Christopher H. Conaway Douglas B. Kent Kristi L. Hill Eric J. Hepler Shaun M. Baesman 20250721 tabular digital data https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P1MLGQZF Sediment samples from sites affected by environmental releases of wastewater from oil and gas production were examined to determine sorbed versus mineral structure associations of barium, radium, strontium, and other elements. Archive samples were used from work at Blacktail Creek, North Dakota and Wolf Creek, West Virginia. The Blacktail Creek samples are described in publications and associated supplemental information by Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021), and in a USGS data release by Jaeschke et al. (2020). The Wolf Creek samples are described in a publication and supplemental information from Akob et al. (2016). Samples were reanalyzed by gamma spectroscopy for radium-226, and then extracted using buffered ammonium chloride solution. The experimental design included duplicate samples from some sites, laboratory duplicates from split samples from the field, and experimental duplicates for extractions. Each extraction was performed using about 10 to 15 grams of sediment. Each aliquot of sediment was extracted three times in series. Each of the three extraction steps lasted about 24 hours while on a mechanical twirler. After each extraction step, samples were centrifuged, and supernatant was collected. After the final extraction had its supernatant removed, samples were rinsed with ultrapure water and centrifuged again to remove remaining extractant, and the sediment pellet was collected and dried and analyzed by gamma spectroscopy for radium-226. Supernatant from the three extraction steps was analyzed for major and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Dried post-extraction sediment was also analyzed for surface area using a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. This data release contains radium-226 in sediment for pre- and post-extraction of sediment samples, the mass of major and trace elements solubilized in each extraction step, a calculation for total mass extracted for major and trace elements, and surface area of post-extraction sediment. The purpose of this dataset is to document experimental results of radium and other elements partitioning behavior in stream sediment affected by oil and gas production wastewater spills. This information can be used to advise predictions of geochemical mobility and toxic effects of elements associated with releases of wastewater to the aquatic environment. 20140617 20140618 20150211 20150617 20150618 20170627 20170629 observed Complete None planned Appalachian and Williston Sample Collection -103.6500 -80.7400 48.5000 37.8200 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus radium barium chemical analysis geochemical processes industrial pollution contamination and pollution USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6830d960d4be0269904c349f Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Blacktail Creek State of North Dakota Williston Basin State of West Virginia Fayette County Wolf Creek These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Christopher Conaway USGS - WATER Research Chemist mailing and physical

NASA AMES-Moffett Field, Moffett Field - Building 19

Moffett Field CA 94035 650-439-2869 cconaway@usgs.gov Denise M. Akob, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Kate Campbell Denise M. Akob Adam C. Mumford William Orem Mark A. Engle J. Grace Klinges Douglas B. Kent Isabelle M. Cozzarelli 20160518 publication Environmental Science & Technology vol. 50, issue 11 n/a American Chemical Society (ACS) ppg. 5517-5525 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00428 I.M. Cozzarelli K.J. Skalak D.B. Kent M.A. Engle A. Benthem A.C. Mumford K. Haase A. Farag D. Harper S.C. Nagel L.R. Iwanowicz W.H. Orem D.M. Akob J.B. Jaeschke J. Galloway M. Kohler D.L. Stoliker G.D. Jolly 201702 publication Science of The Total Environment vol. 579 n/a Elsevier BV ppg. 1781-1793 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.157 Isabelle M. Cozzarelli Douglas B. Kent Martin Briggs Mark A. Engle Adam J. Benthem Katherine J. Skalak Adam C. Mumford Jeanne B. Jaeschke Aïda Farag John W. Lane Denise M. Akob 202102 publication Science of The Total Environment vol. 755 n/a Elsevier BV ppg. 142909 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142909 Jeanne B. Jaeschke Isabelle M. Cozzarelli Douglas B. Kent Mark A. Engle Adam C. Mumford Adam J. Benthem Bridgette F. Polite Shaun M. Baesman 2020 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p961j30g All entered data were reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Quality control and quality assurance activities specific to laboratory procedures are outlined in Process Step entries. Data and metadata were reviewed and approved in accordance with USGS Data Release requirements and Fundamental Science Practices All values fell within expected ranges and all tables were checked for duplicate or omitted data. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Sediment selection for Chemical Extractions: Sample materials used in this study were archive materials from previous studies (Akob et al., 2016; Cozzarelli et al. 2017). Site locations for all Blacktail Creek project samples are as described in Jaeschke et al. (2020) and Cozzarelli et al. (2017). Site locations for all Wolf Creek project samples are as described in Akob et al. (2016). Materials to be used specifically for the chemical extraction experiments were archived freeze-dried material from field collected wet sediment. The freeze dried materials were sieved to less than 2 millimeter grain size diameter. Full details on field sites are found in T01_Site_Table 20210707 Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Instrumental Analysis: Material was prepared for radionuclide analysis by gamma-ray spectrometry by placing into 30 milliliter high-density polyethylene jars. Standard geometries with volumes of about 15 milliliters or 30 milliliters of sediment were used, representing about 25 to 45 grams of dry sediment. The jars were counted on a coaxial n-type high-purity gamma spectrometer. Typical counting time was one to two days. Peak response was directly compared to standard geometries of International Atomic Energy Agency reference material RGU-1. Data are reported for radium-226 and thorium-234. Determinations for radium-226 were made using the weighted average counts for lead-214 at 352 keV peak energy and bismuth-214 at 609 keV. Determinations for thorium-234 were make using the peak at 63 keV. Empirical self-absorption corrections were made in a separate set of determinations where a 30 milliliter jar of RGU-1 was placed on top of the sample vial and compared to the results of placing the RGU-1 vial on top of an empty vial. Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Calculation steps: Activity for samples is given in becquerel per gram (Bq/g) with +/- propagated standard uncertainty (u) that includes net measured activity, detector efficiency for calibration, half-life and activity of reference materials, and self-absorption corrections (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2004). Where lead-214 and bismuth-214 peaks were analyzed, all net measured activities were known to 10% precision. The average relative percent difference for radium-226 on analytical duplicates (n=3) was 13%. The average relative percent difference of radium-226 on pre-extraction lab duplicates (n=2) was 7%, and the average relative percent difference on radium-226 on post-extraction lab duplicates (n=2) was 23%. Data quality for activity was rated as Q (net measured activity known to 10% precision), D (net measured activity significant but known to less than 10% precision), or U (net measured activity was not significant). Where a qualifier U was given, in the place of activity an upper limit was reported giving the 95% confidence upper limit for the sample activity. Gamma spectroscopy results data are found in table T02_Radium.csv. References: International Atomic Energy Agency (2004) Quantifying uncertainty in nuclear analytical measurements. IAEA-TECDOC-1401 Vienna, Austria. 247 p. Quantifying Uncertainty in Nuclear Analytical Measurements | IAEA. 20250303 Chemical Extractions: After the initial radionuclide determination, material was sent through a chemical extraction process. One extraction set was performed in year 2021, and another in 2022. Extractions were conducted as follows. Sediment from each 30 milliliter gamma spectroscopy analysis jar was divided into 50 milliliter centrifuge tubes, with about 10 to 15 grams per centrifuge tube. Thus, each gamma spectroscopy analysis jar was subdivided into two or three centrifuge tubes, referred to as extraction replicates. One sample (sample code WVHF03_SW_201406_DUP) only had sufficient material for one centrifuge tube. Procedural blanks were performed using centrifuge tubes with no sediment added. Next, 25 to 30 milliliters of extractant solution was added to each centrifuge tube using either pipettes or a repipettor. The extractant solution was ammonium chloride buffered with 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (PIPES). The solution was prepared so that the ammonium chloride concentration was 0.1 mol per liter, the concentration of PIPES buffer was 10 micromolar, and the pH was adjusted to 7 with a sodium hydroxide solution. For most samples, 15 grams of sediment and 30 milliliters of extractant was used. The tubes were then put on a vertical rotating tube mixer (approximately 6 