Victoria M. Scholl Matthew A. Burgess 20260430 1.0 raster digital data data release DOI:10.5066/P13JBENN Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver, CO U.S. Geological Survey This metadata describes the thermal data data within the Larger Work defined below. https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JBENN https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/695d55c7d4be0208d90f3248 Victoria M. Scholl Matthew A. Burgess 2026 1.0 digital files data release DOI:10.5066/P13JBENN Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver, CO U.S. Geological Survey Scholl, V.M. and Burgess, M.A., 2026, Hyperspectral and Thermal Data Collected during Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) Operations near Moab, Utah in May 2025: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JBENN. https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JBENN https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/6939fbf0d4be02165772a646 In May 2025, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Uncrewed Systems Office (NUSO) conducted uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) flights to collect hyperspectral and thermal remote sensing imagery over dryland sites during a collaborative field campaign near Moab, Utah. Two sites, "Horsethief Campground" and "Salt Valley", which have differing vegetation and soil characteristics, were mapped over three days. A DJI Matrice 600 Pro UAS equipped with a Headwall Nano-Hyperspec sensor captured hyperspectral imagery with 274 spectral bands spanning the visible and near infrared (VNIR) wavelengths 398 to 1002 nm. A Skydio X10-VT300L UAS with an integrated longwave infrared (LWIR) FLIR Boson+ sensor captured radiometric thermal images. Survey control was established using Propeller AeroPoint temporary ground control points (GCPs) distributed throughout the survey area and deployed daily. This section of the data release presents UAS thermal images and derived structure-from-motion (SfM) data products. Aerial images were processed in photogrammetry software using the GCPs to produce SfM digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthomosaics. Two orthomosaics are provided for each thermal mapping date. The first orthomosaic includes the Ironbow false color palette for visualization of temperature (bands 1,2,3), and includes raw temperature data in units of Kelvin (band 4). The second orthomosaic contains a single band with calculated temperature values in units of degrees Celsius. UAS thermal imagery provides information about surface temperature patterns across landscapes. This UAS data collection supports research to improve the mapping of terrestrial natural resources in dryland environments. 20250505 20250507 observed ground condition, data collected on three days Complete None planned -109.8358046 -109.6178097 38.75821028 38.58334668 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation environment None U.S. Geological Survey USGS National Land Imaging Program Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center GECSC Uncrewed Aircraft System UAS drone DJI Matrice 600 Headwall Nano-Hyperspec hyperspectral reflectance Skydio X10 FLIR Boson+ thermal temperature photogrammetry orthomosaics Ground control point Propeller AeroPoints USGS Thesaurus remote sensing hyperspectral imaging visible light imaging infrared imaging thermal imaging structure from motion geospatial datasets GPS measurement aerial photography image collections image mosaics USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:695d55c7d4be0208d90f3248 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Utah (1455989) Grand County (1448024) Moab (1430389) None Public domain (CC0-1.0) data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. U.S. Geological Survey National Uncrewed Systems Office mailing

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Reston VA 20192 US 1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) uas@usgs.gov USGS National Uncrewed Systems Office RStudio v2025.05.1, Microsoft Excel v2507, Agisoft Metashape Professional v2.2.1, Global Mapper Pro v26.0.2 Jin-Si R. Over Andrew C. Ritchie Christine J. Kranenburg Jenna A. Brown Daniel D. Buscombe Tom Noble Christopher R. Sherwood Jonathan A. Warrick Phillipe A. Wernette 2021 publication Open-File Report 2021-1039 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey This publication includes the general methodology for processing imagery in Metashape to produce digital surface models and ortho products. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039 The Skydio X10 VT300-L, equipped with an integrated Teledyne FLIR Boson+ sensor module, acquired radiometric thermal JPEG imagery at a spatial resolution of 640 x 512 pixels, with individual file sizes of approximately 1 MB. According to Skydio specifications, the thermal sensor has an infrared temperature measurement accuracy of the greater of ± 5°C or 5%. To assess the accuracy of the temperature (°C) values in the resulting orthomosaics, an open cooler filled with ice was placed within the survey area during UAS thermal flights. Under expected conditions, pixels corresponding to the ice should measure close to 0°C (32°F), assuming an emissivity of 0.96. Note that emissivity was set to the default value of 0.95 for these thermal mapping missions, which may have introduced minor deviations in the derived temperature values. In the May 7 orthomosaic, the lowest recorded temperatures occur within pixels corresponding to the ice-cooler, providing a reference point for assessing thermal accuracy. In the May 5 temperature orthomosaic, pixels within the ice cooler had a mean