Hannah R. Dietterich Michael H. Zoeller Paul R. Lundgren 20260312 raster digital data USGS Science Base USGS Science Base Dietterich, H.R., Zoeller, M.H., and Lundgren, P., 2026, Mauna Loa 2022 lava flow digital elevation models and thickness maps. U.S. Geological Survey data release: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1NBKNMC. https://doi.org/10.5066/P1NBKNMC Mauna Loa volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, erupted from November 27 to December 10, 2022, sending lava flows across the summit caldera (Mokuʻāweoweo) and into the upper Southwest Rift Zone, before focusing in the Northeast Rift Zone at fissure 3, sending a lava flow down the north flank that threatened a major highway. During the eruption, there was a need for updated terrain data to update syn-eruptive lava flow routing and runout forecasts, as well as to track emplaced lava thickness and volume. Following a successful deployment during the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration supported rapid deployment of the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) airborne GLISTIN-A instrument for three days of syn-eruptive acquisitions to measure topographic change using single-pass InSAR (December 7, 8, and 10, 2022). Digital elevation models (DEMs) from each flight line are available from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology. This data release provides mosaicked DEMs and lava flow thickness maps for three days of the eruption that were used to measure eruptive volume and time-averaged discharge rates. During the Mauna Loa 2022 eruption, there was a need for updated terrain data for lava flow forecast modeling, as well as to track emplaced lava thickness and volume. This data release provides mosaicked DEMs and lava flow thickness maps for three days of the eruption that were used to measure eruptive volume and time-averaged discharge rates. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 20221207 20221208 20221210 Date Created Complete None planned -155.6652 -155.4798 19.6726 19.4151 None Lava flow InSAR digital elevation model USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:694b2e1bd4be0230e9e6ff83 None Mauna Loa Island of Hawaiʻi Northeast Rift Zone Southwest Rift Zone None None Hannah R Dietterich USGS - ALASKA REGION Research Geologist mailing and physical

4230 University Drive Suite 100

Anchorage AK 99508 907-786-7474 hdietterich@usgs.gov Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar Project, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Windows 11, ArcGIS Pro 3.5.5. DEM datasets are each 234.5 MB, thickness datasets are ~15 MB Uncertainty was quantified by comparing elevations of unchanged bare-earth terrain outside of the lava flow field to pre-eruptive USGS 3DEP lidar. A consistent vertical shift of approximately 2.5 m was observed in the unchanged terrain surrounding the lava flow that may be related to both volcanic geodetic change and GLISTIN processing. This shift was calculated and removed for each dataset. Application of these data for analysis of lava flow emplacement suggests that the data are logically consistent and ready for use, albeit with sources of error. Data capture the lava flow surface elevations and changes through time during three days (December 7, 8, and 10) of the Mauna Loa 2022 eruption. Original data do extend past the lava flows, but those are not included in this dataset and are available from the UAVSAR Jet Propulsion Lab data archive. Horizontal resolution of 3.05 m. Accuracy based on comparison to other flow mapping is within 1 pixel (less than 3 meters) 1.09 m vertical error determined by the standard deviation of elevation differences over unchanged terrain outside of the lava flow field compared to pre-eruptive USGS 3DEP lidar The UAVSAR GLISTIN-A Ka-band airborne single-pass synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instrument was flown aboard a NASA Johnson Space Flight Center Gulfstream-III jet from Kona Airport on three different days of the eruption (December 7, 8, and 10). Nine different flight lines were flown on December 7 to cover the entire lava flow field, with the main fissure 3 flight line (018015) repeated once. Additionally, three primary swaths (01815, 01816, and 19810) twice each of the following days. All flights were at an altitude of approximately 40,000 ft. The single-pass SAR data for each flight line was processed by the UAVSAR Project at the Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology into DEMs following Hensley and others (2016). These DEMs, as well as radar reflectance imagery are available from the UAVSAR data archive at https://uavsar.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/data.pl?search=23G022. Hensley, S., Moller, D., Oveisgharan, S., Michel, T., and Wu, X., 2016, Ka-Band Mapping and Measurements of Interferometric Penetration of the Greenland Ice Sheets by the GLISTIN Radar: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 9, no. 6, p. 2436–2450. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2560626. 20221210 Paul Lundgren Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech mailing

