Hatch, Scott A. (ORCID: 0000-0002-0064-8187) Gill, Verena A. (ORCID: 0000-0001-7289-1752) Mulcahy, Daniel M. Douglas, David C. (ORCID: 0000-0003-0186-1104) 20200814 tabular digital data Tracking Data for Red-Faced Cormorants (Phalacrocorax urile) ver 1.0, August 2020 Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Suggested Citation: Hatch, S.A., Gill, V.A., Mulcahy, D.M., Douglas, D.C., 2020, Tracking data for Red-faced Cormorants (Phalacrocorax urile) (ver 1.0, August 2020): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P902U2RO https://doi.org/10.5066/P902U2RO U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center 2019 website Anchorage, Alaska (USA) U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center This is a link to the publicly released wildlife tracking data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Alaska Science Center. Users will find links to tracking data from other wildlife species. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VYSWEH This metadata document describes the data contained in the "Argos Processed Data" (Child Item 1) of this data release. This data release contains all data collected by the Argos System from 2 satellite transmitters attached to Red-faced Cormorants on Attu Island Alaska, 2006. The raw data were processed to accomplish two goals: flag implausible location estimates and decode raw sensor data. Three Comma Separate Value (CSV) tables are included in the "Argos Processed Data" (Child Item 1) of this data release: 1) the "diag_filteredLocations" table contains one record for every Argos location estimate collected, accompanied by a binary flag that denotes an algorithm's plausibility check (based on distance, turning angle, and rate thresholds). Each record also includes a 'Tracking_Status' variable that denotes whether the location was collected from a live animal, a dead animal, or shed transmitter, 2) the "decodedSensor" table contains decoded sensor data such as the transmitter's temperature, battery voltage, and motion (activity), and 3) the "deploymentAttributes" table contains one record for each transmitter deployment in a CSV formatted table. The deployment attributes file contains information such as when the transmitter was attached to the animal, when tracking of a live animal ended, and a variety of variables describing the animal and transmitter. This table is identical to the "deploymentAttributes" table in the "Argos Raw Data" (Child Item 2) of this data release. These data were collected to better understand the timing and patterns of migratory movement of Red-faced Cormorants. Data users are advised to review the README and metadata documents to ensure proper use of the 'Deployment_Fate' and 'Tracking_Status' variables. Misuse or disregard of these variables could result in location data from dead animals or detached transmitters being incorrectly analyzed as data representing a live animal. Also note that, outlier values are not uncommon in the sensor data due to transmission parity errors introduced during satellite communications and no checksum values were embedded in the sensor messages to help screen for parity errors. The deployment attributes and processed tracking data in this data release are also publicly available in Movebank (www.movebank.org) under a study entitled: "redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos". 20060528 20070107 observed In work As needed Attu Island, Alaska 173.131 173.375 52.870 52.691 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:ASC296 ISO 19115 Topic Category Biota Environment NASA GCMD Earth Science Keyword Thesaurus Animals/Vertebrates Birds Pelicans and Allies Migratory rates/routes Species life history Telemetry USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus Migratory birds Seasonal distribution Seasonal movement Overwintering Breeding sites Capture-recapture studies Tracking equipment USGS Thesaurus Wildlife Ornithology Migratory species Coastal ecosystems Marine ecosystems Animal tracking None Satellite transmitter Platform Transmitter Terminal PTT Argos Red-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax urile USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Alaska Gulf of Alaska Attu Island None Vertebrates Birds Seabirds Red-faced Cormorant ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System Unknown online database online ITIS-North America Taxonomic details retrieved August 3, 2020 from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System online database https://www.itis.gov https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK Species were identified by skilled observers in the field based on general appearance, plumage, behavior, and vocalization. Taxonomy is completed for all samples. No voucher specimens were collected. Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Aves Order Suliformes Family Phalacrocoracidae Genus Phalacrocorax Species Phalacrocorax urile Red-faced cormorant TSN: 174728 No access constraints. No use constraints. We request that the suggested citation of this USGS data release be included in any publications that reference or utilize these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Mailing and Physical

4210 University Drive

Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA 907-786-7000 gs-ak_asc_datamanagers@usgs.gov Hatch, S.A. Gill, V.A. Mulcahy, D.M. 2011 journal article Journal of Field Ornithology 82(3):269-278 online Wiley Hatch, S.A., Gill, V.A. Mulcahy, D.M., 2011. Migration and wintering sites of Pelagic Cormorants determined by satellite telemetry. Journal of Field Ornithology, 82(3):269-278, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00330.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00330.x Implausible Argos location estimates were flagged using the Douglas Argos-filter (DAF). DAF is an ad-hoc algorithm that identifies implausible Argos location estimates based on user-defined thresholds which allows the algorithm's performance to be tuned to species' movement, behaviors, and study objectives. Key thresholds define: 1) the distance within which sequential location estimates are retained by virtue of self-validating spatial redundancy, 2) a maximum rate of movement, and 3) the acuity of tight turning angles which are characteristically created by location estimates with large errors. The actual thresholds that were applied are detailed in the "Douglas-Argos Filter" Process Step of this metadata record and in the README file included with the data release. https://www.movebank.org/node/7226 https://www.movebank.org/node/38 Douglas, D.C. Weinzierl, R. Davidson, S.C. Kays, R. Wikelski, M. Bohrer, G. 2012 journal article Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(6):999-1007 online John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Douglas, D.C., Weinzierl, R., Davidson, S.C., Kays, R., Wikelski, M., Bohrer, G., 2012. Moderating Argos location errors in animal tracking data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(6):999-1007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00245.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00245.x Most attributes associated with the location data were acquired directly from the Argos System. Accuracy of the location filtering flag ('Location_DAF_Filter') is vulnerable to omission/commission errors as described in Douglas et al 2012. Accuracy of the 'Deployment_Fate' and 'Tracking_Status' variables is sensitive to the type of data available; for example, temperature data from implanted transmitters provide a definitive measure of animal mortality, while an integrated interpretation of sensor and movement data is required to determine whether externally attached transmitters show evidence of mortality or transmitter detachment. Transmission parity errors (misrepresentations of 1's and 0's introduced during earth-to-satellite communication) occur and should be expected when analyzing sensor data. No checksum values were embedded in the sensor messages to help screen for parity errors. Users are advised to interpret just the dominant patterns among the sensor data values and be skeptical of any values that appear to be outliers. All values are consistent with animal tracking data obtained by the Argos System. Files included in this data release may contain data obtained post-mortality or post-detachment. For analyses of live free-ranging animals, care must be exercised to use only those data records collected on or before the deployment end time stamp (provided in the "deploymentAttributes" table included with the data release). Data users are additionally advised that outlier values are not uncommon in decoded sensor data due to transmission parity errors introduced during satellite communications. Blank cells indicate attributes that were not collected or not determined. These data comprise the complete set of transmissions collected by the Argos satellite system from satellite transmitters described in the "deploymentAttributes" table. Temporal gaps in the tracking data time series are intrinsic to the Argos System due to the intermittent coverage of orbiting satellites. Additional temporal gaps are often intentionally introduced by transmitting intermittently to conserve power (i.e., duty cycles). Unintentional data gaps can be introduced by many factors such as insufficient power, antenna damage, or animal behavior and habitat. The filtering of implausible location estimates also contributes to temporal gaps. Location estimates determined by the Argos System have a 1-sigma (68% of locations) accuracy range of 250-1500 m (see Argos Manuals - included with this data release; Douglas et al 2012 and references therein). Lab Transmissions from satellite transmitters were received by the Argos satellite system and relayed to ground based processing centers. Location estimates were derived by Argos based on Doppler principles. Final data were disseminated to the U.S. Geological Survey as text files containing location and raw (coded) sensor data. Hatch, S.A. Gill, V.A. Mulcahy, D.M. Douglas, D.C. 2020 tabular digital data; ASCII text file Tracking Data for Red-Faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile) ver 1.0, August 2020 Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Hatch, S.A., Gill, V.A., Mulcahy, D.M., Douglas, D.C., 2020, Tracking data for Red-faced Cormorants (Phalacrocorax urile) (ver 1.0, August 2020): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P902U2RO https://doi.org/10.5066/P902U2RO document 2020 publication date Hatch et al 2020 Raw satellite telemetry data as received from Argos. Available in the "Argos Raw Data" (Child Item 2) of this data release. CLS America 1988 document online CLS America CLS America. 1988. Argos user's manual. *note: as a courtesy to users (in agreement with CLS America), the manual is included in this data release and can be accessed from: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VYSWEH https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VYSWEH document 1988 publication date Argos Manual 1988 User manual and definitions of Argos Satellite System. CLS America 2008 document online CLS America CLS America. 