Scott D. Hamshaw Sarah Y. Murphy Kevin K. Baker Nicholas J. Taylor Michael Bartles Avital Breverman Melissa Mika Alex Morrison Gregory Karlovits 20260326 tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P13G2ZJW This metadata record describes historical event-scale flood type classifications and causal attribution data for the FEMA-funded joint U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mixed Populations Flood Frequency Project. The data listed here include domain-expert manual classifications of annual, instantaneous historical flood peaks based on causal mechanisms determined using multiple lines of evidence. The dataset spans six basins (Delaware River, Trinity River, Red River of the North, Iowa River, Puget Sound, and Upper Colorado River) and a total of eighteen gaged watersheds spread across the six basins. Manually determined flood type classifications (both flood type and antecedent condition classifications) as well as associated causal storm types are provided for the entire annual, instantaneous peak flow record through water year 2022. Comma separated values (csv) files of manual classifications are grouped by basin. Additionally, csv files of variables used as indicators of a potential causal mechanism (i.e., basin averages and elevation band spatial averages of existing published meteorological and land surface datasets) are included in the data release. This page was created to communicate and share information related to the FEMA-funded Mixed Populations Flood Frequency project. This project focuses on the initial development of regional and national scale datasets and methods related to mixed populations in flood frequency studies. 1851 2022 publication date Complete None planned Conterminous United States -123.5238 -74.3577 49.4771 30.0174 ISO 19115 Topic Category climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere USGS Thesaurus hydrology floods meteorology streamflow datasets None flood type, causal mechanism, storm type, historical flood USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:687a985cd4be020457c7b253 None conterminous United States Puget Sound Delaware River Upper Colorado River Red River of the North Trinity River Iowa River Common geographic areas United States No access constraints. Please see 'Distribution Information' for details. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Scott D. Hamshaw U.S. Geological Survey Machine Learning Specialist mailing

12201 Sunrise Valley Drive

Reston VA 20192 US 802-324-6221 shamshaw@usgs.gov Federal Emergency Management Agency through the National Flood Insurance Program (Interagency Reimbursable Work Agreements HSFEHQ-22-IRWA-0112 & HSFEHQ-22-IRWA-0113) No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. All data were checked for outliers, omissions, and unexpected values. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset was not conducted. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset was not conducted. David W. Pierce Lu Su Daniel R. Cayan Mark D. Risser Ben Livneh Dennis P. Lettenmaier 20210505 publication n/a American Meteorological Society https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0212.1 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19150101 20181231 publication date Livneh-Unsplit Daily Precipitation and Air Temperature Data R. M. Rasmussen F. Chen C.H. Liu K. Ikeda A. Prein J. Kim T. Schneider A. Dai D. Gochis A. Dugger Y. Zhang A. Jaye J. Dudhia C. He M. Harrold L. Xue S. Chen A. Newman E. Dougherty R. Abolafia-Rosenzweig N. D. Lybarger R. Viger D. Lesmes K. Skalak J. Brakebill D. Cline K. Dunne K. Rasmussen G. Miguez-Macho 20230801 publication Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society vol. 104, issue 8 n/a American Meteorological Society ppg. E1382-E1408 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0326.1 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19791001 20210930 publication date CONUS404 Daily Precipitation Christopher Daly Michael Halbleib Joseph I. Smith Wayne P. Gibson Matthew K. Doggett George H. Taylor Jan Curtis Phillip P. Pasteris 20080312 publication International Journal of Climatology vol. 28, issue 15 n/a Wiley ppg. 2031-2064 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1688 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19810101 20221231 publication date PRISM Daily Air Temperature and Precipitation Laura C. Slivinski Gilbert P. Compo Jeffrey S. Whitaker Prashant D. Sardeshmukh Benjamin S. Giese Chesley McColl Rob Allan Xungang Yin Russell Vose Holly Titchner John Kennedy Lawrence J. Spencer Linden Ashcroft Stefan Brönnimann Manola Brunet Dario Camuffo Richard Cornes Thomas A. Cram Richard Crouthamel Fernando Domínguez‐Castro J. Eric Freeman Joëlle Gergis Ed Hawkins Philip D. Jones Sylvie Jourdain Alexey Kaplan Hisayuki Kubota Frank Le Blancq Tsz‐Cheung Lee Andrew Lorrey Jürg Luterbacher Maurizio Maugeri Cary J. Mock G.W. Kent Moore Rajmund Przybylak Christa Pudmenzky Chris Reason Victoria C. Slonosky Catherine A. Smith Birger Tinz Blair Trewin Maria Antónia Valente Xiaolan L. Wang Clive Wilkinson Kevin Wood Przemysław Wyszyński 20190823 publication Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society vol. 145, issue 724 n/a Wiley ppg. 2876-2908 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3598 Digital and/or Hardcopy 18060101 20151231 publication date 20CRv3 Histotical Meteorological Data of Daily Precipitation, Air Tempurature, Mean Sea Level Pressure, and Convective Available Potential Energy J. Du 20170710 publication n/a UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory https://doi.org/10.5065/d6pg1qdd Digital and/or Hardcopy 19990101 20221231 publication date StageIV Daily Precipitation Data Greg Fall David Kitzmiller Sandra Pavlovic Ziya Zhang Nathan Patrick Michael St. Laurent Carl Trypaluk Wanru Wu Dennis Miller 20230709 publication JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association vol. 59, issue 6 n/a Wiley ppg. 1246-1272 https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13143 