Joseph A Affinati Janice G Talley 20260429 1.0 remote-sensing image USGS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P1SJAJ8Q The U.S. Geological Survey collected low-altitude airborne natural color imagery, surface temperatures and multispectral imagery via a hexacopter uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) for mapping Clark Well in the Coconino National Forest in Arizona. Visual imagery was collected in jpg (for color imagery) and TIFF (for thermal imagery and multispectral imagery) format and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry techniques were applied to derive high-resolution natural color, thermal (surface temperatures), and multispectral orthomosaics along with digital surface models and point clouds of the study areas in 2025. Ground control points (GCPs), which are temporary targets on the ground located by using a real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) base station and rover, were used in georectification in the SfM process. Agisoft Metashape Professional (v. 2.1.3 build 18946) was used to create a natural color orthomosaic, multispectral orthomosaic, and a surface temperature orthomosaic for the data collected in 2025. In July 2025, the U.S. Geological Survey Arizona Water Science Center-Flagstaff Field Office collected a repeat low-altitude airborne data from an uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) for mapping vegetation health and surface temperatures at Clark Well in the Coconino National Forest in Arizona. The orthomosaic imagery, DSM and point clouds can be used to observe ground conditions, changes in vegetation, and surface temperature on land and in the bodies of water in the study areas. 20250715 ground condition Complete None planned -111.585261 -111.570740 35.073220 35.063892 ISO 19115 Topic Category elevation imageryBaseMapsEarthCover health environment USGS Thesaurus remote sensing surface water (non-marine) none orthomosaic uncrewed aircraft system UAS drone thermal multispectral springs pointcloud DSM digital surface model multispectral USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:699785a3b66b0100cceee5fd Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Coconino National Forest Arizona Clark Well None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from this data release. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Not for navigational use. Joseph A Affinati U.S. Geological Survey, AZ WSC, Southwest Region Geographer mailing address

2255 N. Gemini Dr.

Flagstaff AZ 86001 US 928-556-7352 jaffinati@usgs.gov U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Four Forest Restoration Initiative (4FRI) Multiparty Monitoring Board (MPMB), Grand Canyon Trust, and The Nature Conservancy Windows 10 (64bit) Agisoft Metashape Professional version 2.1.3 build 18946 Global Mapper version 26.1 build 031125 GeoSetter 4.0.49 (build 2233) BETA 2025_Clark_Well_Multi_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif 1,797,824 KB 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_DSM_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif 412,207 KB 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_Ortho_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif 1,778,036 KB 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_Point_Cloud_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_EPSG6404.laz 1,657,686 KB 2025_Clark_Well_TIR_C_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif 1,302,837 KB Jin-Si R. Over Andrew C. Ritchie Christine J. Kranenburg Jenna A. Brown Daniel D. Buscombe Tom Noble Christopher R. Sherwood Jonathan A. Warrick Phillipe A. Wernette 2021 publication n/a US Geological Survey This is a user guide that details the Agisoft Metashape workflow that take imagery and creates 3D products. Photoscan is the precursor program to Metashape but the steps are very similar. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039 Agisoft 20240620 publication Web Agisoft Agisoft Metashape Professional software, accessed August 1, 2024, at https://www.agisoft.com/downloads/installer/ https://www.agisoft.com/downloads/installer/ Blue Marble Graphics 20250219 application/service Global Mapper software, accessed January 26, 2025, at https://www.agisoft.com/downloads/installer/ https://www.bluemarblegeo.com/global-mapper-download/ Friedemann Schmidt 20240408 application/service https://geosetter.de/en/download-en/ Location of survey flights were tracked and recorded using GPS onboard the aircraft. Ground control points (1.5ft x 1.5ft ground targets) were also surveyed in the field using Trimble RTK GPS survey units and used to georectify the UAS imagery. Results of the orthomosaics fall within expected ranges for the type of imagery collected and described in the positional accuracy information. Comparison of the UAS derived orthomosiac imagery with other satellite imagery provided an acceptable representation of the ground features present (bodies of water, roads, bridges, fallen trees, etc.) at the study site. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Horizontal accuracy for each dataset is as follows: 2025_Clark_Well_Multi_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif: XY error = 1.40 cm 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_DSM_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif: XY error = 7.56 cm 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_Ortho_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif: XY error = 7.56 cm 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_Point_Cloud_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_EPSG6404.laz: XY error = 7.56 cm 2025_Clark_Well_TIR_C_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif: XY error = 5.42 cm Average RTK GPS points (horizontal): Precision= 1.74 cm There are no vertical positions associated with the orthomosiac data products. Vertical accuracy for each dataset is as follows: 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_DSM_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif: Z error = 3.19 cm 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_Point_Cloud_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_EPSG6404.laz: Z error = 3.19 cm Average RTK GPS points (vertical): Precision= 3.19 cm Thermal Infrared (TIR) Processing: Visual imagery was collected in jpg (for color imagery) and TIFF (for thermal imagery) form a DJI Matrice 600 hexicopter using a DJI XT2 sensor at the same time. Structure from Motion techniques were then applied to this high-resolution visual imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition software to derive a time-specific orthomosaic for the study location. Location of survey flights was tracked and recorded using GPS onboard the aircraft and sensor. Ground control points (1.5ft x 1.5ft ground targets) were surveyed in the field using Trimble RTK GPS survey units and used to georectify the imagery. The images and ground control points were processed in Agisoft Metashape Professional version 2.1.3 build 18946 following the general workflow of Over and others (2021). The general steps are provided here. All flights were processed in NAD83(2011) Arizona State Plane Coordinate System (m) and NAVD88 (m). 1. Color photos (jpg) and thermal photos (TIFF) were renumbered so they could go into one respected folder (one folder color, one thermal) and not by flights. 2. The parent folder for the jpg's and TIFF's were imported into Metashape as "multi-camera system". 3. Imagery (with positions) were aligned to create a point cloud using a 'Highest' alignment setting, keypoint limit of 60,000, and tiepoint limit of 0. 4. Pixel sizes field was adjusted in the "Camera Calibration" tool; 0.0019 for color images, 0.017 for thermal images. Primary channel set as "default". 5. Import reference tool was used to import Markers (9 GCP targets which were surveyed in the field) and the locations of the markers were manually adjusted as needed to locate the center of the GCP which was surveyed in the field. 6. The resultant point cloud was filtered using two iterations of the 'Reprojection error' filter to a level of 0.3. With each filter iteration points were selected, deleted, and then the camera model optimized to refine the focal length, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 camera model coefficients. 7. A high-quality dense point cloud was generated for the chunk using 'High' setting and 'mild' filtering. 8. The resultant dense point cloud was filtered using the point confidence to a level of 0-1 and those points were classified as 'High Noise'. 9. A DEM was built from the dense point cloud with interpolation (inverse distance weighting) enabled and point classes set to 'Created (never classified)' and excluded the 'High Noise' classifications identified in the previous step. 10. "Calibrate Colors" tool was used with source data as DEM. 11. Natural color orthomosaic was generated using the DEM surface and 'mosaic' blending mode. 12. The thermal orthomosaic was created by enabling the "Set Raster Transform" tool and adjusting the output band with the formula 0.4*B4-267.15 (Kelvins to Celsius). A -6.0 C from the default value of 273.15 offset was used based off previous thermal sensor surveys with ground truth temperatures. 13. An area-of-interest boundary shapefile was created to clip the data to a common extent and was used on all final products. 14. Thermal orthomosaic was generated using the DEM surface and 'mosaic' blending mode and exported (clipped to boundary) with a raster transform enabled and the output set as index value which represents temperature in degrees Celsius. 20250729 Joseph A Affinati U.S. Geological Survey, AZ WSC, Southwest Region Geographer mailing address

