Andrew T. Leaf Anna Fehling Kenneth R. Bradbury Randall J. Hunt Paul F. Juckem 2019 1.0 groundwater model Reston, VA, USA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/F7QR4W2W Anna Fehling Andrew T. Leaf Kenneth R. Bradbury Randall J. Hunt Stephen Mauel Peter R. Schoephoester Paul F. Juckem 2018 Publication Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 004-2 Madison, WI, USA Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2.pdf https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2-plates.pdf The model simulates two-dimensional groundwater flow and base flow in streams in the northern Nicolet Unit of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest using the analytic element program GFLOW (Haitjema, 1995). Significant streams and lakes in the model domain are represented at varying levels of detail as linesink elements fully connected to the groundwater system. The highest level of detail is given to surface water features within the Forest Unit, while greatly simplified features around the perimeter of the model provide a boundary condition for the groundwater flow system. Groundwater discharge to the linesinks is computed, and routed through the surface water network as base flow. Recharge to the groundwater system was obtained from a separate soil-water-balance (SWB) model, which uses topography, soils, land use, and climatic data to estimate recharge as deep drainage from the soil zone. Estimated average annual recharge rates were supplied to the GFLOW model on a regular 1-km grid covering the model domain, using the Hybrid GFLOW-MODFLOW feature of GFLOW. The model was calibrated to groundwater levels, interpreted lake stages, and estimated annual base flows in streams, \with an emphasis on data collected since 1970. Parameters representing hydraulic conductivity, groundwater recharge, and surface water bed-sediment resistance were adjusted using the parameter estimation program PEST, to produce simulated groundwater levels and base flow estimates that agree with field measurements, and input parameter values that are consistent with previous studies and the conceptual understanding of the area. This USGS data release contains all of the input and output for the simulations described in the published report, which can be found in the main directory of this data release. The groundwater flow model provides a framework with which to estimate key aquifer properties, simulated water table elevations, flow paths, flow rates, and discharge zones. Potential uses for the model include delineating areas contributing groundwater to surface water features, determining the expected drawdown from a new well, and evaluating the impacts of changes in pumping or land-use on streamflow and water levels. Support is provided for correcting errors in the data release and clarification of the modeling conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Users are encouraged to review the model documentation report included in this data release to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. The models will run successfully only if the original directory structure is correctly restored. The model archive is broken into several pieces to reduce the likelihood of download timeouts. Instructions for reconstructing the original directory structure and running the models included in this data release and described in the model documentation report can be found in the readme.txt ASCII file which can be downloaded as part of this data release. 20000101 20120101 publication date Complete Not planned -89.391133 -88.199543 46.249389 45.560054 USGS Thesaurus usgsgroundwatermodel GFLOW Groundwater InlandWaters Groundwater Model Soil-Water-Balance Code PEST ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation inlandWaters environment USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:c88f6c99-314e-4df5-b90c-afb1e1b8661e Geographic Names Information System Copper Falls Formation Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest Nicolet Unit Eagle River--Florence District Lakewood--Laona DistrictFlorence County Forest County Oneida County Vilas County Wisconsin None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey and would be appreciated in products derived from this data release. none Andrew T. Leaf U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

8505 Research Way

Middleton WI 53562 USA 608-821-3912 aleaf@usgs.gov https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north.jpg Image of the model domain and active area of the model. jpg Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and U.S. Forest Service The model was calibrated using the parameter estimation code PEST. Calibration targets included all available measurements of head and streamflow, with an emphasis on measurements collected after 1970. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record and the associated model documentation report (included) for additional details at https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2.pdf. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted The process used to develop, calibrate, and apply the groundwater-flow model is fully described in the model documentation report (archived in the main directory of this data release) at https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2.pdf. 2018 raster pixel NAD_1927_UTM_Zone_16N 0.9996 -87.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 row and column 1.0 1.0 Model units are feet. Projection units are meters. Analytic element models do not use a model grid but, rather, model various features with analytic elements. Surface-water features, such as streams and lakes, were simulated with various analytic elements in the model called linesinks. Linesinks can either be modeled as "near-field" or "far-field" elements. The analytic element streams outside of the forest unit were simulated as far-field linesinks for which the stream stage is fixed and there is no resistance between the groundwater and surface-water systems. Because this formulation "pins" the water table to surface water stages, locations and elevations of far-field surface-water features control water levels at the model boundary. As a result, the model simulates the groundwater divides separating the forest unit area of interest (the "near-field") from the more regional flow system (the "far-field"). NAVD88 1.0 feet Attribute values Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north.shp ESRI Polygon shapefile U.S. Geological Survey Area The text string indicating if the polygon area is active or inactive in the model. The report is in the main directory of this model archive at https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2.pdf. usgsgroundwatermodel Delineation of active and inactive areas in the model. The report is in the main directory of this model archive at https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2.pdf. Leaf, A.T., Fehling, A., Bradbury, K.R., Hunt, R.J., and Juckem, P.F., 2019, GFLOW groundwater flow model for the northern part of the Nicolet Unit of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, WI: U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7QR4W2W U.S. Geological Survey Michael Ierardi IT Specialist mailing and physical address

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Reston VA 20192 USA 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) mierardi@usgs.gov The data have been approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although the data, software, and related material have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. readme.txt 1.0 ASCII text file This ASCII text file describes the model data release. This file also includes the description of the model output files and instructions on how to run the model contained in this data release. 0.007 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/readme.txt modelgeoref.txt 1.0 ASCII text file This ASCII text file defines the four corners of the model domain in decimal degrees. 0.001 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/modelgeoref.txt bin.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing the executables that were used to run the simulations in the study. 0.648 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/bin.zip georef.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing a shapefile which defines the maximum extent and active area of the GFLOW model domain (Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north.shp) 0.002 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/georef.zip model.zip 1.0 ZIP file This ZIP file contains the input files for the model runs. 0.738 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/model.zip output.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing all model output files. 234.338 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/output.zip source.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing source files for the code that was used to run the simulations in this study. 0.001 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/source.zip TR004-2-plates.pdf 1.0 PDF file Plates for WGNHS report. 19.8 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2-plates.pdf TR004-2.pdf 1.0 PDF file WGNHS report associated with this data release. 7.2 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/Leaf2019_WGNHS_Nicolet_north/TR004-2.pdf None 20201117 U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing

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Reston VA 20192 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) mierardi@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998