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19790202 20220801 publication date AORC Daily Precipitation Data National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center 20130207 publication n/a NSIDC https://doi.org/10.7265/n5tb14tc Digital and/or Hardcopy 20031001 20240101 publication date SNODAS Daily Snow Water Equivalent R. Kenneth J. Howard P. James C. Michael J. Carl 20190313 publication n/a NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://doi.org/10.25921/82ty-9e16 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1841 2022 publication date IBTrACS Discrete Tropical Storm Tracks Copernicus Climate Change Service 20190920 publication n/a Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.e2161bac Digital and/or Hardcopy 19500101 20221231 publication date ERA5-Land Daily Volumetric Soil Water Content and Soil Temperature Data Ben Livneh Eric A. Rosenberg Chiyu Lin Bart Nijssen Vimal Mishra Kostas M. Andreadis Edwin P. Maurer Dennis P. Lettenmaier 201312 publication Journal of Climate vol. 26, issue 23 n/a American Meteorological Society ppg. 9384-9392 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00508.1 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19150101 20111231 publication date Livneh Daily Snow Water Equivalent Data Patrick Broxton Xubin Zeng Nicholas Dawson 20190330 publication n/a NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center https://doi.org/10.5067/0ggpb220ex6a Digital and/or Hardcopy 19811001 20230930 publication date UA Daily Snow Water Equivalent Data Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) 20190919 publication n/a Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19391231 20221231 publication date ERA5 Reanalysis Vertically-integrated eastward water vapor flux (VIWVE) and vertically-integrated northward water vapor flux (VIWVN) data United States Geological Survey 20150224 dataset https://waterdata.usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/f7p55kjn Digital and/or Hardcopy 1851 2022 publication date USGS NWIS Source data provide daily mean streamflow and annual peak flow records Six hydrologically diverse basins were selected across the conterminous United States and within each basin three representative streamgages were chosen for performing manual flood typing. For each streamgage, the annual maximum series of flood peaks were retrieved from USGS NWIS up through water year 2022. Further details are available in the companion journal article. 2025 Publicly available gridded source datasets (basin-average meteorology) were processed into daily watershed-average time series using the open source USACE HEC Vortex Grid to Point utility 2025 The selected streamgages in each basin were analyzed using multiple lines of evidence (daily streamflow, basin-average meteorology, historical daily weather maps, and historical storm reports) by a domain expert to assign flood type classifications to each historical flood peak of the annual maxima series retrieved from the USGS NWIS peak flow record for the selected streamgage. Further details are available in the companion journal article. 2025 Iowa_Manual_Flood_Typing.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing manual flood type classifications for 3 streamgage locations in the Iowa River basin. Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey Unique Identification number assigned by the U.S. Geological Survey. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1851-05-31 2022-07-25 date peak_value_cfs Peak streamflow magnitude in cubic feet per second U.S. Geological Survey 534 140000 cfs peak_code Flood peak discharge qualifier code, multiple codes allowed U.S. Geological Survey << empty cell >> No qualifier code applied U.S. Geological Survey 2 discharge is an estimate U.S. Geological Survey 7 discharge is an historic peak U.S. Geological Survey water_year Water year of flood peak. . A water year begins on October 1 and continues through September 30 of the following year and is designated by the year in which it ends. Producer Defined 1851 2022 year flood_type Primary flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Rainfall Flood peak induced by rainfall with negligible amount of snowmelt Producer defined Snowmelt Flood peak induced by snowmelt with negligible amount of rainfall Producer defined Mixed Flood peak induced by a combination of rainfall and snowmelt Producer defined flood_subtype Subtype of flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Rain-on-Snow Warm temperatures, rainfall on top of existing snowmelt triggering snowmelt and runoff. Subtype of "Mixed" type Producer defined Long-Duration Prolonged rainfall inundating the region for an extended period of time. Subtype of "Rainfall" type Producer defined antecedent_condition Antecedent catchment state describing secondary flood causal mechanisms Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Saturated Ground Saturated ground limited infiltration Producer defined Frozen Ground Frozen ground limited infiltration Producer defined Ice Jam Ice jam influenced flood peak (e.g., backing up and then rapid increase in streamflow) Producer defined Snowpack Snowpack that built up throughout the winter season contributed to the flooding. Producer defined storm_type Type of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Mid-Latitude Precipitation generated from mid-latitude weather systems including mesoscale and synoptic scale systems Producer defined Atmospheric River Atmospheric river generated precipitation Producer defined Tropical Tropical storm or tropical storm remnant generated precipitation Producer defined storm_subtype Subtype of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Cyclonic A cyclonic or low pressure system including mid-latitude cyclone (MLC) or extra-tropical cyclone (ETC). Producer defined Convective Thunderstorms or other rain produced by local convection. Producer defined Frontal A warm or cold front passed over the region, bringing precipitation Producer defined Monsoon A known atmospheric oscillation, such as the North