U.S. Geological Survey 2010 1.0 remote-sensing image Open-File Report 2009-1072 Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091072 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/html/appendix1.html http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/GIS/raster/backscatter/DH_USGS_backscatter1m.zip Walter A. Barnhardt Seth D. Ackerman Brian D. Andrews Wayne E. Baldwin 2010 1.0 Open-File Report 2009-1072 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/ These data were collected under a cooperative agreement with the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Science Center (WHSC). Initiated in 2003, the primary objective of this program is to develop regional geologic framework information for the management of coastal and marine resources. Accurate data and maps of sea-floor geology are important first steps toward protecting fish habitat, delineating marine resources, and assessing environmental changes due to natural or human impacts. The project is focused on the inshore waters (5-30 m deep) of Massachusetts between the New Hampshire border and Cape Cod Bay. Data collected for the mapping cooperative have been released in a series of USGS Open-File Reports (http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/coastal_mass/). This spatial dataset is from the study area located between Duxbury and Hull Massachusetts, and consists of high-resolution geophysics (bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection) and ground validation (sediment samples, video tracklines and bottom photographs). The data were collected during four separate surveys conducted between 2003 and 2007 (NOAA survey H10993 in 2003, USGS-WHSC survey 06012 in 2006, and USGS-WHSC surveys 07001 and 07003 in 2007) and cover more than 200 square kilometers of the inner continental shelf. This GeoTIFF (Tagged Image File Format) contains approximately 186 square-km of Klein 3000 sidescan-sonar data that were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during two surveys (USGS surveys 06012 and 07001) offshore of Massachusetts, between Duxbury and Hull. These data are used to define the sea-floor morphology as part of the Massachusetts Sea-floor Mapping Project. 20060804 20070502 ground condition of two different date ranges: 20060804 to 20060820 and 20070422 to 20070502 Complete None planned -70.833187 -70.590966 42.348435 42.074860 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:c405521a-687e-4f1b-ace1-c0f5d4008f99 None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program CMGP Woods Hole Science Center WHSC Seafloor Marine Geology WHSC field activity serial number 06012 WHSC field activity serial number 07001 sidescan sidescan-sonar side scan sonar sonar backscatter GeoTIFF image grey scale mosaic Klein Klein 3000 k3k R/V Megan T. Miller R/V Rafael ISO 19115 Topic Category oceans geoscientificInformation imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Data Categories for Marine Planning distributions physical habitats and geomorphology Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords seabed sidescan sonar marine geophysics USGS Thesaurus sidescan sonar image mosaics marine geophysics sea-floor characteristics sea-floor acoustic reflectivity None North America United States Atlantic Ocean Massachusetts Boston South Shore Massachusetts Bay Cape Cod Bay Nantasket Beach Hull Bay Scituate Marshfield Brant Rock Duxbury Beach Duxbury Bay None Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2315 508-457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/GIS/browse_jpg/big/DH_USGS_backscatter1m.jpg grey scale image of sidescan-sonar mosaic JPEG Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850 W.W. Danforth T.F. O'Brien W.C. Schwab 1991 Sea Technology Jan. 1991 Arlington, VA Sea Technology William W. Danforth 1997 Open-File Report 97-686 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey V.F. Paskevich 1992 Open-File Report 92-536 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Valerie Paskevich 1996 Open-File Report 96-281 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Valerie Paskevich Jane Denny Seth Ackerman unpublished material document in Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Walter A. Barnhardt Brian D. Andrews Bradford Butman 2006 Open-File Report 2005-1293 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1293/ Seth D. Ackerman Bradford Butman Walter A. Barnhardt William W. Danforth James M. Crocker 2006 Open-File Report 2006-1008 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1008/ Walter A. Barnhardt Brian D. Andrews Seth D. Ackerman Wayne E. Baldwin Christopher J. Hein 2009 Open-File Report 2007-1373 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1373/ Image pixel values contain acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255). Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). This image represents mainline sidescan sonar data; no crossline data were included in this image. Gaps may occur along-track and between adjacent lines. Only the subset of sidescan-sonar backscatter data collected during field activities 06012 and 07001 that are within the study area between Duxbury and Hull have been included in this spatial dataset. Approximately 125 square-km of additional sidescan-sonar backscatter data were collected south of Brant Rock, Massachusetts during these field activities will be published in a subsequent data release focused on Cape Cod Bay. Some sections of sonar data with excess noise were clipped during processing. Field activity 06012: The Klein 3000 was towed from the stern A-frame of the R/V Megan T. Miller. Position data were provided by the Z-Surveyor Extreme for real-time kinematic (RTK) navigation and recorded to the raw data files (XTF) via SonarPro (version 9.6) on the sonar acquisition computer. During some portions of the survey, technical difficulties caused the GPS systems to malfunction; in some instances the acquisition systems fell back on the RTK Float or the autonomous GPS navigation; but in some cases surveying was halted until a reliable GPS signal could be achieved. Layback positions, which account for the linear distance between the shipboard RTK-GPS receiver and the towed sonar vehicle were measured by a cable counter on the winch that was used to deploy the sidescan-sonar towfish. Layback offsets were directly applied into the acquisition software so the navigation recorded in the XTF data reflect the position including the layback offset. A conservative estimate of positional accuracy is estimated to be 10 m although when the system was recording RTK navigation the positional accuracy is likely <1 m as RTK-GPS provides horizontal positional accuracies on the decimeter scale. Positional uncertainty arises because the layback calculations do not account for fish motion behind the vessel, which is caused by sea state and vessel speed induced changes in the angle and scope of the tow cable. Field activity 07001: The Klein 3000 was towed from the port side aft on the R/V Rafael. Position data were provided by the Ashtech Extreme for real-time kinematic (RTK) navigation and recorded to the raw data files (XTF) via SonarPro (version 10.0) on the sonar acquisition computer. A conservative estimate of positional accuracy is estimated to be 10 m although when the system was recording RTK navigation the positional accuracy is likely <1 m as RTK-GPS provides horizontal positional accuracies on the decimeter scale. Layback was fixed and figured into the navigation during acquisition. 10 The RTK-GPS is accurate to <1 meter, however, the layback of the towfish adds additional uncertainty due to changes in angle and scope of the tow cable in response to sea state and vessel speed. Therefore, a conservative estimate of the positional accuracy of this system is estimated to be approximately 10 meters. U.S. Geological Survey unknown The source information was incomplete and had to be modified to meet the standard. disc 20060804 20070502 ground condition of two different date ranges: 20060804 to 20060820 and 20070422 to 20070502 Information unavailable from original metadata. Data acquisition at sea: Sidescan sonar data were collected with a Klein 3000 dual frequency (132/445 kHz) sidescan sonar towfish on the R/V Megan T. Miller (06012) and the R/V Rafael (07001). During survey 06012 the sonar was towed from the stern A-frame of the R/V Megan T. Miller; a cable counter measured the towfish layback and automatically adjusted the layback parameter in the acquisition software (SonarPro version 9.6). During survey 07001, the sonar was towed from the port side aft on the R/V Rafael; layback was fixed and SonarPro version 10.0 was used on the acquisition computer. Tracklines are generally spaced 100m apart (200m in the northern area where the USGS data overlaps with NOAA multibeam echo-sounder data). Data were acquired roughly parallel to the shoreline at an average speed of 5 knots. Within XSonar Software (version: 1.1) a median filtering routine (4 pixels across track by 3 pixels along track) was applied to the raw sidescan-sonar data (XTF) to remove speckle noise. The data were further processed to correct for fish altitude, slant and beam artifacts, and then merged with the navigation (Danforth, 1997). Adjacent sidescan sonar lines were mapped out separately from XSonar into north-heading and south-heading sonar mosaics at 1 meter/pixel resolution. Sidescan areas were defined within the survey trackline planning scheme such that the sonar images mapped in XSonar would have the same line orientation and keep the working mosaics to a manageable filesize. Processing occurred in 2006, 2007 and 2008. 