U.S. Geological Survey - Alaska Science Center 20221209 tabular digital data Data Supporting Studies of Brant and Other Waterfowl Disturbance Behavior, Distribution, and Diet at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, 1985-1988 . Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Suggested Citation: U.S. Geological Survey - Alaska Science Center, 2022, Data supporting studies of brant and other waterfowl disturbance behavior, distribution, and diet at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, 1985-1988: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9B98AK4 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9B98AK4 This data package presents legacy data collected during 1985-1988 at Izembek Lagoon on the western end of the Alaska Peninsula. The data were collected in support of a multi-year study focused on aircraft disturbance of waterfowl, particularly Black Brant, Emperor Geese, and Cackling Geese. The study was conducted at Izembek Lagoon and included several study sites within the lagoon: Halfway Point, Grant Point, Outer Marker, Quarter Point, Applegate Cove, Norma Bay, Round Island, and Banding Island. The primary objectives were to 1) determine the effects of aircraft overflights and other human activities on the behavior, distribution, and habitat use of Brant, Cackling, and Emperor Geese, 2) examine noise levels associated with aircraft overflights and determine whether the behavioral response of geese is influenced by noise, and 3) evaluate the potential impact of disturbance on the energetic requirements of fall-staging Brant. The raw data are provided in a .CSV format, however, PDF digital scans of original field data sheets, tables, figures, and maps are also available upon request. Between 1985-1988, biologists with the USFWS Special Studies Program (precursor to USFWS Alaska Region departments and ultimately the Ecosystems Office at the USGS) collected biological and observational information on waterbirds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska to examine the response of waterfowl to disturbances such as aircraft, watercraft, vehicles, people, and avian predators. Izembek Lagoon contains one of the largest eelgrass beds in the world and the importance of this resource to waterfowl has led to its designation as a wetland of international importance (RAMSAR). Long-term studies on waterfowl productivity and behavior allow scientists to evaluate the health of waterfowl populations and the environments supporting them. 1985 1988 observed Complete None planned Izembek Lagoon, Alaska -163.58 -161.41 55.72 54.78 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:ASC499 ISO 19115 Topic Category Biota Environment NASA GCMD Earth Science Keyword Thesaurus Animals/Vertebrates Ducks/Geese/Swans Animal ecology and behavior USGS CSA Biocomplexity Thesaurus Waterfowl Disturbance Ecosystems Social behavior Public aircraft USGS Thesaurus Wildlife Ecology Coastal ecosystems Animal behavior Field inventory and monitoring Field experiments Mitigation of coastal hazards Migration Biological productivity None Black Brant Emperor Goose Cackling Goose Steller's Eider Northern Pintail USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Alaska Alaska Peninsula Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US) Izembek Lagoon Cove Island Grant Point Applegate Cove Norma Bay Round Island none Halfway Point Outer Marker Quarter Point Banding Island None Brant Goose Emperor Goose Cackling Goose Steller's Eider Northern Pintail ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System Unknown online database online ITIS-North America Taxonomic details retrieved November 7, 2022, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System online database https://www.itis.gov https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK Avian species were identified by skilled observers in the field based on plumage, behavior, and vocalizations Taxonomy is complete for all observations. No vouchers were collected. Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Aves Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Genus Branta TSN: 174998 Species Branta bernicla TSN: 175011 Species Branta hutchinsii TSN: 174068 Genus Anser Species Anser canagicus TSN: 175031 Genus Polysticta Species Polysticta stelleri TSN: 175153 Genus Anas Species Anas acuta TSN: 175074 No access constraints. No use constraints. We request that the suggested citation of this USGS data release be included in any publications that reference or utilize these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Mailing and Physical