American Monsoon, brought the precipitation to the area Producer defined High-Pressure A prolonged high-pressure system or atmospheric ridge brought warmer temperatures resulting in increased snowmelt. Producer defined peak_series_type Is the flood peak part of the annual maxima series (AMS) or part of a peaks-over-threshold (POT) series Producer Defined AMS Annual Maxima Series Producer defined flood_typing_method Method used for flood and storm typing Producer Defined Manual Manually-determined classification by domain expert Producer defined flood_typing_justification Additional notes describing the justification of flood type Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes of domain-expert on attribution of flood type classifications additional_notes Additional notes describing the flood peak Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes by domain-expert on additional information about the flood or storm associated with the observed flood peak Delaware_Manual_Flood_Typing.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing manual flood type classifications for 3 streamgage locations in the Delaware River basin. Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey Unique Identification number assigned by the U.S. Geological Survey. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1897-12-16 2022-05-07 date peak_value_cfs Peak streamflow magnitude in cubic feet per second U.S. Geological Survey 3220 329000 cfs peak_code Flood peak discharge qualifier code, multiple codes allowed U.S. Geological Survey << empty cell >> No qualifier code applied Producer defined 2 discharge is an estimate U.S. Geological Survey 9 discharge due to snowmelt, hurricane or debris dam breakup U.S. Geological Survey 5 discharge affected to unknown degree by regulation or diversion U.S. Geological Survey water_year Water year of flood peak. . A water year begins on October 1 and continues through September 30 of the following year and is designated by the year in which it ends. Producer Defined 1898 2022 year flood_type Primary flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined Mixed Flood peak induced by a combination of rainfall and snowmelt Producer defined Rainfall Flood peak induced by rainfall with negligible amount of snowmelt Producer defined Snowmelt Flood peak induced by snowmelt with negligible amount of rainfall Producer defined flood_subtype Subtype of flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Rain-on-Snow Warm temperatures, rainfall on top of existing snowmelt triggering snowmelt and runoff. Subtype of "Mixed" type Producer defined Long-Duration Prolonged rainfall inundating the region for an extended period of time. Subtype of "Rainfall" type Producer defined antecedent_condition Antecedent catchment state describing secondary flood causal mechanisms Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Saturated Ground Saturated ground limited infiltration Producer defined Ice Jam Ice jam influenced flood peak (e.g., backing up and then rapid increase in streamflow) Producer defined storm_type Type of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined Mid-Latitude Precipitation generated from mid-latitude weather systems including mesoscale and synoptic scale systems. Producer defined Tropical Tropical storm or tropical storm remnant generated precipitation Producer defined Atmospheric River Atmospheric river generated precipitation Producer defined storm_subtype Subtype of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Cyclonic A cyclonic or low pressure system including mid-latitude cyclone (MLC) or extra-tropical cyclone (ETC). Producer defined Frontal A warm or cold front passed over the region, bringing precipitation Producer defined peak_series_type Is the flood peak part of the annual maxima series (AMS) or part of a peaks-over-threshold (POT) series Producer Defined AMS Annual Maxima Series Producer defined flood_typing_method Method used for flood and storm typing Producer Defined Manual Manually-determined classification by domain expert Producer defined flood_typing_justification Additional notes describing the justification of flood type Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes of domain-expert on attribution of flood type classifications additional_notes Additional notes describing the flood peak Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes by domain-expert on additional information about the flood or storm associated with the observed flood peak Puget_Manual_Flood_Typing.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing manual flood type classifications for 3 streamgage locations in the Puget Sound basin. Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey Unique Identification number assigned by the U.S. Geological Survey. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1911-06-13 2021-11-15 date peak_value_cfs Peak streamflow magnitude in cubic feet per second U.S. Geological Survey 740 106000 cfs peak_code Flood peak discharge qualifier code, multiple codes allowed U.S. Geological Survey << empty cell >> No qualifier code applied Producer defined 9 discharge due to snowmelt, hurricane or debris dam breakup U.S. Geological Survey 2 discharge is an estimate U.S. Geological Survey water_year Water year of flood peak. . A water year begins on October 1 and continues through September 30 of the following year and is designated by the year in which it ends. Producer Defined 1911 2022 tear flood_type Primary flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined Rainfall Flood peak induced by rainfall with negligible amount of snowmelt Producer defined Mixed Flood peak induced by a combination of rainfall and snowmelt Producer defined Snowmelt Flood peak induced by snowmelt with negligible amount of rainfall Producer defined flood_subtype Subtype of flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Rain-on-Snow Warm temperatures, rainfall on top of existing snowmelt triggering snowmelt and runoff. Subtype of "Mixed" type Producer defined Long-Duration Prolonged rainfall