Daniel W. Armstrong Seth A. Siefken Norbert J. Karczewski Cailin L. Brugger Clayton R. Wells David J. Selkowitz James E. Betsill Katherine J. Chase 20260219 spreadsheet Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Published in cooperation with the National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XMH97H https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61eb07e7d34e8b818ada49df The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program, cataloged and scanned notes and calculations for indirect measurements taken during flood events in Montana. This product provides a publicly available catalog of the field notes, photos, survey information, and calculations for indirect measurements at selected sites. Indirect measurements are surveyed by the USGS after floods by identifying high water marks along rivers indicating the maximum stream stage. These high water marks are used to estimate the peak streamflow through standardized methods. Estimates of peak streamflow from the indirect measurements were added to the Water Data for the Nation (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). The estimates from the measurements can be used to calculate peak-flow frequencies, inform floodplain management, or add additional information to flood databases. The purpose of the data are to provide public access to the indirect measurements taken by the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana. Estimates of peak streamflow from the indirect measurements were added and updated in the USGS Water Data for the Nation. The scanned notes and calculations are included in an indirect measurement catalog that includes folders by site name. These folders provide details on the measurements. 1929 2020 observed In work None planned -116.0600 -104.0400 49.4909 44.3500 USGS Thesaurus Stream-gage measurement Floods Streamflow Hazard preparedness Watershed management USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6939e1c7d4be026e406f339c Common geographic areas Montana Land United States North America Canada Saskatchewan Alberta Idaho Wyoming None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Daniel W. Armstrong U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologist mailing address

3162 Bozeman Ave

Helena MT 59601 US 406-465-9165 406-457-5990 darmstrong@usgs.gov National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program Adobe PDF viewer No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the metadata for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. U.S. Geological Survey 20221001 tabular digital data https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN Digital and/or Hardcopy 1912 2015 observed NWIS Provided the data resources used to add and update flood information. Peak streamflow estimates from the indirect measurements are contained in this database after large flood events in Montana at specific sites. These measurements were estimated using established methods such as culvert-flow, slope-area, and flow-over-road depending on the site access and hydraulic conditions. Peak gage-height data and surveys of channel cross sections were used to estimate the peak flows in the NWIS database (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). The file database was created by scanning indirect measurement files and converting them into a portable document format (PDF). Blank pages and pages without information were removed to improve readability. Summary spreadsheets were created to provide streamflow values for most indirect measurements and associated site information, organized by the calendar year. Some sites did not have enough location information in the file to determine a location for the measurement and those sites were not added to the NWIS database. NWIS 20250901 Daniel W Armstrong U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

3162 Bozeman Ave

Helena MT 59601 USA 406-465-9165 darmstrong@usgs.gov 1E-04 1E-04 Decimal degrees North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) Geodetic Reference System 1980 6378137.000000 298.257222 YEAR_Indirects_summary_sheet.ods Spreadsheet containing data summarizing indirect flood information organized by four-digit calendar year, represented by YEAR in spreadsheet file name. Producer Defined Ind_streamgage_station Streamgage number or site identification number for the US Geological Survey streamgage network Producer Defined << empty cell >> No identification number was found or created for this measurement. Producer defined NNNNNNNN A unique 8- or 15-digit site identification number for the USGS station where the data were collected where numbers are represented by "N". Producer defined Flood_date Estimated date of flood, in day (D), month (M), and year (YYYY) represented as either MM-YYYY or DD-MM-YYYY or a date range if the exact day was unknown. Producer Defined << empty cell >> The date of flood was unknown and details from documents did not provide a date range. Producer defined 01-04-1912 04-06-2015 days Site_name Name of the US Geological Survey streamgage station or site name. Producer Defined USGS streamgage name or measurement site name, commonly the stream name followed by a nearby town in or near Montana. Directly associated with the Ind_streamgage_station column. Latitude Latitude of streamgage site, in decimal degrees. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Latitude of site unknown. Producer defined 44.3500 49.4909 Decimal degrees Longitude Longitude of streamgage site, in decimal degrees. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Longitude of site unknown. Producer defined -114.4757 -104.5781 Decimal degrees Drainage_area Drainage area of the streamgage site, in square miles. Producer Defined << empty cell >> No drainage area. Producer defined 0.10 30000 Square miles Discharge_cfs Estimated maximum streamflow of flood, in cubic feet per second. Producer Defined << empty cell >> No discharge associated with measurement. Producer defined 44 881000 Cubic feet per second Gage_height Streamgage stage, in feet. Producer Defined << empty cell >> No gage height associated with measurement. Producer defined 1.0 30.0 Imperial feet Add_site_name Additional site names if the historic site name was different than current site name. Producer Defined Blank Site did not have a historic name different than the current site name. Producer defined Streamgage or site name. Indirects_measurement_catalog_YEAR Folder containing portable document format (PDF) files. Producer Defined Indirect_measurement_catalog_YEAR Zipped folder containing indirect flood measurement sub-folders. Producer Defined Zipped folder containing sub-folders with indirect measurements associated with four-digit calendar year, represented by YEAR in folder name. Sub-folders within Indirect_measurement_catalog_YEAR are scanned copies of indirect measurements organized by the USGS streamgage number or measurement site name and are saved as PDF files. GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61eb07e7d34e8b818ada49df https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XMH97H 20260219 Daniel W. Armstrong U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

3162 Bozeman Ave

Helena MT 59601 US 406-465-9165 darmstrong@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998