2008. Argos user's manual. *note: as a courtesy to users (in agreement with CLS America), the manual is included in this data release and can be accessed from: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VYSWEH https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VYSWEH document 2008 publication date Argos Manuals User manual and definitions of Argos Satellite System. Microwave Telemetry, Inc Unknown document Columbia, Maryland, USA Microwave Telemetry, Inc. Microwave Telemetry: Battery Powered PTT-100 Field Manual. *note: as a courtesy to users (in agreement with Microwave Telemetry, Inc.), the manual is included in this data release and can be accessed from: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VYSWEH https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VYSWEH document Unknown publication date MTI Battery PTT-100 Manual User manual and definitions for Microwave Telemetry Li battery PTT-100 satellite transmitters. Douglas, D.C. Weinzierl, R. Davidson, S.C. Kays, R. Wikelski, M. Bohrer, G. 2012 journal article Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(6):999-1007 online John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Douglas, D.C., Weinzierl, R., Davidson, S.C., Kays, R., Wikelski, M., Bohrer, G., 2012. Moderating Argos location errors in animal tracking data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(6):999-1007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00245.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00245.x journal article 2012 publication date Douglas et al 2012 Describes the use of the "Douglas Argos Filter" (DAF) for flagging implausible Argos locations. Data Collection. Argos raw data in both "DS" and "DIAG" legacy formats were extracted from monthly datasets provided by Service Argos (a.k.a. CLS America or Woods Hole Group) on CD-ROM. Beginning in July 2009, both DS and DIAG data were obtained from Service Argos on CD-ROM in tabular format as Comma Separated Value (CSV) files. The tabular files contain all information reported in the Argos legacy file formats. The tabular DIAG files also include variables describing the Argos error ellipse (beginning in July 2009). Tabular DIAG data files before July 2009 (if applicable) were reformatted directly from the legacy DIAG files, and hence do not contain the error ellipse variables. Unknown Data Flattening. The raw Argos tabular files have had additional attributes appended by the authors to each record (including 'Animal_ID', 'Animal_Species' and 'Tracking_Status'). Unknown Determination of Deployment Fate and Tracking Status. Location and sensor data were examined for each record to assign the value of the 'Deployment_Fate' and 'Tracking_Status' variables. Details are described in the attribute definitions, below. Unknown Douglas Argos-Filter. Implausible location estimates were flagged using the Douglas Argos-filter (DAF) as implemented in Movebank. DAF is an ad hoc algorithm that identifies implausible Argos location estimates based on user-defined thresholds which allows the algorithm's performance to be tuned to species' movement, behaviors, and study objectives. Key thresholds define: 1) the distance within which sequential location estimates are retained by virtue of self-validating spatial redundancy, 2) a maximum rate of movement, and 3) the acuity of tight turning angles which are characteristically created by location estimates with large errors. Definitions of the DAF parameters can be found in the filtering help pages at Movebank.com and Douglas et al 2012. The user-defined DAF parameters applied to these data were: Filter Method = DAR; keep_lc=1; maxredun=15; offset by one second=True; keeplast=disabled; skiploc=disabled; minrate=80; r_only=disabled; ratecoef=25; xmigrate=2; xoverrun=1.5; xdirect=20; xangle=150; xpercent=20; testp_0a=2; testp_bz=3; Best of Day filter=disabled; pickday=disabled Each animal's track was visually examined to assess the algorithm-derived filtering decisions, and manually edited if warranted. Unknown Raw sensor data are encoded for transmission. The specifics of encoding vary with transmitter manufacturer and model. We decoded raw (coded) sensor values, received from Service Argos, following procedures prescribed by transmitter manufactures. Sensor data from Microwave Telemetry Inc (MTI) satellite transmitters were decoded by utilizing the decode equations provided in the MTI Battery PTT-100 Manual. Unknown Deployment location site names are derived from geographic names in the USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) or the NGIA GeoNames System. They represent discrete capture areas. Point 0.001 0.001 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) 6378137 298.257223563 redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos_deploymentAttributes Table containing details about each satellite transmitter (PTT - Platform Transmitter Terminal) and its deployment. PTT data include manufacturer, model, and PTT ID. Animal data include: animal ID, deployment dates, and attributes of the animal if recorded (e.g., sex, age, weight, etc). Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. A copy of the "deploymentAttributes" table is also included in the "Argos Raw Data" (Child Item 2) of this data release. Author defined Data_Release_DOI Unique 'Digital Object Identifier' (DOI) that provides a permanent link to this data release and its metadata. Author defined 10.5066/P902U2RO The DOI that links uniquely to this data release. Author defined Data_Release_Version The data release version that was current at the time each record was released. The structure of this data release can accommodate future versions that add additional tracking data for existing or newly tracked individuals of the same species. See version history file included with this data release for additional details. Author defined v01 Version 1.0 Author defined Animal_ID Unique identifier for each individual tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Unique identifier for each individual tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). A concatenation of a four letter species code, sequential numbering, year, capture location, and PTT_ID. Animal_Species Scientific name of the species of animal tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Phalacrocorax urile Scientific name for Red-faced Cormorant Author defined PTT_ID PTT (Platform Transmitter Terminal) ID number from Argos to uniquely identify a satellite transmitter during