value of -8.5°C (16.7°F). In the May 6 temperature orthomosaic, pixels within the ice cooler had a mean value of -3.7°C (25.3°F). In the May 7 temperature orthomosaic, pixels within the ice cooler had a mean value of 0.99°C (33.8°F). An aluminum-coated foil target was placed in the scene to enable future experimentation with extracting background radiation. This material has low emissivity and high reflectivity in the LWIR, so it reflects radiation from nearby surrounding materials and the sky. The lowest temperatures in the May 5 and May 6 orthomosaics occur within pixels corresponding to the foil target. In the May 5 temperature orthomosaic, pixels within the foil target had a mean value of -20.6°C (-5.1°F). In the May 6 temperature orthomosaic, pixels within the foil target had a mean value of -17.9°C (-0.2°F). In the May 7 temperature orthomosaic, pixels within the foil target had a mean value of 18°C (64.4°F). The highest temperatures in the orthomosaics (60-70°C) occur within the GCP targets which feature dark plastic surfaces and are exposed to direct sunlight throughout the mapping mission. Thermal images were renamed to the format UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_YYYYMMDDTHHMMSSZ_originalFilename, where UT-Moab is the project descriptor, UAS-Thermal is the sensor type, date and time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) are separated by a T and Z, respectively, and the original image filename is included at the end. There are a total of 6,547 thermal photos provided in 3 zip files, one zip file per date of thermal data collection. The thermal image metadata contain an EXIF tag "GpsHorizontalAccuracy" with values ranging between 0.1 and 0.4, but these values have not been validated by USGS. The GCP data provided in this data release has been used to georeference the thermal SfM data products. The thermal image metadata contain an EXIF tag "GpsVerticalAccuracy" with values ranging between 0.1 and 0.4, but these values have not been validated by USGS. The GCP data provided in this data release has been used to georeference the thermal SfM data products. Thermal data collection: A 2D Mapping flight was conducted with the Skydio X10 VT300-L UAS at a flight height of 100 feet (31 meters) above ground level during each date of data collection. North-South transects were planned with maximum flight speed set to 2.7 m/s and thermal infrared (IR) forward and side overlap settings of at least 70% and 70%, respectively. Thermal camera temperature range was set to Narrow (also known as High) gain mode to detect temperatures ranging from -40°F to 302°F (-40°C to 150°C) as reported in Skydio documentation. Emissivity was left at the default value of 0.95. Flat Field Correction (FCC) was manually applied at the end and beginning of each transect to help mitigate and compensate for errors that build up over time during the thermal camera operation. Gimbal angle was 90 degrees from the horizon (nadir). A cooler filled with ice was placed in the scene each day to enable temperature data assessment. A metallic foil target was also placed in the scene to enable future experimentation with extracting background radiation. On May 5, 2025, at the Horsethief site, 3 flights were conducted over a duration of 1 hour and 6 minutes during 1:31-2:57 PM local time, collecting 2,526 thermal images across an area of approximately 524,719 square feet (48,748 square meters). On May 6, 2025, at the Horsethief site, 3 flights were conducted over a duration of 1 hour during 11:31 AM - 12:49 PM local time, collecting 2,172 thermal images across an area of approximately 441,072 sq ft (40,977 sq m). On May 7, 2025, at the Salt Valley site, 2 flights were conducted over a duration of 46 minutes during 12:36-1:32 PM local time, collecting 1,848 thermal images across an area of approximately 301,806 sq ft (28,038 sq m). 20250507 Thermal image processing: the acquired thermal images were programmatically renamed using RStudio (version 2025.05.1). The "exif_read" function of the "exiftoolr" package (version 0.2.8) was used to read each image's EXIF tags and extract the original image creation date and time ("CreateDate"). Once a new filename was constructed for each image following the format described in the Logical Consistency Report above, the "file.copy" function within the R Base Package (version 4.5.1) was used to rename each image accordingly. ExifTools was used to summarize all EXIF tags into a csv file using the command "exiftool -csv *.JPG > exif_orig.csv" using Command Prompt while in the directory containing photos of interest. The result is a csv file where each row corresponds to an image, and each column corresponds to an EXIF header. In Microsoft Excel (version 2507), new columns were added to the csv and populated with values for the following additional EXIF headers: Credit, Copyright, UsageTerms, and ImageDescription. These updated EXIF headers were then written to each image's EXIF info using the command "exiftool -csv="exif_new.csv" *.JPG -overwrite_original". Additional keywords were then added to each image by using the following command, 'exiftool -keywords="UAS imagery" -keywords="UAS Imagery" -keywords="Moab" -keywords="Utah" -keywords="USGS" *.JPG -overwrite_original'. See https://exiftool.org/TagNames/EXIF.html for a complete list of EXIF Tag Names and associated values. Thermal images were processed in Agisoft Metashape Professional (version 2.2.1) software following the general SfM workflow outlined in Over and others (2021). A separate project was created for each date of UAS flights. Thermal radiometric JPEG images were imported as multicamera images: Bands 