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Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA 907-786-7000 gs-ak_asc_datamanagers@usgs.gov Ward, D.H. Taylor, E.J. Wotawa, M.A. Stehn, R.A. Derksen, D.V. Lensink, C.J. 1986 report Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center Ward, D.H., Taylor, E.J., Wotawa, M.A., Stehn, R.A., Derksen, D.V., Lensink, C.J., 1986. Behavior of Pacific black brant and other geese in response to aircraft disturbances and other disturbances at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: 1986 annual report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage, Alaska. https://catalog.northslopescience.org/dataset/170 Ward, D.H. Taylor, E.J. Wotawa, M.A. Stehn, R.A. Derksen, D.V. Lensink, C.J. 1987 report Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center Ward, D.H., Taylor, E.J., Wotawa, M.A., Stehn, R.A., Derksen, D.V., Lensink, C.J., 1987. Behavior of Pacific black brant and other geese in response to aircraft disturbances and other disturbances at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: 1987 annual report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage, Alaska. Unpublished report archived by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Catalog (ServCat) https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat [reference code: 106093]. https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/157539 Ward, D.H. Stehn, R.A. Wotawa, M.A. North, M.R. Books-Blenden, B. Lensink, C.J. Derksen, D.V. 1988 report Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., Wotawa, M.A., North, M.R., Books-Blenden, B., Lensink, C.J., Derksen, D.V., 1988. Response of Pacific black brant and other geese to aircraft overflights at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: 1988 annual report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage, Alaska. Unpublished report archived by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Catalog (ServCat) https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat [reference code: 106095]. https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/157542 Ward, D.H. Stehn, R.A. 1989 report Intra-agency agreement 14-12-0001-30332 MMS 90-0046 Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., 1989. Response of brant and other geese to aircraft disturbance at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: final report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage, Alaska. Unpublished report archived by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Catalog (ServCat) https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat [reference code: 107956]. https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/107956 Ward, D.H. Stehn, R.A. Derksen, D.V. 1994 publication Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(2):220-228 Wildlife Society Bulletin Wiley Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., Derksen, D.V., 1994. Response of staging brant to disturbance at the Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(2):220-228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783249 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783249 Erickson, W.P. Nick, T.G. Ward, D.H. 1998 publication ASA-SIAM Series on Statistics and Applied Probability Book 3 Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry: Chapter 13 Book SIAM Erickson, W.P., Nick, T.G., Ward, D.H., 1998. Investigating flight response of Pacific brant to helicopters at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska by using logistic regression. In Peck, R., Haugh, L.D., Goodman, A. (Eds.), Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry (book 3). Ward, D.H. Stehn, R.A. Erickson, W.P. Derksen, D.V. 1999 publication The Journal of Wildlife Management 63(1): 373-381 Journal of Wildlife Management Wiley Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., Erickson, W.P., Derksen, D.V., 1999. Response of fall-staging brant and Canada geese to aircraft overflights in southwestern Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(1): 373-381. https://doi.org/10.2307/3802522 https://doi.org/10.2307/3802522 Patil, V.P. Amundson, C.L. Ward, D.H. Fitzmorris, P.J. 2020 data release online USGS Alaska Science Center Patil, V.P., Amundson, C.L., Ward, D.H. Fitzmorris, P.J., 2020, Data and model-based estimates from Black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) fall age ratio surveys at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska (ver 3.0, December 2021): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QIJIU2 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QIJIU2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) protocols for these data included: 1) electronically transcribed field notes and data sheets associated with goose disturbance observations were checked against the hardcopy data, and 2) all records were checked for missing values, duplicates, outliers, and inconsistencies. Attribute values fall within expected ranges. Blank cells indicate data that were not recorded or not provided. The dataset on noise accoustics is not available in this data releases. Positions were obtained by comparing hard copy maps of Izembek Lagoon to current satellite imagery. Latitude and longitude were selected as the centroid of the study site. FIELD: Behavioral Response to Disturbance: Surveys and independent observations were used to determine the relative intensity of various man-caused disturbance stimuli and the influence of disturbance on birds' time budget as indicated by behavioral responses in geese (see Ward and Stehn 1989 for additional methodology). unknown DIGITIZATION: Hard copies of the documents including field data sheets, figures, tables, and maps have been stored at the USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska. During the spring-fall 2022, the documents were digitally scanned, organized and inventoried. The data pertaining to experimental overflights and incidental disturbances were transcribed into a digital .CSV format. 