deployment. Provided by Argos Unique numeric identifier of the satellite transmitter. Deployment_Start_Timestamp_UTC The timestamp (date and time) when the satellite transmitter (PTT) deployment started. Author defined 2006/05/28 19:30:00 2006/05/29 11:10:00 YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss (UTC) Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC The timestamp (date and time) when the satellite transmitter (PTT) deployment ended. Author defined 2006/06/02 17:21:26 2007/01/07 05:02:06 YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss (UTC) Deployment_Fate Deduced final status of the animal and satellite transmitter (PTT) at the time tracking of the live free-ranging animal ended (i.e., animal died, transmitter failed/detached, or tracking of a live animal was otherwise terminated). Determined by assessment of sensor and movement data. For example, activity sensor values that remain constant, temperature sensor values that emulate ambient conditions, and/or lack of expected movement. Author defined alive Coded if there was no evidence or knowledge that the animal died or the satellite transmitter was shed. The 'Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC' was set to the date/time of the last obtained transmission from the PTT or shortly thereafter. Author defined shed Coded only if the animal was later re-observed alive without an attached satellite transmitter. The 'Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC' was set to the date/time of the most recently obtained transmitter data indicative of attachment to the live free-ranging animal. Raw Argos data are included (if available) for up to 6 months beyond that date to preserve any information after the shed event (i.e., 'Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC'). Author defined dead Coded only if: 1) a carcass was observed or reported (e.g., harvested), 2) an implanted satellite transmitter showed an implausible temperature for a warm-blooded animal, or 3) an externally attached satellite transmitter with an attachment method that was very unlikely to fail/shed showed stationary movement data. The 'Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC' was set to the date/time of the most recently obtained transmitter data indicative of attachment to the live free-ranging animal. Raw Argos data are included (if available) for up to 6 months beyond that date to preserve any information after the dead event (i.e., 'Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC'). Author defined shed/dead Coded if there was evidence that the animal died or the satellite transmitter was shed, but distinction was ambiguous. The 'Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC' was set to the date/time of the most recently obtained transmitter data indicative of attachment to the live free-ranging animal. Raw Argos data are included (if available) for up to 6 months beyond that date to preserve any information after the shed/dead event (i.e., 'Deployment_End_Timestamp_UTC'). Author defined undetermined Coded if there was no assessment of mortality or satellite transmitter detachment. Data users will have to make their own assessments. Author defined Deployment_End_Type A deduced reason for the satellite transmitter (PTT) deployment termination. Author defined temperature drops For implanted satellite transmitters; a distinct drop in the transmitter's temperature sensor data documenting mortality of warm-blooded animals carrying a transmitter that was implanted in its body cavity. This classification implies animal mortality with high certainty. Author defined data stops Data collection stopped without evidence of battery failure, mortality, or satellite transmitter detachment. Owing to the absence of any evidence to the contrary, this classification implies that the animal was alive at the time data collections stopped. Author defined Deployment_Start_Latitude The latitude of the deployment site where the animal was released. Author defined 52.836 52.836 Decimal degrees (WGS84) Deployment_Start_Longitude The longitude of the deployment site where the animal was released. Author defined 173.191 173.191 Decimal degrees (WGS84) Deployment_Start_Locale The name of the deployment site where the animal fitted with the satellite transmitter (PTT) was released, for example a field station or colony. Author defined Attu Is., AK Name used for capture site in Alaska (approximately 52.83 N, 173.19 E) USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Animal_BandID Unique field identification code, used to mark individual birds in the field. Such as a coded plastic neck collar, tarsal flag, or the final 5 digits of the metal leg band issued by the USGS Bird Banding Lab. Author defined Unique field identifier Animal_Sex The sex of the animal determined by size and plumage characteristics in the field. Author defined Blank Cell Not determined Author defined Animal_LifeStage The age class or life stage of the animal at the start of the deployment. Author defined adult A bird in adult plumage; year of hatch otherwise unknown. Author defined Animal_ReproCondition The reproductive condition of the animal at the start of the satellite transmitter deployment. Author defined Blank Cell Not determined Author defined Animal_Mass The mass of the animal at the time of the satellite transmitter attachment. Author defined Blank Cell Mass not recorded in the field. Author defined Animal_MortalityType If deployment ended because of animal mortality; the cause of mortality if known or confidently suspected. Author defined Blank Cell Mortality type not determined. Author defined PTT_Manufacturer The company or person that produced the satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Microwave Telemetry Inc. Microwave Telemetry, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA Author defined PTT_Model The manufacturer's model number