Durner, George M. (ORCID: 0000-0002-3370-1191) 20190731 tabular digital data Anchorage, Alaska U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Suggested Citation: Durner, G.M., 2019, Polar bear distribution and habitat resource selection data, Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1985-2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZRJ3XU https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZRJ3XU These data from satellite radio-collared adult female polar bears captured in the southern Beaufort Sea, 1985-2016 were used for testing the regional, seasonal and decadal efficacy of retrospective polar bear resource selection functions (RSF) developed for the Arctic basin and its peripheral seas (see Durner et al. 2009). The data includes the following: 1) a csv file of locations used to build a 99% minimum convex polygon study area; 2) a csv file of locations, that occurred within the study area, and were used to test RSFs; 3) a csv file of locations used to build seasonal kernel utilization distributions (95% and 50% contours) for periods 1985-1995, 1996-2006, and 2007-2016. These data were gathered as part of on-going long-term research by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Beaufort Sea to understand the ecology and behavior of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears and their use of sea ice habitat in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. 19850506 20160620 observed Complete None planned Beaufort and Chukchi Seas 163.3192 -110.966 83.677 61.700 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:ASC218 ISO 19115 Topic Category Biota Environment NASA GCMD Earth Science Keyword Thesaurus Animals/Vertebrates Mammals Carnivores Bears Species Life History USGS CSA Biocomplexity Thesaurus Wildlife Mammals Marine mammals Threatened species USGS Thesaurus Wildlife Mammals Science programs Animal behavior Bears Biogeography None Satellite Transmitter Argos Polar bears Ursus maritimus USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Alaska Chukchi Sea Beaufort Sea None Animals Mammals Vertebrates Bears Polar bears ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System Unknown online database online ITIS-North America Taxonomic details retrieved January 2, 2023 from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System online database https://www.itis.gov https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK Species were identified by skilled observers in the field based on general appearance. Polar bears are not easily confused with other species. Taxonomy is complete for all samples. No voucher specimens were collected. Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Mammalia Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Ursidae Genus Ursus Species Ursus maritimus Polar Bear TSN: 180542 No access constraints. No use constraints. We request that the suggested citation of this USGS data release be included in any publications that reference or utilize these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Mailing and Physical

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Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA 907-786-7000 gs-ak_asc_datamanagers@usgs.gov Durner, G.M. Douglas, D.C. Atwood, T.C. 2019 journal article Ecology and Evolution 9(15):8625-8638 online Wiley Durner, G.M., Douglas, D.C., Atwood, T.C., 2019. Are polar bear habitat resource selection functions developed from 1985–1995 data still useful? Ecology and Evolution 9(15):8625-8638. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5401 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5401 Kellner, A. Atwood, T.C. Douglas, D.C. Breck, S.W. Wittemyer, G. 2019 journal article Ecosphere 14(2):e4420 online Wiley Kellner, A., Atwood, T.C., Douglas, D.C., Breck, S.W., Wittemyer, G., 2023. High winds and melting sea ice trigger landward movement in a polar bear population of concern. Ecosphere 14(2):e4420. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4420 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4420 All polar bear satellite locations collected between 1985-2003 were Doppler-shift derived and estimated by the Argos system (CLS; http://www.argos-system.org/manual/ ). The horizontal accuracy of those data was filtered by the Douglas Argos-filter (DAF) algorithm (Douglas et al 2012) Hybrid algorithm (MAXREDUN = 10 km). Douglas et al 2012 estimated the 68th percentile for the horizontal error of Argos location classes 3, 2, 1, 0, A, B and Z as, respectively, 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, 6.8, 4.1, 7.6, and 4.7 km. Most polar bear locations collected after 2003 were derived by on-board geographic positioning system (GPS) receivers whose horizontal accuracy has been estimated as 30 m (Adams et al 2013). Latitude and longitude estimated by Argos are reported to 3 decimal places. Latitude and longitude estimated by GPS and reported by Argos or the Iridium satellite system are reported to 5 decimal places. We performed an initial filter to remove implausible Doppler locations using the Douglas Argos-filter (DAF) algorithm (Douglas et al 2012). DAF retained all standard-quality locations (Argos location classes 3, 2, and 1), and