rotations per minute) for about one day (range 21.5 to 24.5 hours) to agitate the sediment within the extractant and equilibrate solid and liquid phases. After this equilibration period, centrifuge tubes were placed in a centrifuge to separate solid and liquid phases. Centrifuge tubes were spun at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. As much supernatant as could be removed was transferred to a syringe, filtered through a syringe filter into plastic vials for determinations of pH or elemental analysis. Samples for elemental analysis were preserved with 30 microliters of trace metal grade nitric acid. The centrifuge tube with remaining pellet were characterized gravimetrically. A second extraction was then performed on the same sediment pellet by adding another 25 to 30 milliliters of extractant solution, equilibrating, centrifuging, decanting, splitting the supernatant for analysis, and weighing. A third extraction was then performed on the sediment pellet remaining from the second extraction by adding another 25 to 30 milliliters of extractant solution, equilibrating, centrifuging, and decanting, splitting the supernatant for analysis, and weighing. After the third extraction, 25 to 30 milliliters of ultrapure water (greater than 18.2 megaohm centimeters) was added to rinse remaining extraction solution from the pellet. Centrifuge tubes were vortexed and subsequently spun at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. If material was still suspended, this centrifuge step was repeated. As much supernatant as possible was removed and discarded. All additions and transfers were characterized gravimetrically. The remaining rinsed sediment pellets were then freeze dried, completing the sediment extraction sample processing. 20220303 ICP Analysis of Chemical Extracts: The sediment extracts were analyzed by ICP emission spectrometry with a Thermo-Fisher dual-view iCAP 6500 (Thermo-Fisher, Waltham MA) in Menlo Park, CA following methods outlined in Savoie and others (2004). Target elements included boron (B), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn). All samples were diluted by a factor of 10 with 0.12 mole per liter (mol/L) trace-metal grade nitric acid to diminish the total dissolved salt concentration. All samples were analyzed at least in triplicate. Uncertainties in concentrations were estimated by repeated analysis of Quality Control, Quality Assurance (QAQC) standards, and consistency standards were included in each run. Zinc data were similar in blanks and samples, so data were not processed. Reagent blanks only showed substantial results for magnesium. Magnesium concentrations in all extraction samples were at least 20 times higher than the Mg concentration in the blank. For most samples the Mg concentration was more than 100 times that in the blank. Results for ICP analysis of chemical extracts are presented on table T03_Ext_Conc_Summary.csv. References: Savoie, J.G., Kent, D.B., Smith, R.L., LeBlanc, D.R., Hubble, D.W., (2004). Changes in Ground-Water Quality near Two Granular-Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000. Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4309, 84 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034309 20230718 pH Determinations for Chemical Extractions: The pH measurements were taken on reagents and extracts with an Orion ROSS Sure-Flow glass pH probe attached to a pH meter set to electromotive force (emf), in millivolts (mV). Electromotive force values were recorded in commercially available pH 4, 7, and 10 buffers using 3-5-minute equilibration times. Measurements were recorded in each of the buffers until consecutive measurements in each buffer were within 0.3 mV. Measurements against National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-certified buffer solutions (nominal pH values 4, 7, 9) agreed with certified values within 0.03 pH units. Results for pH analysis of chemical extracts are presented on table T03_Ext_Conc_Summary.csv. 20220303 For each extraction replicate, the final result can be considered the total extractable element or analyte in micromoles per gram of sediment. These results are given on Table 03 under the Property_Group “Calculated value” as Observed_Property “[Element Name], solid bound (dry), total extractable”. Each result is the sum of total extractable element from the three individual extraction steps, which can be found on Table 03 under Property_Group “Calculated value” as Observed_Property “[Element Name], solid bound (dry), extractable, extraction process step [Extraction_Step]”. The amounts of analytes extracted per gram of sediment from each extraction were calculated as follows. The average concentration result for reagent blanks in milligrams per liter was subtracted from the sample extract results in milligrams per