inundating the region for an extended period of time. Subtype of "Rainfall" type Producer defined antecedent_condition Antecedent catchment state describing secondary flood causal mechanisms Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Frozen Ground Frozen ground limited infiltration Producer defined Saturated Ground Saturated ground limited infiltration Producer defined Ice Jam Ice jam influenced flood peak (e.g., backing up and then rapid increase in streamflow) Producer defined Snowpack Snowpack that built up throughout the winter season contributed to the flooding. Producer defined storm_type Type of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Atmospheric River Atmospheric river generated precipitation Producer defined Mid-Latitude Precipitation generated from mid-latitude weather systems including mesoscale and synoptic scale systems. Producer defined Tropical Tropical storm or tropical storm remnant generated precipitation Producer defined storm_subtype Subtype of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Frontal A warm or cold front passed over the region, bringing precipitation Producer defined High-Pressure A prolonged high-pressure system or atmospheric ridge brought warmer temperatures resulting in increased snowmelt Producer defined Cyclonic A cyclonic or low pressure system including mid-latitude cyclone (MLC) or extra-tropical cyclone (ETC) Producer defined Convective Thunderstorms or other rain produced by local convection. Producer defined High-Pressure A prolonged high-pressure system or atmospheric ridge brought warmer temperatures resulting in increased snowmelt. Producer defined peak_series_type Is the flood peak part of the annual maxima series (AMS) or part of a peaks-over-threshold (POT) series Producer Defined AMS Annual Maxima Series Producer defined flood_typing_method Method used for flood and storm typing Producer Defined Manual Manually-determined classification by domain expert Producer defined flood_typing_justification Additional notes describing the justification of flood type Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes of domain-expert on attribution of flood type classifications additional_notes Additional notes describing the flood peak Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes by domain-expert on additional information about the flood or storm associated with the observed flood peak RedRiveroftheNorth_Manual_Flood_Typing.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing manual flood type classifications for 3 streamgage locations in the Red River of the North basin. Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey Unique Identification number assigned by the U.S. Geological Survey. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1882-04-18 2022-05-01 date peak_value_cfs Peak streamflow magnitude in cubic feet per second U.S. Geological Survey 52 137000 cfs peak_code Flood peak discharge qualifier code, multiple codes allowed U.S. Geological Survey << empty cell >> No qualifier code applied Producer defined 1 discharge is a maximum daily average U.S. Geological Survey 6 discharge affected by regulation or diversion U.S. Geological Survey 2 discharge is an estimate U.S. Geological Survey water_year Water year of flood peak. . A water year begins on October 1 and continues through September 30 of the following year and is designated by the year in which it ends. Producer Defined 1882 2022 year flood_type Primary flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined Snowmelt Flood peak induced by snowmelt with negligible amount of rainfall Producer defined Rainfall Flood peak induced by rainfall with negligible amount of snowmelt Producer defined Mixed Flood peak induced by a combination of rainfall and snowmelt Producer defined flood_subtype Subtype of flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Long-Duration Prolonged rainfall inundating the region for an extended period of time. Subtype of "Rainfall" type Producer defined Rain-on-Snow Warm temperatures, rainfall on top of existing snowmelt triggering snowmelt and runoff. Subtype of "Mixed" type Producer defined antecedent_condition Antecedent catchment state describing secondary flood causal mechanisms Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Snowpack Snowpack that built up throughout the winter season contributed to the flooding. Producer defined Ice Jam Ice jam influenced flood peak (e.g., backing up and then rapid increase in streamflow) Producer defined Saturated Ground Saturated ground limited infiltration Producer defined Frozen Ground Frozen ground limited infiltration Producer defined storm_type Type of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Mid-Latitude Precipitation generated from mid-latitude weather systems including mesoscale and synoptic scale systems. Producer defined Tropical Tropical storm or tropical storm remnant generated precipitation Producer defined Atmospheric River Atmospheric river generated precipitation Producer defined storm_subtype Subtype of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Convective Thunderstorms or other rain produced by local convection Producer defined Frontal A warm or cold front passed over the region, bringing precipitation. Producer defined Convective Thunderstorms or other rain produced by local convection. Producer defined Monsoon A known atmospheric oscillation, such as the North American Monsoon, brought the precipitation to the area. Producer defined High-Pressure A prolonged high-pressure system or atmospheric ridge brought warmer temperatures resulting in increased snowmelt. Producer defined peak_series_type Is the flood peak part of the annual maxima series (AMS) or part of a peaks-over-threshold (POT) series Producer Defined AMS Annual Maxima Series Producer defined flood_typing_method Method used for flood and storm typing Producer Defined Manual Manually-determined classification by domain expert Producer defined flood_typing_justification Additional notes describing the justification of flood type Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes of domain-expert on attribution of flood type classifications additional_notes Additional notes describing the flood peak Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes by domain-expert on additional information about the flood or storm associated with the observed flood peak Trinity_Manual_Flood_Typing.