1,2,3 visualize the false color palette called Ironbow (temperature is mapped to a smooth gradient of colors where dark colors indicate colder temperatures and light colors indicate warmer temperatures); band 4 contains raw radiometric temperature data in units of Kelvin, extracted from image metadata. Photos were aligned with high accuracy. Reference settings were adjusted to convert the camera locations to a projected coordinate system. GCPs were imported and their locations were manually refined to match the center of each checkered target location within the images. The photogrammetric tie points were filtered using an iterative error reduction process to remove points with high errors. A DEM and 4-band orthomosaic were generated and exported for each date of thermal data collection. A second temperature orthomosaic with degrees Celsius (°C) for each date was calculated by applying the following raster equation: (0.01*B4)-273.15 where B4 represents radiometric thermal values in Kelvin within Band 4 of the orthomosaic, implemented in Global Mapper (version 26.0.2) software. 20250818 Raster Pixel Universal Transverse Mercator 12 0.9996 -111.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.06 0.06 meters NAD83_NATIONAL_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_2011 GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 20250505_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_DEM.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM DEM raster with encoded elevation values. Spatial resolution is 6.7 cm. Producer Defined Value Surface elevation ellipsoid height (m). Agisoft Metashape -32767 No data Producer defined 1718.1277 1735.0294 meters 20250505_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_Ortho.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM orthomosaic raster with false color and temperature (K) values. Spatial resolution is 3.4 cm. Producer Defined Bands 1,2,3 False color digital numbers representing temperature variation across the scene using the Ironbow color palette. Agisoft Metashape -32767 No data Producer defined 0 65535 Band 4 Temperature values in units of Kelvin. Agisoft Metashape 0 No data Producer defined 0 33270 Kelvin 20250505_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_Ortho_TempC.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM orthomosaic raster with temperature (°C) values. Spatial resolution is 3.4 cm. Producer Defined Value Temperature values in units of Celsius. Agisoft Metashape -9999 No data Producer defined -26.37 59.55 Degrees Celsius 20250506_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_DEM.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM DEM raster with encoded elevation values. Spatial resolution is 6.7 cm. Producer Defined Value Surface elevation ellipsoid height (m). Agisoft Metashape -32767 No data Producer defined 1719.4825 1735.6567 meters 20250506_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_Ortho.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM orthomosaic raster with false color and temperature (K) values. Spatial resolution is 3.3 cm. Producer Defined Bands 1,2,3 False color digital numbers representing temperature variation across the scene using the Ironbow color palette. Agisoft Metashape 0 No data Producer defined 0 65535 Band 4 Temperature values in units of Kelvin. Agisoft Metashape 0 No data Producer defined 0 33743 Kelvin 20250506_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_Ortho_TempC.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM orthomosaic raster with temperature (°C) values. Spatial resolution is 3.3 cm. Producer Defined Value Temperature values in units of Celsius. Agisoft Metashape -9999 No data Producer defined -31.09 64.28 Degrees Celsius 20250507_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_DEM.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM DEM raster with encoded elevation values. Spatial resolution is 6.2 cm. Producer Defined Value Surface elevation ellipsoid height (m). Agisoft Metashape -32767 No data Producer defined 1436.7098 1452.0809 meters 20250507_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_Ortho.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM orthomosaic raster with false color and temperature (K) values. Spatial resolution is 3.1 cm. Producer Defined Bands 1,2,3 False color digital numbers representing temperature variation across the scene using the Ironbow color palette. Agisoft Metashape 0 No data Producer defined 0 65535 Band 4 Temperature values in units of Kelvin. Agisoft Metashape 0 No data Producer defined 0 34452 Kelvin 20250507_UT-Moab_UAS-Thermal_Ortho_TempC.tif Thermal imagery-derived SfM orthomosaic raster with temperature (°C) values. Spatial resolution is 3.1 cm. Producer Defined Value Temperature values in units of Celsius. Agisoft Metashape -9999 No data Producer defined 0.49 71.37 Degrees Celsius The SfM data products are provided in NAD83(2011) / UTM 12N (EPSG::6341) with ellipsoid heights relative to NAD83(2011) GRS80. Note that since multiple file types with various specifications are presented with this metadata file, details such as the Abscissa and Ordinate Resolution (Spatial Resolution) and No Data values are reported within each file's Entity_Type_Definition field. 2025_UT_Moab_UAS_DataDictionary.csv U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JBENN None 20260430 Victoria M. Scholl mailing

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Lakewood CO 80225 US 1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) uas@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a team address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998