2255 N. Gemini Dr.

Flagstaff AZ 86001 US 928-556-7352 jaffinati@usgs.gov RGB Processing: Visual imagery was collected in jpg form a DJI Matrice 600 hexicopter using a Sony A6000 camera. Structure from Motion techniques were then applied to this high-resolution visual imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition software to derive a time-specific orthomosaic for the study location. Location of survey flights was tracked and recorded using GPS onboard the aircraft and sensor. Ground control points (1.5ft x 1.5ft ground targets) were surveyed in the field using Trimble RTK GPS survey units and used to georectify the imagery. The images and ground control points were processed in Agisoft Metashape Professional version 2.1.3 build 18946 following the general workflow of Over and others (2021). The general steps are provided here. All flights were processed in NAD83(2011) Arizona State Plane Coordinate System (m) and NAVD88 (m). 1. Photos (jpg) were geotagged using GeoSetter 4.0.49 (build 2233) BETA. 2. The parent folder for the jpg's were imported into Metashape as "single camera system". 3. Imagery (with positions) were aligned to create a point cloud using a 'Highest' alignment setting, keypoint limit of 60,000, and tiepoint limit of 0. 4. Import reference tool was used to import Markers (9 GCP targets which were surveyed in the field) and the locations of the markers were manually adjusted as needed to locate the center of the GCP which was surveyed in the field. 5. The resultant point cloud was filtered using one iteration of the 'Reprojection error' filter to a level of 0.3. With each filter iteration points were selected, deleted, and then the camera model optimized to refine the focal length, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 camera model coefficients. 6. A high-quality dense point cloud was generated for the chunk using 'High' setting and 'mild' filtering. 7. The resultant dense point cloud was filtered using the point confidence to a level of 0-1 and those points were classified as 'High Noise'. 8. A DEM was built from the dense point cloud with interpolation (inverse distance weighting) enabled and point classes set to 'Created (never classified)' and excluded the 'High Noise' classifications identified in the previous step. 10. Natural color orthomosaic was generated using the DEM surface and 'mosaic' blending mode. 11. An area-of-interest boundary shapefile was created to clip the data to a common extent and was used on all final products. 12. A RGB point cloud, DEM and othomosaic were exported using the boundary shapefile as the outer extent. 20250730 10-Band Multispectral (Multi) Processing: Visual imagery was collected in TIFF (for all 10 bands) from a DJI Matrice 600 hexicopter using a Micasense 10-band sensor (RedEdge-MX and RedEdge-MX Blue). Structure from Motion techniques were then applied to this high-resolution visual imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition software to derive a time-specific orthomosaic for the study location. Location of survey flights was tracked and recorded using GPS onboard the aircraft and sensor. Ground control points (1.5ft x 1.5ft ground targets) were surveyed in the field using Trimble RTK GPS survey units and used to georectify the imagery. The images and ground control points were processed in Agisoft Metashape Professional version 2.1.3 build 18946 following the general workflow of Over and others (2021). The general steps are provided here. All flights were processed in NAD83(2011) Arizona State Plane Coordinate System (m) and NAVD88 (m). 1. The parent folder for the TIFF's were imported into Metashape as "multi-camera system". 2. Imagery (with positions) were aligned to create a point cloud using a 'High' alignment setting, keypoint limit of 60,000, and tiepoint limit of 0. Reflectance imagery were pulled into another group automatically. 3. Import reference tool was used to import Markers (9 GCP targets which were surveyed in the field) and the locations of the markers were manually adjusted as needed to locate the center of the GCP which was surveyed in the field. 4. The resultant point cloud was filtered using one iteration of the 'Reprojection error' filter to a level of 0.6. With each filter iteration points were selected, deleted, and then the camera model optimized to refine the focal length, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 camera model coefficients. 5. A high-quality dense point cloud was generated for the chunk with using 'High' setting and 'mild' filtering. 6. A DEM was built from the dense point cloud with interpolation (inverse distance weighting) enabled. 7. Calibrate reflectance was done on the imagery (all bands) by locating the panel photos (from the field). This converts digital numbers to reflectance. The "Use reflectance panels" and "use sun sensor" were both applied. 8. Orthomosaic was generated using the DEM surface and 'mosaic' blending mode. 9. All bands were divided by 32,768 to re-scale the reflectance to a more interpretable range. 10. An area-of-interest boundary shapefile was used to clip the data to a common extent and was used on all final products. 11. A multispectral orthomosaic was generated using the DEM surface and 'mosaic' blending mode and exported (clipped to boundary) with a raster transform enabled and the output set as index value which represents reflectance. 20250730 Raster Grid Cell 43893 56275 3 State Plane Coordinate System 1983 2022 0.9999 -111.916666667 31 213360 0 row and column 0.023471400000000132 0.023471399999999518 meters NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_2011 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101004 North American Vertical Datum of 1988 0.001 meters Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_Ortho_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif 3 band raster geospatial data file at a resolution of 2.35 cm/pix. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Band 1 is red intensity, Band 2 is green intensity, and Band 3 is blue intensity Producer Defined 0.0 255.0 2025_Clark_Well_RGB_DSM_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif Raster geospatial data file at a resolution of 4.69 cm/pix. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined 2083.9780273438 2145.208984375 meters 2025_Clark_Well_TIR_C_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif 1-Band Raster geospatial data file at a resolution of 2.27 cm/pix. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Band 1 is temperature in degrees Celsius Producer Defined 18.746536254883 67.102668762207 Celcius 2025_Clark_Well_Multi_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_ESPG6404.tif 10 band raster geospatial data file at a resolution of 8.86 cm/pix. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Band 1 is Blue444, Band 2 is Blue475, Band 3 is Green531, Band 4 is Green560, Band 5 is Red650, Band 6 is Red668, Band 7 is Rededge705, Band 8 is Rededge717, Band 9 is Rededge740, Band 10 is NIR840. Agisoft Metashape 0.0 0.47305989265441895 Clark_Well_RGB_Point_Cloud_NAD83(2011)_AZ_C_EPSG6404.laz SfM dense point cloud in .laz lidar data file. This georeferenced point cloud was colorized using natural color RGB image values and is only classified by High Noise and Never Classified. Point density is 498.69 points per square meter and point spacing is 0.04478 m. Producer Defined Z_Elevation Surface elevation orthometric height NAVD88 (m) using geoid 18 in NAD83(2011) Arizona Central (m). Agisoft Metashape 2082.77 2151.3501 meters classification 0= Never Classified 18= High Noise Agisoft Metashape 0 18 red Red wavelength band Producer Defined 2056 63479 green Green wavelength band Producer Defined 2056 60909 blue Blue wavelength band Producer Defined 1028 59110 confidence The number of depth maps used to generate a given point, providing a measure of the quality and accuracy of the point cloud data. Producer Defined 1 10 U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/699785a3b66b0100cceee5fd https://doi.org/10.5066/P1SJAJ8Q None 20260429 Joseph A Affinati U.S. Geological Survey, AZ WSC, Southwest Region Geographer mailing address

2255 N. Gemini Dr.

Flagstaff AZ 86001 US 928-556-7352 jaffinati@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998