2022 LITERATURE CITED: Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., 1989. Response of brant and other geese to aircraft disturbance at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: final report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage, Alaska. 2022 Study site names are local geographic place names of observation areas and do not describe precise geographic points. Point World Geodetic System of 1984 World Geodetic System of 1984 6378137 298.257223563 experimentalOverflights_izembek_ward_1985-1988.csv Data table corresponding to the behavior of Brant Geese, Cackling Geese, Emperor Geese, Steller's Eider, and mixed flocks during experimental overflights of aircraft at Izembek Lagoon. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined Num Record number in consecutive order. Author defined 1 2332 Count StudyArea Name of location where the experimental overflight occured. Author defined AG Applegate Cove North (approximately 55.21 N, 162.85 W) Author defined HP Halfway Point (approximately 55.29 N, 162.82 W) Author defined NB Norma Bay (approximately 55.18 N, 163.03 W) Author defined R2 Round Island (approximately 55.32 N, 162.79 W) Author defined GW Grant Point West (approximately 55.26 N, 162.89 W) Author defined GP Grant Point (approximately 55.26 N, 162.89 W) Author defined AC Applegate Cove South (approximately 55.20 N, 162.86 W) Author defined GE Grant Point East (approximately 55.27 N, 162.88 W) Author defined QP Quarter Point (approximately 55.27 N, 162.83 W) Author defined RE Round Island East (approximately 55.32 N, 162.78 W) Author defined RW Round Island West (approximately 55.32 N, 162.79 W) Author defined BI Banding Island (approximately 55.28 N, 162.84 W) Author defined OM Outer Marker (approximately 55.31 N, 162.76 W) Author defined Subarea Subarea location within the study area. Blank cells indicate that a subarea was not recorded. Author defined Subarea location within the study area. Year Year the overflight disturbance behavior of waterfowl was observed. Author defined 1985 1988 Year (YYYY) Date Date the overflight disturbance behavior of waterfowl was observed. Author defined 1985-09-30 1988-10-19 Date (YYYY-MM-DD) Time Time the overflight disturbance behavior of waterfowl was observed. Author defined 10:04 19:32 Time (hh:mm) 24 hr Observer Observer initials of waterfowl disturbance observations. Blank cells indicate that the observer was not recorded. Author defined AL Andy Loranger Author defined MB Mike Blenden Author defined DW David Ward Author defined CD Chris Dau Author defined BS Bob Stehn Author defined CL Calvin Lensink Author defined DD Dirk Derksen Author defined ET Eric Taylor Author defined PF Paul Flint Author defined MW Mark Wotawa Author defined PB Peggy Blenden Author defined MN Mike North Author defined AR Austin Reed Author defined LT Lee Tibbitts Author defined KK Karen Kinchloe Author defined AircraftType Type of aircraft that caused the disturbance; fixed-wing or rotary wing. Author defined HS Helicopter Bell 206 Author defined AS7 AS7 model single-engine fixed-wing aircraft Author defined AS5 AS5 model single-engine fixed-wing aircraft Author defined AS6 AS6 model single-engine fixed-wing aircraft Author defined HL Helicopter-Sikorsky HH3f Author defined AO AO-Twin-engine fixed-wing aircraft Author defined AT AT-Twin-engine aircraft Author defined AM Four-engine fixed-wing aircraft Author defined AG AG-Twin-engine fixed-wing aircraft Producer defined AS8 AS8 model single-engine fixed-wing aircraft Author defined HK Helicopter Bell 205 Author defined AJ Jet-engine aircraft Author defined AS Single-engine fixed-wing aircraft Author defined HH Helicopter-Hughes Author defined FlightLine_No Flight line number or two-letter code; refers to Figures 5.2-5.7 for location of the flight lines in the lagoon in Ward and Stehn (1989). Author defined Flight line number or two-letter code. FlightDir Direction of aircraft travel in relation to the edge of the flock. Blank cells indicate that the aircraft travel direction was not recorded. Author defined L Flight direction lateral to the edge of the flock. Author defined T Flight direction toward the edge of the flock. Author defined A Flight direction away from the edge of the flock. Author defined AltitudeAircraft Altitude (feet) of the aircraft during the overflight. Author defined 100 4000 Feet TideStatus Tide current at the time of the experimental overflight. Blank cells indicate that the tide status was not recorded. Author defined ME Mid-ebb tide (out-flowing tide). Author defined H High tide. Tide 3/4 or higher; eelgrass flooded and foraging conditions limited. Author defined MF Mid flood tide (in-flowing tide). Author defined L Low tide. Tide 1/4 or lower; eelgrass, sand/mud bars, and channels exposed, optimal foraging conditions. Author defined