sampled 66 million training and 16 million validation data points with an even distribution across each impervious intensity (1-100). Those training points were then randomly split into 4 subsets, each corresponding to one of the following respective years: 2011, 2013, 2016, 2019. We used those points to query surface reflectance values from leaf-on composite and leaf-off synthetic imagery (see metadata for NLCD 2021 land cover), elevation data, and spatial urban intensity probabilities. The spatial urban intensity probabilities were generated by an ensemble of U-net models that were trained to predict the 4 urban intensity classes as defined by the NLCD product legend (open space, low intensity, medium intensity, high intensity). Two U-net models were trained using all ROIs in the CONUS 256x256 pixel grid. Inputs to these models included leaf-on composite and leaf-off synthetic imagery, and elevation data. To create the final training and validation datasets we randomly split the CONUS grid into to 2 equal sets: A and B. Using the ROIs from set A we queried the input features from the years 2011 and 2016 and from the ROIs in set B we queried input features from the years 2013 and 2019. These U-net models do not act as the final impervious predictors but instead as spatial feature generators. The spatial features learned by these convolutional neural networks were then fed into the pixel-based MLP, as spatial probabilities of urban intensity, to boost its predicting power. The U-nets were trained using categorical focal Jaccard loss and monitored with the Jaccard Index metric (IOU). The impervious fractional cover regression model (MLP) was trained using mean squared error as a loss function and monitored with mean absolute error as the metric. Initial impervious footprint - To generate an initial impervious footprint, three U-net models were trained on the multiclass-classification task of predicting “urban” and “roads”. The model was trained with 120,000 training and 40,000 validation 256X256 pixel Landsat image chips covering the entire extent of CONUS. The model inputs are consistent with what was used to generate the urban intensity U-net models; the only difference was the target mask the models were trained to predict. These models mapped all NLCD impervious footprint pixels to two classes (“urban” and “roads”); this was used to generate the impervious extent. Impervious Change Pixels - The initial 2021 impervious change pixels were created by comparing the 2021 urban footprint with the 2019 published urban descriptor and extracting the difference. These change pixels were manually edited for omission and commission errors. Ancillary data were then added to the change pixels to create the final 2021 impervious change pixels. These ancillary data consisted of solar installations, wind turbines, and roads. The solar installations dataset is an edited version of the Solar Photovoltaic Generating Units dataset produced by Kruitwagen et al (2021) (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5005867). The U.S. Wind Turbine Database from Hoen et al (2021) (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TX3DN0) was used without edits. NavStreets road datasets were used in previous versions of NLCD but an updated version was not available to the USGS. New subdivision roads from the 2021 urban footprint and a small number of manually drawn roads were added to the 2021 impervious change pixels. 2021 impervious extent - The final impervious change pixels were added to that 2019 impervious descriptor file to create the new 2021 impervious descriptor file. This file maps the extent of all impervious for the 2021 NLCD. 2021 impervious product - The percent imperviousness values (1-100%) for the impervious change pixels were extracted from the unmasked impervious layer. Values for previously published urban remained the same except for areas that were 40% or more greater in value, in the unmasked impervious layer. 2021 impervious descriptor - The final impervious change pixels were mapped to the class legend for the NLCD 2019 published impervious descriptor. These pixels were then added to the NLCD 2019 impervious descriptor file to create the new 2021 impervious descriptor file.