of the satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined PTT-100 Microwave Telemetry model: "Battery Powered PTT-100". Microwave Telemetry, Inc. PTT_Mass The mass of the satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Blank Cell Not provided Author defined PTT_Attachment The method used to attach the satellite transmitter (PTT) to the animal. Author defined implant PTT was surgically implanted in the bird's abdominal cavity. Author defined PTT_PowerOutput The amount of power dedicated by the satellite transmitter (PTT) to each transmission. Author defined Blank Cell Power output not provided. Author defined PTT_PowerSource Indicates whether the satellite transmitter (PTT) was powered by Li batteries or solar rechargeable Li batteries. Author defined Battery Satellite transmitter (PTT) was powered by Li batteries. Author defined PTT_RepetitionPeriod Nominal interval between PTT transmissions. Author defined Blank Cell Not provided Author defined PTT_DutyCycle Remarks describing the satellite transmitter (PTT) schedule and duration of transmission and non-transmission periods. Author defined Blank Cell Not provided Author defined PTT_ReadoutMethod The method by which the data are received from the satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Argos System Data received by Argos Argos Manuals PTT_LocationAlgorithm The method by which Argos calculated location of the satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined least squares Least squares regression fit of a Doppler curve obtained from the perceived (shifted) frequencies of transmissions obtained as the satellite flew over the satellite transmitter (i.e., approaching, then retreating). Argos Manuals redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos_diag_filteredLocations This table contains all records from the raw Argos DIAG tabular data included with this package, except that records with missing locations have been removed. Additionally, three variables were added after processing with the Douglas Argos Filter (DAF) algorithm (Douglas et al 2012). The three variables are: 1 & 2) 'Latitude' & 'Longitude', the algorithm's choice between the primary and alternate latitudes and longitudes (Argos Solution 1 and Solution 2) based on minimizing the animal's cumulative distance moved, and 3) 'Location_DAF_Filter', a binary flag indicating whether the location is plausible (=0) or implausible (=1). For records dated after the 'Deployment_End_Timestamp' (i.e., locations after an animal has died or a transmitter has been shed), location coordinates are presented in the 'Lat_ShedDead' and 'Lon_ShedDead' columns and no values are provided for 'Latitude' and 'Longitude'. All data are presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined Data_Release_DOI Unique 'Digital Object Identifier' (DOI) that provides a permanent link to this data release and its metadata. Author defined 10.5066/P902U2RO The DOI that links uniquely to this data release. Author defined Data_Release_Version The data release version that was current at the time each record was released. The structure of this data release can accommodate future versions that add additional tracking data for existing or newly tracked individuals of the same species. See version history file included with this data release for additional details. Author defined v01 Version 1.0 Author defined Animal_ID Unique identifier for each individual tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Unique identifier for each individual tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). A concatenation of a four letter species code, sequential numbering, year, capture location, and PTT_ID. Animal_Species Scientific name of the species of animal tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Phalacrocorax urile Scientific name for Red-faced Cormorant Author defined Location_Timestamp_UTC The UTC timestamp (date and time) of the satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate. Provided by Argos 2006/05/29 05:04:56 2007/01/07 04:59:00 YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss (UTC) Latitude The latitude of the satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate. Chosen by the Douglas Argos Filter (DAF) from the primary and alternate latitudes ('Location_Lat_Solution_1' vs 'Location_Lat_Solution_2'). See the Douglas Argos Filter process step. Douglas et al 2012 52.691 53.584 Decimal degrees (WGS84) Blank Cell A 'Blank Cell' indicates a satellite transmitter (PTT) was no longer deployed on a live free-ranging animal (i.e., 'Tracking_Status' is 'shed', 'dead', or 'shed/dead'). Note that when this occurs, the latitude of the location estimate is recorded in the 'Lat_ShedDead' variable. Author defined Longitude The longitude of the satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate. Chosen by the Douglas Argos Filter (DAF) from the primary and alternate longitudes ('Location_Lon_Solution_1' vs 'Location_Lon_Solution_2'). See the Douglas Argos Filter process step. Douglas et al 2012 173.131 173.765 Decimal degrees (WGS84) Blank Cell A 'Blank Cell' indicates a satellite transmitter (PTT) was no longer deployed on a live free-ranging animal (i.e., 'Tracking_Status' is 'shed', 'dead', or 'shed/dead'). Note that when this occurs, the longitude of the location estimate is recorded in the 'Lon_ShedDead' variable. Author defined Location_DAF_Filter Result of the Douglas Argos filter (DAF) algorithm plausibility check. The binary variable indicates a plausible (=0) or implausible (=1) satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate based on user-defined thresholds pertaining to distance, movement rate, and turn angle. See the Douglas Argos Filter process step. Douglas et al 2012 1 Implausible location estimate Douglas et al 2012 0 Plausible location estimate Douglas et al 2012 Location_Class Index of the accuracy of the location