2008 Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 (508) 548-8700x2315 (508) 457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov A PCI Geomatica (version: 10.0.3) project was created for each subarea of the Duxbury to Hull survey area. The north and south-heading working mosaics were imported into PCI Geomatica to be digitally mosaicked together using PCI's OrthoEngine and procedures described in Paskevich (1996) and Paskevich and others (Unpublished, 2007). The mosaicking process produces an enhanced, geographically correct, sidescan-sonar mosaic with 1 meter/pixel resolution. The subareas were tone-adjusted within PCI's OrthoEngine mosaicking tools (to account for tonal-variation as a result of changes to the acquisition parameters or variations introduced as a result of processing); then mosaicked together into a composite backscatter image for the entire survey area. The composite mosaic was exported as a GeoTIFF image. Processing occurred in 2007, 2008, and 2009. 2009 Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 (508) 548-8700x2315 (508) 457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov Most of the NODATA area in the GeoTIFF image (outside the survey bounds) have a backscatter pixel value of 255. But as a result of the mosaicking process, some areas of NODATA have a backscatter pixel value of 254. Using Adobe Photoshop CS2 (version 9.0.2), all of the NODATA areas were selected and made to have a single NODATA value, such that all NODATA in the final mosaic will have a pixel value of 255. All backscatter data within the survey area have a value of <255, although some small data gaps (NODATA) do occur within the survey area as well. A two-pixel median filter was applied to TIFF image to eliminate speckle noise in the final mosaic and small gaps of < 1 meter. Processing occurred in 2008 and 2009. 2009 Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 (508) 548-8700x2315 (508) 457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov A TIFF World File (TFW) was created using Mentor Software GeoTiffExaminer (no version) to define the spatial extent of the TIFF image. GeoTiffExaminer was also used to transfer the spatial information to the TIFF, creating a GeoTIFF image DH_USGS_backscatter1m.tfw 2009 DH_USGS_backscatter1m.tif Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 (508) 548-8700x2315 (508) 457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov Edits to the metadata were made to fix any errors that MP v 2.9.30 flagged. This is necessary to enable the metadata to be successfully harvested for various data catalogs. In some cases, this meant adding text "Information unavailable" or "Information unavailable from original metadata" for those required fields that were left blank. source information was incomplete and had to be modified to meet the standard. The format of the time period of content had to be fixed. The distribution format was modified in an attempt to be more consistent with other metadata files of the same data format. Other minor edits were probably performed (title, publisher, publication place, etc.). The metadata date (but not the metadata creator) was edited to reflect the date of these changes. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent. 20151112 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog. 20170214 U.S. Geological Survey Alan O. Allwardt Contractor -- Information Specialist Mailing and Physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-460-7551 831-427-4748 aallwardt@usgs.gov Crossref DOI link was added as the first link in the metadata. 20191118 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20200908 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Raster Pixel 30000 19400 1 Universal Transverse Mercator 19 0.999600 -69.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 row and column 1.000000 1.000000 meters D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.000000 298.257224 There are no attributes associated with a GeoTIFF image. Image pixel values contain acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255) with the data range 0-254. Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). The background color is set to 255 and can be turned off without removing data values. U.S. Geological Survey Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2315 508-457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov Downloadable Data Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. GeoTIFF Adobe Photoshop CS2 This WinZip file contains a geographic GeoTIFF image of side-scan sonar data from the Duxbury to Hull survey area. use WinZip or pkUnzip 132 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1072/GIS/raster/backscatter/DH_USGS_backscatter1m.zip Data can be downloaded via the World Wide Web (WWW) DVD-ROM 4.75 Gbytes UDF none This zip file contains a GeoTIFF image with an accompanying world file. To utilize this data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing or GIS software package capable of importing a GeoTIFF image. A free spatial data viewer, ArcExplorer, capable of displaying the data is available from ESRI at www.esri.com. 20240318 Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2315 508-457-2310 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240318) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time