auxiliary location classes (0, A, B and Z) when corroborated by a consecutive location within a 10 km radius, or when movement rates were <10 km hr-1 and the internal angles (α, in degrees) formed by preceding and subsequent vectors (of lengths d1 and d2 km) were not suspiciously acute (α > -25 + β × ln[minimum (d1,d2)], where β = 15). We assigned β = 15 because it performed well for our specific tracking data across seasons and regions. We restricted our analysis to data from adult female polar bears because adult male and sub-adult polar bears cannot wear radio collars, and the vast majority of tracking data has been of adult females. We retained data from a PTT if it was deployed on a bear captured between 123º and 157º west longitude. We excluded locations of bears that were on land or in maternal dens, and from PTTs that had become detached as evidenced by invariant activity sensor data, temperature sensor data emulating ambient conditions, or location data either persistently stationary or persistently following the prevailing ice drift. All polar bear satellite locations collected between 1985-2003 were Doppler-shift derived and estimated by the Argos system (CLS; http://www.argos-system.org/manual/ ). The horizontal accuracy of those data was filtered by the Douglas Argos-filter (DAF) algorithm (Douglas et al 2012) Hybrid algorithm (MAXREDUN = 10 km). Douglas et al 2012 estimated the 68th percentile for the horizontal error of Argos location classes 3, 2, 1, 0, A, B and Z as, respectively, 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, 6.8, 4.1, 7.6, and 4.7 km. Most polar bear locations collected after 2003 were derived by on-board geographic positioning system (GPS) receivers whose horizontal accuracy has been estimated as 30 m (Adams et al 2013). METHODS - FIELD: From 1985 to 2016, we captured adult female polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea and equipped them with either collar, ear tag, or glue-on platform transmitter terminals (PTT) that provided Doppler-derived or GPS locations. We restricted our analysis to data from adult female polar bears because adult male and sub-adult polar bears cannot wear radio collars, and the vast majority of tracking data has been of adult females (Durner et al 2009). We retained data from a PTT if it was deployed on a bear captured between 123º and 157º west longitude. Unknown METHODS - LAB: Data were downloaded through the Argos System (www.argos-system.org) or the Iridium satellite system (Iridium Satellite Communications, McLean, VA, USA). For calculating a 99% minimum convex polygon study area we used all polar bear locations, 1985-2016. One location per day per bear was selected for the MCP analysis based on the best location quality (GPS, then Argos quality classes 3, 2, 1, 0, A, and B); ties were decided randomly. For calculating 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions, we used higher-accuracy polar bear locations (GPS and Argos classes 3, 2, and 1) that were no less than 72 hours apart (to reduce autocorrelation and standardize interannual sampling intensity). For assessing the distribution of polar bear locations with resource selection function (RSF) valued habitat we used higher-accuracy polar bear locations (GPS and Argos classes 3, 2, and 1) that were no less than 72 hours apart (to reduce autocorrelation and standardize interannual sampling intensity). Locations that occurred outside of RSF zones were excluded. Unknown LITERATURE CITED: Adams, A.L., Dickinson, K.J.M., Robertson, B.C., van Heezik, Y., 2013. An evaluation of the accuracy and performance of lightweight GPS collars in a suburban environment. PLoS ONE 8(7):e68496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068496 Douglas, D.C., Weinzierl, R., Davidson, S.C., Kays, R., Wikelski, M., Bohrer, G., 2012. Moderating Argos location errors in animal tracking data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(6):999-1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00245.x Durner, G.M., Douglas, D.C., Nielson, R.M., Amstrup, S.C., McDonald, T.L., Stirling, I., Mauritzen, M., Born, E.W., Wiig, Ø., DeWeaver, E., Serreze, M.C., Belikov, S.E., Holland, M.M., Maslanik, J., Aars, J., Bailey, D.A., Derocher, A.E., 2009. Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models. Ecological Monographs 79(1):25-58. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2089.1 Unknown Point 0.00001 0.00001 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) 6378137 298.257223563 polarBear_99PercentMCP_beaufortChukchi_1985-2016_durner.csv Table containing satellite location data from adult female polar bears captured in the Beaufort Sea, 1985-2016, and used to create a 99% minimum convex polygon study area. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined BearID_mcp A unique identifier assigned to each bear in the dataset used in defining the 99% minimum convex polygon. Author defined 1 308 none DateTimeUTC_mcp The date and time of the satellite radio telemetry observation used in defining the 99% minimum convex polygon. Author defined 5/6/1985 23:29 6/20/2016 04:00 Date (MM/DD/YYYY HH:mm; UTC) latitude_mcp The latitude of the satellite radio telemetry observation used in defining the 99% minimum convex polygon. Author defined 61.70000 83.67700 Decimal degrees (WGS84) longitude_mcp The longitude of the satellite radio telemetry observation used in defining the 99% minimum convex polygon. Author defined -110.96600 163.31920 Decimal degrees (WGS84) polarBear_RSFequalAreaZones_beaufortChukchi_1985-2016_durner.csv Table containing satellite location data from adult female polar bears captured in the Beaufort Sea, 1985-2016, and used to test the fit of resource selection function equal area zones with polar bear distribution. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined BearID_rsf A unique identifier assigned to each bear in the dataset used to test the fit of resource selection function equal area zones. Author defined 1 301 none DateTimeUTC_rsf The date and time of the satellite radio telemetry observation used to test the fit of resource selection function equal area zones. Author defined 5/6/1985 23:29 6/20/2016 05:00 Date (MM/DD/YYYY HH:mm; UTC) latitude_rsf The latitude of the satellite radio telemetry observation used to test the fit of resource selection function equal area zones. Author defined 63.89100 82.40900 Decimal degrees (WGS84) longitude_rsf The longitude of the satellite radio telemetry observation used to test the fit of resource selection function equal area zones. Author defined -115.06000 174.14200 Decimal degrees (WGS84) season Season of year in which the record occurs. Author defined max Season of maximum sea ice extent (winter). Author defined mlt Season of sea ice melt (spring, or breakup). Author defined min Season of minimum sea ice (summer) Author defined gth season of sea ice growth (autumn, or freeze-up). Author defined period Decadal period in which the record occurs. Author defined 8595 Years inclusive of 1985-1995 Author defined 9606 Years inclusive of 1996-2006 Author defined 0716 Years inclusive of 2007-2016 Author defined lc94_rsf Estimated horizontal error (meters) of location records. Argos: Douglas et al 2012; GPS: Adams et al 2013 L1 Coordinate is within < 2500 meters of its true location on the earth. Douglas et al 2012 L2 Coordinate is within < 1000 meters of its true location on the earth. Douglas et al 2012 L3 Coordinate is within < 400 meters of its true location on the earth. Douglas et al 2012 L4 Coordinate is within < 30 meters of its true location on the earth. Adams et al 2013 eaInterval_rsf A unique identifier assigned to each resource selection function (RSF) equal area zone in which the polar bear location occurs, where 1 = lowest RSF-valued habitat and 20 = highest RSF-valued habitat, of records used to test the fit of resource selection function equal area zones. Durner et al 2009 1 20 none polarBear_kernelUD_beaufortChukchi_1985-2016_durner.csv Table containing satellite location data from adult female polar bears captured in the Beaufort Sea, 1985-2016, and used to create 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table. Author defined BearID_ud A unique identifier assigned to each bear in the dataset used in defining the 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions. Author defined 1 288 none DateTimeUTC_ud The date and time of the satellite radio telemetry observation used in defining the 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions. Author defined 5/6/1985 23:29 6/16/2016 22:00 Date (MM/DD/YYYY HH:mm; UTC) latitude_ud The latitude of the satellite radio telemetry observation used in defining the 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions. Author defined 63.891 82.226 Decimal degrees (WGS84) longitude_ud The longitude of the satellite radio telemetry observation used in defining the 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions. Author defined -110.966 163.319 Decimal degrees (WGS84) season Season of year in which the record occurs. Author defined max Season of maximum sea ice extent (winter). Author defined mlt Season of sea ice melt (spring, or breakup). Author defined min Season of minimum sea ice (summer). Author defined gth Season of sea ice growth (autumn, or freeze-up). Author defined period Decadal period in which the record occurs. Author defined 8595 Years inclusive of 1985-1995 Author defined 9606 Years inclusive of 1996-2006 Author defined 0716 Years inclusive of 2007-2016 Author defined U.S. Geological Survey USGS ScienceBase Team Mailing and Physical

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Denver Colorado 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov The U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center is the authoritative source of these data, distributed by ScienceBase (a USGS Trusted Digital Repository). Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes or on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. CSV Tabular data in CSV format; FGDC metadata in XML and HTML formats. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZRJ3XU None 20250114 U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center Mailing and Physical

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Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA 907-786-7000 gs-ak_asc_datamanagers@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) FGDC-STD-001.1-1999