estimate; in decreasing order: 3,2,1,0,A,B,Z. The raw DIAG data from the Argos System provides two location estimates ('primary' and 'alternate'). Different algorithms have been used to estimate location. The Least Squares algorithm provides two different locations, with the 'primary' assumed to better reflect the actual PTT location. However, in approximately 1-3% of cases, the 'alternate' location is more accurate. For these processed data the DAF algorithm has been applied to rectify incorrect choices between the 'primary' and 'alternate' location estimate. The Kalman Filter provides two identical location estimates. Note that the algorithm used for each PTT deployment is recorded in the "deploymentAttributes" table included with this data release. Argos Manuals 3 1-sigma location error <250 meters. Argos Manuals 2 1-sigma location error between 250 meters and 500 meters. Argos Manuals 1 1-sigma location error between 500 meters and 1500 meters. Argos Manuals 0 1-sigma location error >1500 meters Argos Manuals A No accuracy estimation; 3 messages received per satellite pass. Argos Manuals B No accuracy estimation; 1 or 2 messages received per satellite pass. Argos Manuals Z No accuracy estimation; invalid location. Argos Manuals Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_NOPC Number of Plausibility Checks that gave a positive result. Plausibility checks are conducted by Argos when the satellite transmitter location is estimated and are used by the algorithm when classifying the location accuracy in the Location_Class attribute. Argos Manuals 0 4 count Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_ErrorRadius Estimated radius of the error-ellipse around the satellite transmitter's location. The error-ellipse defines a region within which the transmitter's true location would have a 63.3% probability of occurrence (drawn from a bivariate normal distribution to lie within its SQRT(2)sigma ellipse). Calculated as: SQRT(Semimajor_Axis x Semiminor_Axis). Not available for data before July 2009. Values of zero (0) should be treated as missing data. Argos Manuals Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_ErrorSemimajor Half the length of the longest axis of the estimated error-ellipse of the satellite transmitter location. Not available for data before July 2009. Values of zero (0) should be treated as missing data. Argos Manuals Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_ErrorSemiminor Half the length of the shortest axis of the estimated error-ellipse of the satellite transmitter location. Not available for data before July 2009. Values of zero (0) should be treated as missing data. Argos Manuals Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_ErrorOrientation Geographic orientation of the major axis of the estimated error-ellipse of the satellite transmitter location. Not available for data before July 2009. Argos Manuals Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_ErrorGDOP Geometric Dilution of Precision. A measure of the effect of the geometry of the satellite transmitter's configuration on the accuracy of the location estimate. The actual location accuracy depends on both the GDOP value and the quality of the transmitter's frequency stability. Generally, a smaller GDOP value yields a more accurate position. Values of zero (0) should be treated as missing data. Argos Manuals Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_IndexQuality A "Quality Indicator" from Argos. A composite of two single digits, each of which denotes a categorical variable describing parameters that Argos considers when assigning the Location_Class to the location estimate. The parameters describe long-, mid-, and short-term frequency shifts in the received transmissions. The first digit indicates the residual error on the frequency calculation. The second digit indicates transmitter oscillator frequency drift between two satellite overpasses. Single digit values imply a zero for the first digit. Argos Manuals 0 68 coded index Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_LI_Index A legacy variant of the 'Location_IndexQuality' attribute used from July 1989 to mid-June 1993 (when IndexQuality, IQ, was introduced). Provided by Argos Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_QQ_Index A legacy variant of the 'Location_IndexQuality' attribute used from February 1988 to June 1989. Provided by Argos Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_AssumedAltitude Assumed altitude of the satellite transmitter (PTT). Used for estimating the location. Argos Manuals 0 0.418 kilometers Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Location_Lat_Solution_1 The latitude of the satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate (Argos Solution 1). Provided by Argos 52.691 60.557 Decimal degrees (WGS84) Location_Lon_Solution_1 The longitude of the satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate (Argos Solution 1). Provided by Argos -149.468 173.765 Decimal degrees (WGS84) Location_Lat_Solution_2 The latitude of the alternate satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate (Argos Solution 2). Provided by Argos 38.349 68.438 Decimal degrees (WGS84) Location_Lon_Solution_2 The longitude of the alternate satellite transmitter (PTT) location estimate (Argos Solution 2). Provided by Argos -179.452 179.598 Decimal degrees (WGS84) PTT_ID PTT (Platform Transmitter Terminal) ID number from Argos to uniquely identify a satellite transmitter during deployment. Provided by Argos Unique numeric identifier of the satellite transmitter. PTT_Program Argos Program identifier Provided by Argos Unique 3-6 digit identifier of the particular Argos programs used. Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Tracking_Status Deduced status of the animal and satellite transmitter (PTT) at the time of the respective data record. Determined by assessment of sensor and movement data. For example, activity sensor values that remain constant, temperature sensor values that emulate ambient conditions, and/or lack of expected movement. Author defined alive Coded if there was no evidence or knowledge that the animal died or the satellite transmitter was shed. Author defined shed Coded only if the animal was later re-observed alive without an attached satellite transmitter. Author defined dead Coded only if: 1) a carcass was observed or reported (e.g., harvested), 2) an implanted satellite transmitter showed an implausible temperature for a warm-blooded animal, or 3) an externally attached satellite transmitter with an attachment method that was very unlikely to fail/shed showed stationary movement data. Author defined shed/dead Coded if there was evidence that the animal died or the satellite transmitter was shed, but distinction was ambiguous. Author defined undetermined Coded if there was no assessment of mortality or satellite transmitter detachment. Data users will have to make their own assessments. Author defined Lat_ShedDead The latitude of a satellite transmitter (PTT) that is no longer deployed on a live free-ranging animal (i.e., 'Tracking_Status' is 'shed', 'dead', or 'shed/dead'). Chosen by the Douglas Argos Filter (DAF) from the primary and alternate latitudes ('Location_Lat_Solution_1' vs 'Location_Lat_Solution_2'). Douglas et al 2012 Blank Cell The satellite transmitter (PTT) is deployed on a live free-ranging animal (i.e., 'Tracking_Status' is 'alive'). The latitude of the location estimate can be found in the 'Latitude' column. Author defined Lon_ShedDead The longitude of a satellite transmitter (PTT) that is no longer deployed on a live free-ranging animal (i.e., 'Tracking_Status' is 'shed', 'dead', or 'shed/dead'). Chosen by the Douglas Argos Filter (DAF) from the primary and alternate longitudes ('Location_Lon_Solution_1' vs 'Location_Lon_Solution_2'). Douglas et al 2012 Blank Cell The satellite transmitter (PTT) is deployed on a live free-ranging animal (i.e., 'Tracking_Status' is 'alive'). The longitude of the location estimate can be found in the 'Longitude' column. Author defined Pass_Satellite_ID The satellite identifier (A2, MA, MB, MC, NH, ND, NJ, NK, NL, NM, NN, NP, SR). Provided by Argos A2 Japanese satellite: ADEOS-II Provided by Argos MA MetOp satellite: METOP-A Provided by Argos MB MetOp satellite: METOP-B Provided by Argos MC MetOp satellite: METOP-C Provided by Argos NH NOAA satellite: NOAA-11 Provided by Argos ND NOAA satellite: NOAA-12 Provided by Argos NJ NOAA satellite: NOAA-14 Provided by Argos NK NOAA satellite: NOAA-15 Provided by Argos NL NOAA satellite: NOAA-16 Provided by Argos NM NOAA satellite: NOAA-17 Provided by Argos NN NOAA satellite: NOAA-18 Provided by Argos NP NOAA satellite: NOAA-19 Provided by Argos SR ISRO CNES satellite: SARAL Provided by Argos Pass_Messages_N The number of messages from the transmitter (PTT) received by the respective satellite during its overpass. Argos Manuals 2 13 count Pass_Messages_gt120dB The number of messages from the transmitter (PTT) received by the respective satellite during its overpass with a signal strength (at the satellite) greater than -120 decibels. Argos Manuals 0 0 count Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Pass_Messages_BestLeveldB Strength (at the satellite) of the strongest transmission from the transmitter (PTT) collected during the respective satellite's overpass. Argos Manuals -138 -122 decibels Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Pass_Duration Time elapsed between the first and last message from the transmitter (PTT) received by the respective satellite during its overpass. A value of zero implies only one message was received during the overpass. Argos Manuals 58 877 seconds Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined Pass_EstimatedFrequency Estimate of the satellite transmitter's true transmission (oscillator) frequency that strives to account for long-term frequency drift during the course of the transmitter's deployment that is apparent to the Argos System. Argos Manuals 401677369.1 401677630.7 Hertz Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos_decodedSensor This file contains all decoded sensor data derived from the raw Argos DS data included with this package. Each record contains three decoded variables (temperature, voltage, and activity) as well as identifying attributes of the satellite transmitter (PTT) and animal. To minimize decoding diagnostic messages that were embedded into every 4th transmission from the Microwave Telemetry PTTs used in this study, decoded values were calculated from raw data and written to this file only if 'Sensor_1' > 24 and 'Sensor_2' > 66 and 'Sensor_3' not = 0. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined Data_Release_DOI Unique 'Digital Object Identifier' (DOI) that provides a permanent link to this data release and its metadata. Author defined 10.5066/P902U2RO The DOI that links uniquely to this data release. Author defined Data_Release_Version The data release version that was current at the time each record was released. The structure of this data release can accommodate future versions that add additional tracking data for existing or newly tracked individuals of the same species. See version history file included with this data release for additional details. Author defined v01 Version 1.0 Author defined Animal_ID Unique identifier for each individual tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Unique identifier for each individual tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). A concatenation of a four letter species code, sequential numbering, year, capture location, and PTT_ID. Animal_Species Scientific name of the species of animal tracked with a satellite transmitter (PTT). Author defined Phalacrocorax urile Scientific name for Red-faced Cormorant Author