Hedeff I. Essaid James S. Kuwabara Nicholas T. Corson-Dosch James L. Carter Brent R. Topping 2020 groundwater flow, solute transport and heat transport models Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P98C5H5N Hedeff I. Essaid James S. Kuwabara Nicholas T. Corson-Dosch James L. Carter Brent R. Topping 2020 Journal article Science of the Total Environment Volume ???, pages ??? Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier B. V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768 This model archive data release includes all models used to characterize the magnitude, spatial distribution and timing of groundwater (GW) flow through lakebed sediments to Upper Klamath Lake (UKL), Oregon, described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768). One-dimensional vertical models of GW flow (MODFLOW-2005) and solute transport (MT3D-USGS) were calibrated (UCODE) to 2014 observed dissolved silica (Si, 0.2-micron filtered) porewater concentrations in the upper 0.1 m of lakebed sediment to estimate GW flow and Si exchange across the lakebed interface. The Si-based calibrated GW flow rates were then used in conjunction with observed dissolved phosphate-phosphorus (PP) porewater concentrations in the upper 0.1 m of lakebed sediment to estimate the amount of PP reacted during upward flow through the lakebed sediment and the PP discharge to the lake. One-dimensional, vertical GW flow and heat transport models (VS2DH) were calibrated (UCODE) to 2015 and 2017 observed lakebed temperatures to provide estimates of GW-inflow rates at multiple UKL locations. Calibrated GW inflows were greatest in the spring and decreased through the summer. The magnitude and timing of the GW-lake water exchange estimates obtained from these methods were compared to rates obtained from a generalized cross-sectional GW flow model (MODFLOW-NWT) with time-varying recharge. The cross-sectional GW flow model demonstrated that snow-melt GW recharge could be transported rapidly to the lake due to the relatively high permeability and low specific storage of the surrounding volcanic rocks explaining the greater GW discharge to the lake in the spring. This USGS data release contains all the input and output files for the simulations described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768). The models were developed to estimate the the magnitude, spatial distribution and timing of groundwater flow through lakebed sediments to Upper Klamath Lake , Oregon. Model development and application are documented in an article published in the journal Science of the Total Environment (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768). Support is provided for correcting errors in the data release and clarification of the modeling conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Users are encouraged to review the model journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768) to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. The models will run successfully only if the original directory structure is correctly restored. The model archive is broken into several pieces to reduce the likelihood of download timeouts. Instructions for reconstructing the original directory structure and running the models included in this data release and described in the journal article can be found in the readme.txt ASCII file which can be downloaded as part of this data release. 20121001 20171001 publication date Complete Not planned -122.1938 -121.6763 42.5877 42.2411 USGS Thesaurus usgsgroundwatermodel Transport model Inverse model MODFLOW-2005 MT3D-USGS VS2DH MODFLOW-NWT UCODE-2014 Groundwater Groundwater-lake water exchange Groundwater Model Groundwater-surface water interaction ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation InlandWaters Environment USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:d2d02841-4a69-4e4a-97f4-fc55f9f99f54 Geographic Names Information System Oregon Klamath County Upper Klamath Lake None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from this data release. none Hedeff I. Essaid U.S. Geological Survey mailing

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Moffett Field CA 94055 USA 650-439-2481 hiessaid@usgs.gov https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/Essaid2020_STOTEN_Thumbnail.jpg Image of the Upper Klamath Lake area showing locations of vertical GW flow and transport models (lake sites) and cross-sectional GW flow model (line AB). JPG One-dimensional vertical models of GW flow and solute transport were calibrated to 2014 observed dissolved silica (Si) porewater concentrations in the upper 0.1 m of lakebed sediment. The Si-based calibrated GW flow rates were then used in conjunction with observed dissolved phosphate-phosphorus (PP) porewater concentrations in the upper 0.1 m of lakebed sediment to calibrate the first-order reaction rate for of PP reacted during upward flow through the lakebed sediment. One-dimensional, vertical GW flow and heat transport models were calibrated to 2015 and 2017 observed lakebed temperatures (dates reported in Tables S3 and S7 of the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768). Temperature-based estimates of GW flow to UKL in 2017 obtained from the calibrated vertical flow models were used to calibrate a generalized cross-sectional GW flow model with time-varying recharge for WY2016-17. The calibrated GW flow model was then used to simulate conditions for WY 2012-2017. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record and the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768) for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted The process used to develop and apply the GW flow and transport models is described in the journal article Essaid and others (2020) (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768). 2020 raster pixel NAD_1983_Albers 29.5 45.5 -96.0 23 0.0 0.0 row and column 500.0 500.0 meters D_North_American_1983 1.0 feet Attribute values Essaid2020_STotEn.shp ESRI Polygon shapefile U.S. Geological Survey Area Active value of one indicates the polygon area that is active in the model. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768 usgsgroundwatermodel Delineation of active areas in the model. http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/P98C5H5N U.S. Geological Survey Michael Ierardi IT Specialist mailing and physical

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Reston Virginia 20192 USA 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) mierardi@usgs.gov The data have been approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although the data, software, and related material have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. readme.txt 1.0 ASCII text file This ASCII text file describes the model data release. This file also includes instructions on how to run the models contained in this data release. 0.027 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/readme.txt modelgeoref.txt 1.0 ASCII text file This ASCII text file defines the four corners of the model domain. 0.001 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/modelgeoref.txt ancillary.zip 1.0 ZIP This ZIP file contains ancillary data including data used to calibrate the models. 7.0 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/ancillary.zip bin.zip 1.0 ZIP ZIP file containing executables used to run the MODFLOW-2005, MT3D-USGS, VS2DH and MODFLOW-NWT models with UCODE-2014 (and the ZONEBUDGET utility to extract model fluxes) documented in Essaid and others (2020) (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768) 9.6 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/bin.zip georef.zip 1.0 ZIP ZIP file containing a shapefile which defines the active (Active=1) and inactive (Active=0) areas of the model domain. 0.1 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/georef.zip model.zip 1.0 ZIP This zip file contains all of the input files for the simulated model scenarios. 22.5 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/model.zip output.zip 1.0 ZIP This zip file contains all of the output files for the simulated model scenarios. 1128 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/output.zip source.zip 1.0 ZIP This zip file contains the source code files for MODFLOW-2005, MT3D-USGS, VS2DH, MODFLOW-NWT, UCODE-2014 and Zonebudget. 2.1 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Essaid2020_STotEn/source.zip None 20201117 U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing

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Reston VA 20192 USA 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) mierardi@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998