4800 Oak Grove Drive

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Pasadena CA 91109 USA 818-354-1795 paul.r.lundgren@jpl.nasa.gov The flight line DEMs were mosaicked manually in ArcGIS Pro for each day to reduce the regions of higher noise on swath margins and fill gaps. Each DEM is narrow at the center of the swath and widens toward the ends from the underlying topography relative to the constant flight level. The instrument was left-looking and the cross-track incidence angle results in low noise and increased shadows on one side of the swath, and much higher noise on the other side. Each DEM was first clipped to the extent of the lava flow field plus a 200-m buffer. DEMs were then mosaicked in an order determined first by coverage (01815 for fissures 1–3 and the eastern caldera, 01816 for fissures 3 and 4, and 19810 for the western caldera and upper southwest rift zone), noise (low noise over high noise), and time (newest on top). Holes are still present where slopes are very steep, such as the walls of the summit caldera, as well as where the swaths did not capture the entire caldera. Both acquisition times of all swaths were used for the December 8 and 10 DEMs to fill as many of the holes in the caldera area as possible. DEM elevations were translated to orthometric heights from ellipsoidal heights using the GEOID12B model from the National Geodetic Survey. The resulting DEM mosaics have horizontal and vertical units of meters and a horizontal resolution of 3.05 m. 20241001 Hannah R Dietterich USGS - ALASKA REGION Research Geologist mailing and physical

4230 University Drive Suite 100

Anchorage AK 99508 907-786-7474 hdietterich@usgs.gov Mosaicked DEMs were differenced with a pre-eruptive DEM to measure uncertainty and lava flow thickness. Pre-eruptive lidar topographic data was acquired from 2017–2020 by Woolpert through the USGS 3DEP program and processed to a matching horizontal resolution of 3 m with a vertical accuracy of 0.1 m (U.S. Geological Survey, 2022). Uncertainty was quantified by comparing elevations of unchanged bare-earth terrain outside of the lava flow field after Favalli and others (2010), Bagnardi and others (2016), and Lundgren and others (2019). A consistent vertical shift of approximately 2.5 m was observed in the unchanged terrain surrounding the lava flow that may be related to both volcanic geodetic change and GLISTIN processing (Muellerschoen and others, 2023; Dietterich and others, in review). The vertical shift was calculated and removed for each mosaic using a 100 m buffer polygon around the entire flow field. This analysis finds a vertical one sigma standard deviation of 1.09 m for unchanged terrain. References Bagnardi, M., González, P.J., and Hooper, A., 2016, High-resolution digital elevation model from tri-stereo Pleiades-1 satellite imagery for lava flow volume estimates at Fogo Volcano: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 43, no. 12, p. 2016GL069457, accessed May 19, 2017, at https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069457. Dietterich, H.R., Patrick, M.P., Zoeller, M.H., Hyman, D.M.R., Trusdell, F.A., Gallant, E., Lynn, K.J., Mulliken, K., DeSmither, L., Parcheta, C., Lundgren, P, Halverson, B. Lava flow emplacement dynamics during the Mauna Loa 2022 eruption, in review, Bulletin of Volcanology. Favalli, M., Fornaciai, A., Mazzarini, F., Harris, A., Neri, M., Behncke, B., Pareschi, M.T., Tarquini, S., and Boschi, E., 2010, Evolution of an active lava flow field using a multitemporal LIDAR acquisition: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 115, no. B11, accessed February 2, 2015, at https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007463. Lundgren, P.R., Bagnardi, M., and Dietterich, H., 2019, Topographic Changes During the 2018 Kīlauea Eruption From Single-Pass Airborne InSAR: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 46, no. 16, p. 9554–9562, accessed September 3, 2020, at https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083501. Muellerschoen, R.J., Chen, R., Denbina, M., and Zheng, Y., 2023, Validation of an Airborne Ka-Band Cross-Track Interferometer; UAVSAR/GLISTIN-A Observations of the 2022 Mauna Loa Eruption, in IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, p. 4274–4277. U.S. Geological Survey, 2022, HI Hawaii Island 2017 United States Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program 1 meter Digital Elevation Model, distributed by OpenTopography, https://doi.org/10.5069/G9NP22NT. 20241004 Hannah R Dietterich USGS - ALASKA REGION Research Geologist mailing and physical

4230 University Drive Suite 100

Anchorage AK 99508 907-786-7474 hdietterich@usgs.gov Raster Grid Cell 9248 6238 1 Universal Transverse Mercator 5 0.9996 -153.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 row and column 3.0530861455709317 3.0530861455709095 meters NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_PA11 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101004 U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P1NBKNMC None 20260312 Hannah R Dietterich USGS - ALASKA REGION Research Geologist mailing and physical

Glenn Olds Hall Alaska Pacific University, Alaska Pacific Univ.Grace Hall

Anchorage AK 99508 907-786-7474 hdietterich@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-012-2002