defined Tracking_Status Deduced status of the animal and satellite transmitter (PTT) at the time of the respective data record. Determined by assessment of sensor and movement data. For example, activity sensor values that remain constant, temperature sensor values that emulate ambient conditions, and/or lack of expected movement. Author defined alive Coded if there was no evidence or knowledge that the animal died or the satellite transmitter was shed. Author defined shed Coded only if the animal was later re-observed alive without an attached satellite transmitter. Author defined dead Coded only if: 1) a carcass was observed or reported (e.g., harvested), 2) an implanted satellite transmitter showed an implausible temperature for a warm-blooded animal, or 3) an externally attached satellite transmitter with an attachment method that was very unlikely to fail/shed showed stationary movement data. Author defined shed/dead Coded if there was evidence that the animal died or the satellite transmitter was shed, but distinction was ambiguous. Author defined undetermined Coded if there was no assessment of mortality or satellite transmitter detachment. Data users will have to make their own assessments. Author defined PTT_ID PTT (Platform Transmitter Terminal) ID number from Argos to uniquely identify a satellite transmitter during deployment. Provided by Argos Unique numeric identifier of the satellite transmitter. PTT_Program Argos Program identifier Provided by Argos Unique 3-5 digit identifier of the particular Argos programs used. Pass_Satellite_ID The satellite identifier (2, A, B, C, H, D, J, K, L, M, N, P, R). Provided by Argos 2 Japanese satellite: ADEOS-II Provided by Argos A MetOp satellite: METOP-A Provided by Argos B MetOp satellite: METOP-B Provided by Argos C MetOp satellite: METOP-C Provided by Argos H NOAA satellite: NOAA-11 Provided by Argos D NOAA satellite: NOAA-12 Provided by Argos J NOAA satellite: NOAA-14 Provided by Argos K NOAA satellite: NOAA-15 Provided by Argos L NOAA satellite: NOAA-16 Provided by Argos M NOAA satellite: NOAA-17 Provided by Argos N NOAA satellite: NOAA-18 Provided by Argos P NOAA satellite: NOAA-19 Provided by Argos R ISRO CNES satellite: SARAL Provided by Argos Sensor_Timestamp_UTC The timestamp (date and time) of each message from each satellite transmitter (PTT), corresponding to the time when the temperature, voltage, and activity sensors were interrogated. Provided by Argos 2006/05/29 04:00:49 2007/01/07 05:02:06 YYYY/MM/DD HH:mm:ss (UTC) Sensor_Temperature_C The internal temperature of the satellite transmitter (PTT) measured just prior to transmission. MTI Battery PTT-100 Manual -5.95 62.63 Degrees Celsius Sensor_Voltage The battery voltage of the satellite transmitter (PTT) just prior to signal transmission. MTI Battery PTT-100 Manual 3.019 3.995 Volts Sensor_Activity The activity assessed by a revolving counter that increments with changes in satellite transmitter (PTT) orientation. The value itself does not have meaning, rather, it is the change in value (or lack thereof) that indicates animal (transmitter) movement (or not). MTI Battery PTT-100 Manual 2 166 count Blank Cell Attribute value not provided for this record. Author defined The "Argos Processed Data" (Child Item 1) package includes 3 Comma Separate Value (CSV) formatted tables: (1) "redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos_diag_filteredLocations.csv" contains one record for every location estimate collected, accompanied by a binary flag that denotes an algorithm's plausibility check. Each record also includes a 'Tracking_Status' variable that denotes whether the location was collected from a live animal, a dead animal, or shed transmitter. (2) "redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos_decodedSensor.csv" contains decoded sensor data such as a transmitter's temperature, battery voltage, and motion (activity). (3) "redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos_deploymentAttributes.csv" contains one record for each transmitter deployment. The deployment attributes table contains information such as when the transmitter was attached to the animal, when tracking of a live animal ended, and variables describing the animal and transmitter. Author defined U.S. Geological Survey USGS ScienceBase Team Mailing and Physical

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver Colorado 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov The U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center is the authoritative source of these data, distributed by ScienceBase (a USGS Trusted Digital Repository). Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes or on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. CSV Tabular data in CSV format; FGDC metadata in XML and HTML formats. https://doi.org/10.5066/P902U2RO None Movebank Mailing and Physical

Max Planck Institute for Ornithology

Schloßallee 2

Radolfzell Baden-Württemberg 78315 Germany 49(0)7732 1501-1 info@orn.mpg.de Movebank is an alternative distributor of the processed tracking data. The USGS Alaska Science Center is the authoritative source and distributor of these data. To facilitate discovery and access to these data, a copy of the deployment attributes and processed tracking data is also made available through Movebank. The USGS Alaska Science Center is not responsible for any problems associated with the accuracy, maintenance, or integrity of the Movebank version of these data. CSV https://www.movebank.org/ None Publicly available as Tracking Data from www.movebank.org, in the study entitled: "redFacedCormorant_USGS_ASC_argos" 20241002 U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Mailing and Physical

4210 University Drive

Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA 907-786-7000 gs-ak_asc_datamanagers@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) FGDC-STD-001.1-1999