LF Low flood tide (in-flowing tide). Author defined E Ebb tide (out-flowing tide). Author defined F Flood tide (in-flowing tide). Author defined S Slack tide. Tide between high and low tide. Author defined HE High ebb tide (out-flowing tide). Author defined LS Low slack tide. Tide between high and low tide, but the tide is beginning out-flow. Author defined LE Low ebb tide (out-flowing tide). Author defined LatDist Estimated lateral (perpendicular) distance (miles, +/- 0.1 mi) between the flight line of the aircraft and edge of the flock of geese. Blank cells indicate that the distance between the aircraft and the edge of the flock was not recorded. Author defined 0 5 Miles Species The waterfowl species observed in the flock. Blank cells indicate that the species in the flock was not recorded. Author defined B Brant Geese Author defined C Cackling Geese Author defined E Emperor Geese Author defined M Mixed flock of waterfowl Author defined S Steller's Eider Author defined FlockSize Estimated size of flock. Author defined 0 30000 Count Behavior Dominant behavior of flock during aircraft overflight. Blank cells indicate that the flock behavior was not recorded. Author defined Swim feeding Flock feeding while swimming. Author defined Mixed Multiple types of behaviors within a flock of waterfowl. Author defined Swimming Flock swimming. Author defined Alert Flock alert with their heads up and looking around. Author defined Walk feeding Flock walking and feeding. Author defined Walking Flock walking. Author defined Maintenance Flock resting, preening, or sleeping. Author defined SocialFac Social facilitation. Was the flock's response influenced by a nearby flock? Blank cells indicate that the social facilitation by a flock was not recorded. Author defined Y Yes, response influenced by a nearby flock. Author defined N No, flock response not influenced by a nearby flock. Author defined RespDist Distance (miles) at the time of response by the flock between the disturbance type and the edge of the flock, or if no response, the closest distance of the aircraft. Blank cells indicate that the response distance was not recorded. Author defined 0.0 5.5 Miles RespDur Duration (seconds) of the entire disturbance response from initial flight or alert response to when greater than 90 percent of birds in the flock return to normal behaviors. Blank cells indicate that the response duration was not recorded. Author defined 0 823 Seconds Per_NoResp Percent of flock with no response. Author defined 0 100 Percent Per_Alert Percent of flock that displayed an alert behavior. Alert behavior is when the head is up and the neck stretched with birds in the flock looking around. Blank cells indicate that the alert behavior percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent AlertDist Distance (miles) between aircraft and the edge of flock at the time of the alert response. Blank cells indicate that the alert response distance was not recorded. Author defined 0 4.7 Miles AlertDur Time (seconds) of the alert response from start of response to when greater than 50 percent of birds in the flock return to normal behaviors. Blank cells indicate that the alert duration was not recorded. Author defined 0 550 Seconds Per_Mass Percent of flock that displayed a mass behavior. Mass behavior is when birds are walking close together and heads are up in a alert position and are awaiting a flight response. Blank cells indicate that the mass response percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent MassDist Distance (miles) between the aircraft and the edge of the flock at the time of the mass response. Blank cells indicate that the distance at the time of mass response was not recorded. Author defined 0 2.9 Miles MassDur Time (seconds) of the mass response from start of movement to when greater than 50 percent of birds in the flock return to normal behaviors. Blank cells indicate that the mass response duration was not recorded. Author defined 0 199 Seconds Per_Rise Percent of the flock that rose off the ground. Rise is when a flock takes a brief rise off the ground and settles back down to the ground to where the flock originally took flight. Blank cells indicate that percent of the flock that rose was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent RiseDist Distance (miles) between aircraft and the edge of the flock when they rose off the ground. Blank cells indicate that the rise response distance was not recorded. Author defined 0.1 1.5 Miles RiseDur Time (seconds) of the rise behavior from takeoff time to when greater than 50 percent of the flock landed. Blank cells indicate that the flight duration was not recorded. Author defined 5 48 Seconds Per_Circle Percent of the flock that flew in a circle and landed back at the original location or on the water. Circle behavior is when a flock takes flight and circles the area before settling back down in the same general area where the flock took flight. Blank cells indicate that the percent circle response was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent CircleDist Distance (miles) between the aircraft and the edge of the flock at the time of the