liter, giving a blank corrected concentration of the analyte in the extracts. The values for these blank corrected concentration of the analyte in the extracts are given on Table 03 under the Property_Group “Measured Value” as Observed_Property “[Analyte/Element Name], corr extr pore water, solid-extractant, extraction process step [Extraction_Step]” This blank corrected concentration was converted to a blank corrected mass. This conversion was performed by multiplying the volume of the extraction solution (the volume of extraction solution added plus the volume of pore water carried over) times the blank-corrected concentration of each analyte in the extraction solution. The values for this volume of the extraction solution are given on Table 03 under the Property_Group “Sample prep” as Observed_Property “Total extractant, volume, extraction process step [Extraction_Step]”. Next, the blank corrected mass of analyte in porewater fraction of extractant (after supernatant removed) was calculated. This represents the mass of each analyte carried over in the pore water from one extraction to the next. This calculation was performed by multiplying the volume of pore water after removing supernatant times the blank corrected concentration of the analyte in the extracts. The volume of pore water after removing supernatant is given on Table 03 under the Property_Group “Sample prep” as Observed_Property “Pore water associated fraction of extractant, volume, extraction process step [Extraction_Step]”. The values for the blank corrected concentration of the analyte in the extracts are given on Table 03 under the Property_Group “Measured Value” as Observed_Property “[Analyte/Element Name], corr extr pore water, solid-extractant, extraction process step [Extraction_Step]”. Next, we calculated the blank corrected mass of analyte in extractant minus porewater carryover from previous extraction. This calculation was performed by subtracting the amount carried over from the previous extraction step in the pore water from the total amount in the extraction solution. If the amount in the extraction solution was close to the amount carried over in the pore water this value was often negligible. In some cases, the value was negative because of accumulated uncertainty. The preliminary value for analyte extracted was then screened for values where carryover from previous extraction was greater than 10% of the blank corrected mass in extraction. If the preliminary value exceeded this 10% of the blank criterion, then the preliminary value was accepted. If the value was less than the 10% of the blank criterion, then the mass extracted value for that extraction step and that analyte was reported as zero. Finally, we calculated the amount of analyte extracted per dry weight sediment. This calculation was performed by dividing the mass analyte extracted by the dry weight of solid added. For procedural blanks, which had no solids, we assumed a value of 15 grams of sediment for reporting purposes. The dry weight of solid is given on Table 03 under the Property_Group “Sample prep” as Observed_Property “Sediment mass, dry weight”. The result of this calculation step, the amount of analyte extracted per dry weight sediment, is given on Table 03 under the Property_Group “Calculated value” as Observed_Property “[Analyte/Element Name], solid bound (dry), extractable, extraction process step [Extraction_Step]”. 20230303 Douglas B Kent USGS - WATER EMERITUS mailing and physical

NASA AMES-Moffett Field, Moffett Field - Building 19

Moffett Field CA 94035 (650) 439-2869 dbkent@usgs.gov Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis: Samples were prepared for XRD using a modified method based on Eberl (2003) and as described in Kane et al. (2021). One gram of homogenized sample was mixed with 20 percent corundum and ground in a McCrone micronizing mill with 4 milliliters ethanol for 5 minutes, generating particle sizes on the order of 10 to 30 micrometer. After drying at 60°C, the mixture was transferred to a plastic scintillation vial with three acrylic balls (about 1 cm in diameter) along with 200 - 800 microliters of Vertrel® solution (Dupont) and shaken for 5 minutes. The powder was passed through a 500 micrometer sieve to break up larger aggregates followed by another addition of 200 - 800 microliters Vertrel® solution and another 5 minutes of shaking. Next, the powder was passed through a 250 micrometer sieve and loaded onto an XRD sample holder. Samples were analyzed using a Siemens D500 X-ray diffractometer from 5 to 65 degrees two theta using Cu K-alpha X-ray radiation, with a step size of 0.02 degrees and a dwell time of 2 seconds per step. Before each day of instrument analysis, the D-500 was aligned with a NIST traceable quartz standard to ensure the instrument performance. