This data release documents socioeconomic water-needs indicators estimated for the Mekong River delta region. The Mekong River provides many valuable benefits to the 60 million Southeast Asian residents living in its Basin. Maintaining adequate supplies of water in the Mekong River Basin is vital for food security. However, the Mekong River Basin is increasingly stressed by infrastructure development, growing water demands, and land cover change, in addition to climate change. Freshwater demands and the capacity to respond to changing resource availability were estimated to assess vulnerability to changes in water availability in provinces of the Mekong River delta region along the Cambodia-Vietnam border. Water demands related to agriculture, livestock, and domestic uses were estimated to understand risk of water scarcity in relation to agricultural livelihoods. Following an existing adaptive capacity framework, estimates of asset base, knowledge and learning, flexibility, social organization, and agency were calculated at the province level.