circle flight. Blank cells indicate that the distance at the time of the circle flight response was not recorded. Author defined 0 3.8 Miles CircleDur Time (seconds) of the circle flight from takeoff to when greater than 50 percent of the flock landed in the original location or on the water. Blank cells indicate that the circle flight duration was not recorded. Author defined 0 349 Seconds Per_Depart Percent of the flock that flew and departed the study area. Blank cells indicate that the flock departure percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent DepartDist Distance (miles) between the aircraft and the edge of the flock at the time of flight and departure response. Blank cells indicate that the departure distance was not recorded. Author defined 0 2.8 Miles DepartDur Time (seconds) in flight during the departure response from takeoff to when greater than 50 percent of the flock landed away from the study area. Blank cells indicate that the departure duration was not recorded. Author defined 29 500 Seconds incidentalDisturbances_izembek_ward_1985-1987.csv Data table corresponding to the behavior of Brant Geese, Cackling Geese, Emperor Geese, Steller's Eider, Northern Pintail, and mixed flocks during incidental overflights of aircraft, vehicles, and animals at Izembek Lagoon. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined Num Record number in consecutive order. Author defined 1 2823 Count StudyArea Name of location where the incidental overflight occurred. Author defined AG Applegate Cove North (approximately 55.21 N, 162.85 W) Author defined GP Grant Point (approximately 55.26 N, 162.89 W) Author defined GW Grant Point West (approximately 55.26 N, 162.89 W) Author defined HP Halfway Point (approximately 55.29 N, 162.82 W) Author defined OM Outer Marker (approximately 55.31 N, 162.76 W) Author defined QP Quarter Point (approximately 55.27 N, 162.83 W) Author defined AC Applegate Cove South (approximately 55.20 N, 162.86 W) Author defined BI Banding Island (approximately 55.28 N, 162.84 W) Author defined GE Grant Point East (approximately 55.27 N, 162.88 W) Author defined NB Norma Bay (approximately 55.18 N, 163.03 W) Author defined RE Round Island East (approximately 55.32 N, 162.78 W) Author defined RW Round Island West (approximately 55.32 N, 162.79 W) Author defined RI Round Island (approximately 55.32 N, 162.79 W) Author defined Year Year the incidental overflight disturbance behavior of waterfowl was observed. Author defined 1985 1987 Year (YYYY) Date Date the incidental overflight disturbance behavior of waterfowl was observed. Author defined 1985-09-24 1987-11-02 Date (YYYY-MM-DD) StartTime Start time of the disturbance observation period. Blank cells indicate that a start time was not recorded. Author defined 08:15 20:00 Time (hh:mm) 24 hr EndTime End time of the disturbance observation period. Blank cells indicate that an end time was not recorded. Author defined 10:30 22:10 Time (hh:mm) 24 hr Time Time the incidental disturbance was observed. Blank cells indicate that the time of the observed disturbance was not recorded. Author defined 09:00 23:07 Time (hh:mm) 24 hr Observer Observer initials of waterfowl disturbance observations. Blank cells indicate that the observer was not recorded. Author defined AL Andy Loranger Author defined MB Mike Blenden Author defined DW David Ward Author defined CD Chris Dau Author defined BS Bob Stehn Author defined CL Calvin Lensink Author defined DD Dirk Derksen Author defined ET Eric Taylor Author defined PF Paul Flint Author defined MW Mark Wotawa Author defined PB Peggy Blenden Author defined MN Mike North Author defined AR Austin Reed Author defined LT Lee Tibbitts Author defined KK Karen Kinchloe Author defined DB Dawn Breeze Author defined MA Mike Anthony Author defined JH Jim Hawkings Author defined DisturbanceType Type of aircraft, vehicle, or animal that caused the disturbance. Author defined A Fixed-wing aircraft Author defined A1 Fixed-wing-Single engine Author defined A2 Fixed-wing-Twin engine Author defined A3 Fixed-wing-Jet Author defined A4 Fixed-wing-Electra 4-engine propoller Author defined A5 Fixed-wing-Single engine: Cessna 206 Author defined A6 Fixed-wing-Single engine- Cessna 185 Author defined A8 Fixed-wing-Single engine- Piper 150 Author defined AG Twin-engine-Grumman Goose Author defined AH Large Twin-engine aircraft Author defined AJ Large Jet Author defined AK Small Jet Author defined AM Multi-engine fixed-wing Author defined AO Twin Otter aircraft Author defined AS Single-engine aircraft Author defined AT Smaller twin-engine aircraft Author defined B Motor-boat Author defined BR Bear Author defined E Eagle Author defined EA Eagle-adult Author defined EI Eagle-immature Author defined F Falcon Author defined FG Gyrfalcon Author defined FP Peregrine Falcon Author defined FX Fox Author defined G Gunshots Author defined GP Gunshot/hunter(s) Author defined H Helicopter Author defined HK Helicopter-Bell 2005 Author defined HL Helicopter- Coast Guard-Sikorsky HH3F Author defined HS Helicopter-Bell 206 Author defined J Jet Author defined NH Northern Harrier Author defined P Person Author defined R Raven