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing manual flood type classifications for 3 streamgage locations in the Trinity River basin. Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey Unique Identification number assigned by the U.S. Geological Survey. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1904-03-27 2022-08-23 date peak_value_cfs Peak streamflow magnitude in cubic feet per second U.S. Geological Survey 261 184000 cfs peak_code Flood peak discharge qualifier code, multiple codes allowed U.S. Geological Survey << empty cell >> No qualifier code applied Producer defined 6 discharge affected by regulation or diversion U.S. Geological Survey 2 discharge is an estimate U.S. Geological Surveyed 4 discharge less than indicated value, which is minimum recordable discharge at this site U.S. Geological Survey water_year Water year of flood peak. . A water year begins on October 1 and continues through September 30 of the following year and is designated by the year in which it ends. Producer Defined 1904 2022 year flood_type Primary flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined Rainfall Flood peak induced by rainfall with negligible amount of snowmelt Producer defined Snowmelt Flood peak induced by snowmelt with negligible amount of rainfall Producer defined Mixed Flood peak induced by a combination of rainfall and snowmelt Producer defined flood_subtype Subtype of flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Long-Duration Prolonged rainfall inundating the region for an extended period of time. Subtype of "Rainfall" type Producer defined Rain-on-Snow Warm temperatures, rainfall on top of existing snowmelt triggering snowmelt and runoff. Subtype of "Mixed" type Producer defined antecedent_condition Antecedent catchment state describing secondary flood causal mechanisms Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Saturated Ground Saturated ground limited infiltration Producer defined Frozen Ground Frozen ground limited infiltration Producer defined Ice Jam Ice jam influenced flood peak (e.g., backing up and then rapid increase in streamflow) Producer defined Snowpack Snowpack that built up throughout the winter season contributed to the flooding. Producer defined storm_type Type of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined Mid-Latitude Precipitation generated from mid-latitude weather systems including mesoscale and synoptic scale systems. Producer defined Tropical Tropical storm or tropical storm remnant generated precipitation Producer defined Atmospheric River Atmospheric river generated precipitation Producer defined storm_subtype Subtype of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Frontal A warm or cold front passed over the region, bringing precipitation Producer defined Convective Thunderstorms or other rain produced by local convection Producer defined Cyclonic A cyclonic or low pressure system including mid-latitude cyclone (MLC) or extra-tropical cyclone (ETC). Producer defined High-Pressure A prolonged high-pressure system or atmospheric ridge brought warmer temperatures resulting in increased snowmelt. Producer defined Monsoon A known atmospheric oscillation, such as the North American Monsoon, brought the precipitation to the area. Producer defined peak_series_type Is the flood peak part of the annual maxima series (AMS) or part of a peaks-over-threshold (POT) series Producer Defined AMS Annual Maxima Series Producer defined flood_typing_method Method used for flood and storm typing Producer Defined Manual Manually-determined classification by domain expert Producer defined flood_typing_justification Additional notes describing the justification of flood type Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes of domain-expert on attribution of flood type classifications additional_notes Additional notes describing the flood peak Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes by domain-expert on additional information about the flood or storm associated with the observed flood peak UpperColorado_Manual_Flood_Typing.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing manual flood type classifications for 3 streamgage locations in the Upper Colorado River basin. Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey Unique Identification number assigned by the U.S. Geological Survey. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1896-09-23 2022-06-11 date peak_value_cfs Peak streamflow magnitude in cubic feet per second U.S. Geological Survey 108 10000 cfs peak_code Flood peak discharge qualifier code, multiple codes allowed U.S. Geological Survey << empty cell >> No qualifier code applied Producer defined 9 discharge due to snowmelt, hurricane or debris dam breakup U.S. Geological Survey 2 discharge is an estimate U.S. Geological Survey 1 discharge is a maximum daily average U.S. Geological Survey 5 discharge affected to unknown degree by regulation or diversion U.S. Geological Survey water_year Water year of flood peak. . A water year begins on October 1 and continues through September 30 of the following year and is designated by the year in which it ends. Producer Defined 1896 2022 year flood_type Primary flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Snowmelt Flood peak induced by snowmelt with negligible amount of rainfall Producer defined Rainfall Flood peak induced by rainfall with negligible amount of snowmelt Producer defined Mixed Flood peak induced by a combination of rainfall and snowmelt Producer defined flood_subtype Subtype of flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Rain-on-Snow Warm temperatures, rainfall on top of existing snowmelt triggering snowmelt and runoff. Subtype of "Mixed" type Producer