Author defined RL Rough-legged Hawk Author defined RO River Otter Author defined U Unknown disturbance Author defined V Vehicle Author defined W Wolf Author defined WR Walrus Author defined Travel Direction of aircraft, vehicle or animal travel in relation to the edge of the flock. Blank cells indicate that the travel direction was not recorded. Author defined L Travel direction lateral to the edge of the flock. Author defined T Travel direction toward the edge of the flock. Author defined Altitude Estimated altitude (feet) of the aircraft, vehicle or animal causing the disturbance response. Blank cells indicate that the estimated altitude of the disturbance type was not recorded. Author defined 2 35000 Feet Altitude_acc Accuracy of the altitude estimate of the aircraft, vehicle or animal causing the disturbance response. Blank cells indicate that the accuracy of the altitude was not recorded. Author defined 1 Considered accurate. Author defined 2 Confident to +/- 20 percent. Author defined 3 Confident to +/- 20 to 50 percent. Author defined 4 Stimulus not observed and confidence +/- 50 percent. Author defined LatDist Estimated lateral (perpendicular) distance (miles, +/- 0.1 mi) between the travel projection of the aircraft, vehicle or animal causing the disturbance and edge of the flock of waterfowl. Blank cells indicate that the distance between the travel line of the disturbance and the edge of the flock was not recorded. Author defined 0 9.9 Miles LatDist_acc Accuracy of the lateral distance estimate. Blank cells indicate that the accuracy of the lateral distance was not recorded. Author defined 1 Considered accurate. Measured from maps or the observation reliability was greater than 90 percent. Author defined 2 Observation reliability 90-50 percent. Author defined 3 Observation reliability less than 50 percent. Author defined TideStage Tidal stage at the time of the incidental disturbance. Blank cells indicate that the tidal stage was not recorded. Author defined M Mid = tide 1/4 to 3/4 high and ebbing (out-flowing) or flooding (in-flowing) rapidly: eelgrass mostly exposed and mixed foraging conditions. Author defined H High = tide 3/4 or higher: eelgrass flooded and foraging conditions limited. Author defined L Low = tide 1/4 or lower: eelgrass, sand/mud bars, and channels exposed, optimal foraging conditions. Author defined TideFlow The direction the tide is moving. Blank cells indicate that the tidal flow was not recorded. Author defined E Ebb tide (out-flowing tide). Author defined F Flood tide (in-flowing tide). Author defined S Slack tide. Tide between high and low tide. Author defined WindDir Wind direction. Position of the stimulus at the time of the flocks response. Blank cells indicate that the wind direction was not recorded. Author defined C Cross-wind Author defined U Upwind Author defined D Downwind Author defined N No wind (calm) Author defined Species The waterfowl species observed in the flock. Blank cells indicate that the species in the flock was not recorded. Author defined B Brant Geese Author defined C Cackling Geese Author defined E Emperor Geese Author defined M Mixed flock of waterfowl Author defined G Unknown species of goose Author defined S Steller's Eider Author defined P Northern Pintail Author defined FlockSize Estimated size of flock. Blank cells indicate that the flock size was not recorded. Author defined 4 35000 Count FlockDist Distance of the edge of the flock to the shoreline (+/-0.1 miles). Blank cells indicate that the distance of the flock to the shoreline was not recorded. Author defined 0 3 Miles Behavior Dominant behavior of flock during the incidental disturbance. Blank cells indicate that the flock behavior was not recorded. Author defined F Feeding Author defined M Maintenance. Flock resting, preening, or sleeping. Author defined R Resting Author defined A Alert. Head up and looking around. Author defined S Swimming Author defined FR Feeding and resting Author defined FS Feeding and swimming Author defined FM Feeding and maintenance Author defined MR Maintenance including resting Author defined MS Maintenance including swimming Author defined G Gritting (processing food) Author defined FA Feeding and alert Author defined W Walking Author defined SocialFac Social facilitation. Was the flock's response influenced by a nearby flock? Blank cells indicate that the social facilitation by a flock was not recorded. Author defined N No, flock response not influenced by a nearby flcok. Author defined Y Yes, response influenced by a nearby flock. Author defined RespDist Distance a flock first displayed a response to the disturbance, or if no reaction. The perpendicular distance was measured (+/- 0.1 miles) at the closest approach to the edge of the flock. Blank cells indicate that the response distance was not recorded. Author defined 0 9.9 Miles RespDist_Acc Accuracy of the response distance estimate. Blank cells indicate that the accuracy of the response distance was not recorded. Author defined 1 Accurate, travel and altitude are known. Author defined 2 Confident to +/- 20 percent. Author defined 3 Confident to +/- 20-50 percent. Author defined 4 An estimate less than 25 percent. Author defined RespDur Duration (seconds) of the entire disturbance response from initial incidental disturbance response to when greater than 90 percent of birds in the flock return to normal behaviors. If a disturbance response was underestimated (see "RespDur_under") 60 seconds was added to total duration. Blank cells indicate that the response duration was not recorded. Author defined 5 1424 Seconds RespDur_under Duration of disturbance response was underestimated; 60 seconds was added to total duration (see "RespDur"). Blank cells indicate that the response duration was either not recorded or was not underestimated. Author defined Y Yes, the disturbance response duration was underestimated. Author defined Per_NoResp Percent of flock with no response. Author defined 0 100 Percent 777 No disturbance observed for the study area or day. Author defined 999 Unknown response information, but flocks did not fly (i.e., flocks could have been alert to the stimulus). Author defined Per_Alert Percent of flock that displayed an alert behavior. Alert is head up and neck stretched with birds in the flock looking around. Blank cells indicate that the alert behavior percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent 777 No disturbance observed for the study area or day. Author defined 888 The flock did respond but the percent reponse was unknown. Author defined 999 Unknown response information, but flocks did not fly (i.e., flocks could have been alert to the stimulus). Author defined AlertDist Distance (miles) between incidental disturbance and the edge of flock at the time of the alert response. Blank cells indicate that the alert response distance was not recorded. Author defined 0 3 Miles AlertDur Time (seconds) of the alert response from start of response to when greater than 50 percent of birds in the flock return to normal behaviors. Blank cells indicate that the alert duration was not recorded. Author defined 1 600 Seconds Per_Mass Percent of flock that displayed a mass behavior. Mass behavior is when birds walk together in a tight flock with their heads up in an alert position and are awaiting a flight response. Blank cells indicate that the mass response percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent 777 No disturbance observed for the study area or day. Author defined 888 The flock did respond but the percent reponse was unknown. Author defined 999 Unknown response information, but flocks did not fly (i.e., flocks could have been alert to the stimulus). Author defined MassDist Distance (miles) between the incidental disturbance and the edge of the flock at the time of the mass response. Blank cells indicate that the distance at the time of mass response was not recorded. Author defined 0 0 Miles MassDur Time (seconds) of the mass response from start of movement to when greater than 50 percent of birds in the flock return to normal behaviors. Blank cells indicate that the mass response duration was not recorded. Author defined 13 13 Seconds Per_Rise Percent of the flock that rose off the ground. Rise is when a flock takes a brief rise off the ground and settles back down to the ground to where the flock originally took flight. Blank cells indicate that percent of the flock that rose was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent 777 No disturbance observed for the study area or day. Author defined 999 Unknown response information, but flocks did not fly (i.e., flocks could have been alert to the stimulus). Author defined RiseDist Distance (miles) between the incidental disturbance and the edge of the flock when they rose off the ground. Blank cells indicate that the rise response distance was not recorded. Author defined 0 1 Miles RiseDur Time (seconds) of the rise behavior from takeoff time to when greater than 50 percent of the flock landed. Blank cells indicate that the flight duration was not recorded. Author defined 5 150 Seconds Per_Circle Percent of the flock that flew in a circle and landed back at the original location or on the water. Circle is when a flock takes flight and circles the area before settling back down in the same general area where the flock took flight. Blank cells indicate that the percent circle response was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent 777 No disturbance observed for the study area or day. Author defined 999 Unknown response information, but flocks did not fly (i.e., flocks could have been alert to the stimulus). Author defined CircleDist Distance (miles) between the incidental disturbance and the edge of the flock at the time of the circle flight. Blank cells indicate that the distance at the time of the circle flight response was not recorded. Author defined 0 2 Miles CircleDur Time (seconds) of the circle flight from takeoff to when greater than 50 percent of the flock landed in the original location or on the water. Blank cells indicate that the circle flight duration was not recorded. Author defined 5 629 Seconds Per_Depart Percent of the flock that flew and departed the study area. Blank cells indicate that the flock departure percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent 777 No disturbance observed for the study area or day. Author defined 999 Unknown response information, but flocks did not fly (i.e., flocks could have been alert to the stimulus). Author defined DepartDist Distance (miles) between the incidental disturbance and the edge of the flock at the time of flight and departure response. Blank cells indicate that the departure distance was not recorded. Author defined 0 1 Miles DepartDur Time (seconds) in flight during the departure response from takeoff to when greater than 50 percent of the flock landed away from the study area. If a flock flew out of sight (see "DepartDur_under") 60 seconds was added to time. Blank cells indicate that the departure duration was not recorded. Author defined 16 642 Seconds DepartDur_under Duration of departure response was underestimated; 60 seconds was added to total duration (see "DepartDur"). Blank cells indicate that the departure duration was either not recorded or was not underestimated. Author defined Y Yes, the departure duration was underestimated. Author defined incidentalDisturbances_natural_izembek_ward_1986-1987.csv Data table corresponding to the behavior of Brant Geese and Cackling Geese during incidental natural disturbances at Izembek Lagoon. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined Num Record number in consecutive order. Author defined 1 798 Count StudyArea Name of location where the incidental overflight occurred. Author defined GW Grant Point West (approximately 55.26 N, 162.89 W) Author defined HP Halfway Point (approximately 55.29 N, 162.82 W) Author defined OM Outer Marker (approximately 55.31 N, 162.76 W) Author defined AC Applegate Cove South (approximately 55.20 N, 162.86 W) Author defined BI Banding Island (approximately 55.28 N, 162.84 W) Author defined GE Grant Point East (approximately 55.27 N, 162.88 W) Author defined NB Norma Bay (approximately 55.18 N, 163.03 W) Author defined RE Round Island East (approximately 55.32 N, 162.78 W) Author defined RW Round Island West (approximately 55.32 N, 162.79 W) Author defined RI Round Island (approximately 55.32 N, 162.79 W) Author defined Year Year the incidental disturbance behavior of waterfowl was observed. Author defined 1986 1987 Year (YYYY) Date Date the incidental disturbance behavior of waterfowl was observed. Author defined 1986-09-18 1987-11-02 Date (YYYY-MM-DD) StartTime Start time of the disturbance observation period. Author defined 08:15 18:30 Time (hh:mm) 24 hr EndTime End time of the disturbance observation period. Blank cells indicate that an end time was not recorded. Author defined 11:30 22:10 Time (hh:mm) 24 hr Time Time the incidental disturbance was observed. Author defined 08:55 20:30 Time (hh:mm) 24 hr Observer Observer initials of waterfowl disturbance observations. Author defined DW David Ward Author defined BS Bob Stehn Author defined CL Calvin Lensink Author defined ET Eric Taylor Author defined PF Paul Flint Author defined MW Mark Wotawa Author defined PB Peggy Blenden Author defined MN Mike North Author defined LT Lee Tibbitts Author defined DB Dawn Breeze Author defined FW Paul Flint and David Ward Author defined ND Mike North and Dirk Derksen Author defined NR Mike North and Austin Reed Author defined NW Mike North and David Ward Author defined RW Austin Reed and David Ward Author defined SB Bob Stehn and Peggy Blenden Author defined WA Mark Wotawa and Austin Reed Author defined WB David Ward and Peggy Blenden Author defined WF David Ward and Paul Flint Author defined WH Mark Wotawa and Jim Hawkings Author defined WN David Ward and Mike North Author defined WR David Ward and Austin Reed Author defined ObsLength Total number of hours for each observation. Blank cells indicate that the observation length was not recorded. Author defined 0.83 13.42 Hours DisturbanceType Species of animal that caused the disturbance. Blank cells indicate that the disturbance type was not recorded. Author defined BR Bear Author defined E Eagle Author defined EA Eagle-adult Author defined EI Eagle-immature Author defined F Falcon Author defined FG Gyrfalcon Author defined FP Perigrine Falcon Author defined FX Fox Author defined NH Northern Harrier Author defined R Raven Author defined RL Rough-legged Hawk Author defined RO River Otter Author defined U Unknown natural disturbance Author defined WR Walrus Author defined Species The waterfowl species observed. Author defined B Brant Geese Author defined C Cackling Geese Author defined Per_Response Percentage of the flock that responded to the natural disturbance. Blank cells indicate that the response percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent Per_Fly Percentage of the flock that flew as a response to the natural disturbance. Blank cells indicate that the flight percentage was not recorded. Author defined 0 100 Percent Count_Fly Number of individuals in a flock that flew as a response to the natural disturbance. Blank cells indicate that the flight count was not recorded. Author defined 1019 2078 Count U.S. Geological Survey USGS ScienceBase Team Mailing and Physical

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