defined Long-Duration Prolonged rainfall inundating the region for an extended period of time. Subtype of "Rainfall" type Producer defined antecedent_condition Antecedent catchment state describing secondary flood causal mechanisms Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Snowpack Snowpack that built up throughout the winter season contributed to the flooding. Producer defined Saturated ground Saturated ground limited infiltration Producer defined Frozen ground Frozen ground limited infiltration Producer defined Ice Jam Ice jam influenced flood peak (e.g., backing up and then rapid increase in streamflow) Producer defined storm_type Type of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Mid-Latitude Precipitation generated from mid-latitude weather systems including mesoscale and synoptic scale systems. Producer defined Tropical Tropical storm or tropical storm remnant generated precipitation Producer defined Atmospheric River Atmospheric river generated precipitation Producer defined storm_subtype Subtype of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Monsoon A known atmospheric oscillation, such as the North American Monsoon, brought the precipitation to the area Producer defined Frontal A warm or cold front passed over the region, bringing precipitation Producer defined Cyclonic A cyclonic or low pressure system including mid-latitude cyclone (MLC) or extra-tropical cyclone (ETC). Producer defined High-Pressure A prolonged high-pressure system or atmospheric ridge brought warmer temperatures resulting in increased snowmelt. Producer defined Convective Thunderstorms or other rain produced by local convection. Producer defined peak_series_type Is the flood peak part of the annual maxima series (AMS) or part of a peaks-over-threshold (POT) series Producer Defined AMS Annual Maxima Series Producer defined flood_typing_method Method used for flood and storm typing Producer Defined Manual Manually-determined classification by domain expert Producer defined flood_typing_justification Additional notes describing the justification of flood type Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes of domain-expert on attribution of flood type classifications additional_notes Additional notes describing the flood peak Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text notes by domain-expert on additional information about the flood or storm associated with the observed flood peak flood_peak_basin_avg_attr_indicators.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing basin-average meteorology and land surface data that are potential indicators of flood causal mechanisms Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1851-05-31 2022-08-23 date FLOW_cfs Daily mean streamflow measured at U.S. Geological Survey streamgage Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 26.0 279000.0 cfs PPT_mm_Livneh Basin average daily total precipitation from Livneh-unsplit dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 204 mm PPT_mm_20CRv3 Basin average daily total precipitation from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 100.20 mm PPT_mm_AORC Basin average daily total precipitation from Analysis of Record Calibration dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 329 mm PPT_mm_PRISM Basin average daily total precipitation from PRISM dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 175.582 mm PPT_mm_CONUS404 Basin average daily total precipitation from CONUS404 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 173.392 mm PPT_mm_stage4 Basin average daily total precipitation from Stage IV dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 180.649 mm SWE_mm_Livneh Basin average snow water equivalent from the Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 1986 mm SWE_mm_UA Basin average snow water equivalent from the University of Arizona Broxton dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 1356.431 mm SWE_mm_20CRv3 Basin average snow water equivalent from the 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 169 mm SWE_mm_SNODAS Basin average snow water equivalent from the SNODAS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -596.894 909.284 mm TMIN_C_Livneh Basin average daily minimum air temperature from the Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -18.64 23.873 degrees Celcius TMIN_C_PRISM Basin average daily minimum air temperature from the PRISM dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -16.725 24.742 degrees Celcius TMIN_C_20CRv3 Basin average daily minimum air temperature from the 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -18.97 27.281 degrees Celcius TMAX_C_Livneh Basin average daily maximum air temperature from the Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -5.232 37.652 degrees Celcius TMAX_C_PRISM Basin average daily maximum air temperature from the PRISM dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -7.161 37.657 degrees Celcius TMAX_C_20CRv3 Basin average daily maximum air temperature from the 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -5.635 39.972 degrees Celcius TMEAN_C_PRISM Basin average daily mean air temperature from the Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -11.942 31.199 degrees Celcius TMEAN_C_20CRv3 Basin average daily mean air temperature from the 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -11.853 32.965 degrees Celcius SOILTEMP_C Basin average daily mean soil temperature of the surface layer (0-7 cm) from ERA5 Land dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -2.608 32.65 degrees Celcius SWVL1 Basin average daily volumetric soil water content of the surface layer (0-7cm) from ERA5 Land dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.164 0.447 proportion SWVL2 Basin average daily volumetric soil water content of the second soil layer (7-28cm) from ERA5 Land dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.177 0.45 proportion SWVL3 Basin average daily volumetric soil water content of the third soil layer (28-100 cm) from ERA5 Land dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.201 0.46 proportion SWVL4 Basin average daily volumetric soil water content of the fourth soil layer (100-289cm) from ERA5 Land dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.224 0.438 SWVL_0_28cm Basin average daily volumetric soil water content of the top two soil layers (0-28cm) from ERA5 Land dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.181 0.449 proportion SWVL_0_1m Basin average daily volumetric soil water content of the top three soil layers (0-100cm) from ERA5 Land dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.199 0.455 proportion CAPE_J_kg Basin average daily mean convective available potential energy from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 2276.3125 Joules per kilogram PRESSURE_hPa Basin average daily mean sea level pressure from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 98.567 104.728 hPa Min_Dist_mi Basin average minimum distance to tropical storm center track from IBTrACS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0 483 miles Storm_Nature Type of storm from IBTrACS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined ET Extra-tropical Storm Producer defined TS Tropical Storm Producer defined Storm_Name Name of storm system from IBTrACS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined Text field of named storm names IVT_Max_3Hr_Avg Basin average daily maximum of three-hour average integrated vapor transport from ERA5 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 10.808 1519.332 kg / (meter second) SWE_change_mm_Livneh Basin average change in daily mean snow water equivalent from the previous day from Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -42.639 108.705 mm SWE_change_mm_UA Basin average change in daily mean snow water equivalent from the previous day from University of Arizona Broxton dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -131.892 78.655 mm SWE_change_mm_20CRv3 Basin average change in daily mean snow water equivalent from the previous day from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -41.594 11.438 mm SWE_change_mm_SNODAS Basin average change in daily mean snow water equivalent from the previous day from SNODAS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -43.366 56.413 mm PPT_mm_Livneh_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated total precipitation from Livneh-unsplit dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 332 mm PPT_mm_Livneh_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated total precipitation from Livneh-unsplit dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 471.529 mm PPT_mm_Livneh_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated total precipitation from Livneh-unsplit dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 588 mm PPT_mm_Livneh_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated total precipitation from Livneh-unsplit dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.207 925 mm PPT_mm_20CRv3_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated total precipitation from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 161.40 mm PPT_mm_20CRv3_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated total precipitation from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 242.80 mm PPT_mm_20CRv3_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated total precipitation from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 291.70 mm PPT_mm_20CRv3_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated total precipitation from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.20 447.60 mm PPT_mm_AORC_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated total precipitation from Analysis of Record Calibration dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 434 mm PPT_mm_AORC_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated total precipitation from Analysis of Record Calibration dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 595 mm PPT_mm_AORC_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated total precipitation from Analysis of Record Calibration dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 675 mm PPT_mm_AORC_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated total precipitation from Analysis of Record Calibration dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.333 1046 mm PPT_mm_PRISM_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated total precipitation from PRISM dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 303.196 mm PPT_mm_PRISM_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated total precipitation from PRISM dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 388.473 mm PPT_mm_PRISM_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated total precipitation from PRISM dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 446.270 mm PPT_mm_PRISM_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated total precipitation from PRISM dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.144000 751.859 mm PPT_mm_CONUS404_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated total precipitation from CONUS404 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 284.291 mm PPT_mm_CONUS404_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated total precipitation from CONUS404 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 363.921 mm PPT_mm_CONUS404_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated total precipitation from CONUS404 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 411.047 mm PPT_mm_CONUS404_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated total precipitation from CONUS404 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.607 643.823 mm PPT_mm_stage4_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated total precipitation from Stage IV dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 278.589 mm PPT_mm_stage4_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated total precipitation from Stage IV dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 299.086 mm PPT_mm_stage4_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated total precipitation from Stage IV dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 330.157 mm PPT_mm_stage4_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated total precipitation from Stage IV dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.442 657.274 mm SWE_change_mm_Livneh_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -140 229 mm SWE_change_mm_Livneh_7d_Accum Basin average 8-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -275 334 mm SWE_change_mm_Livneh_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -366 374 mm SWE_change_mm_Livneh_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from Livneh dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -558 662.232 mm SWE_change_mm_UA_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from University of Arizona Broxton dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -152.546 107.138 mm SWE_change_mm_UA_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from University of Arizona Broxton dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -326.196 173.482 mm SWE_change_mm_UA_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from University of Arizona Broxton dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -379.946 253.206 mm SWE_change_mm_UA_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from University of Arizona Broxton dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -569.375 363.816 mm SWE_change_mm_20CRv3_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -63.438 19.000 mm SWE_change_mm_20CRv3_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -77.906 33.718 mm SWE_change_mm_20CRv3_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -83.406 37.437 mm SWE_change_mm_20CRv3_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from 20th Century Reanalysis v3 dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -112.531 83.188 mm SWE_change_mm_SNODAS_3d_Accum Basin average 3-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from SNODAS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -116.380 94.504 mm SWE_change_mm_SNODAS_7d_Accum Basin average 7-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from SNODAS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -210.770 177.014 mm SWE_change_mm_SNODAS_10d_Accum Basin average 10-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from SNODAS dataset Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -301.374 197.965 mm SWE_change_mm_SNODAS_21d_Accum Basin average 21-day accumulated change in daily mean snow water equivalent from SNODAS dataset Producer Defined -391.59 387.713 mm flood_peak_basin_avg_elev_band_attr_indicators.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing spatial-average snow water equivalent by elevation band. Producer Defined sta_id 8-digit USGS streamgage identifiers. This field contains some leading zeros. U.S. Geological Survey Unique Identification number assigned by the U.S. Geological Survey. peak_date Date of flood peak U.S. Geological Survey 1915-05-09 2011-11-23 date elevation_band_ft Range of elevation (in feet) that spatial-average of variables is computed over Producer Defined 1000-2000 1000 ft to 2000 ft elevation range Producer defined 2000-3000 2000 ft to 3000 ft elevation range Producer defined 3000-4000 3000 ft to 4000 ft elevation range Producer defined 4000-5000 4000 ft to 5000 ft elevation range Producer defined 50-1000 50 ft to 1000 ft elevation range Producer defined 5000-6000 5000 ft to 6000 ft elevation range Producer defined 6000-7000 6000 ft to 7000 ft elevation range Producer defined 7000-8000 7000 ft to 8000 ft elevation range Producer defined 10000-11000 10000 ft to 11000 ft elevation range Producer defined 8000-9000 8000 ft to 9000 ft elevation range Producer defined 9000-10000 9000 ft to 1000 ft elevation range Producer defined 11000-12000 11000 ft to 12000 ft elevation range Producer defined 12000-13000 12000 ft to 13000 ft elevation range Producer defined 13000-14000 13000 ft to 14000 ft elevation range Producer defined 14000-15000 14000 ft to 15000 ft elevation range Producer defined SWE_mm_Livneh Snow Water Equivalent in mm depth from Livneh data source Producer Defined 0.0 2734.766 mm SWE_change_mm_Livneh Change in Snow Water Equivalent in mm depth from previous day from Livneh data source Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -70.228 182.281 mm SWE_change_mm_3d_Accum_Livneh 3-day accumulated change in Snow Water Equivalent in mm depth from previous day from Livneh data source Producer Defined -157.414 350.972 mm SWE_change_mm_7d_Accum_Livneh 7-day accumulated change in Snow Water Equivalent in mm depth from previous day from Livneh data source Producer Defined -319.545 436.605 SWE_change_mm_10d_Accum_Livneh 10-day accumulated change in Snow Water Equivalent in mm depth from previous day from Livneh data source Producer Defined -427.183 517.651 mm SWE_change_mm_21d_Accum_Livneh 21-day accumulated change in Snow Water Equivalent in mm depth from previous day from Livneh data source Producer Defined -817.480 920.564 mm type_dictionary.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing names, categories, and definitions of flood classification types that compromise flood classification schema. Producer Defined Name Name of type classification Producer Defined Type Category of type classification Producer Defined Flood Type Primary flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer defined Flood Subtype Subtype of flood causal mechanism (hydrological perspective) Producer defined Storm Type Type of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer defined Storm Subtype Subtype of weather storm event (hydroclimatic perspective) Producer defined Antecedent Condition Antecedent catchment state describing secondary flood causal mechanisms Producer defined Description Definition of type classification Producer Defined U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

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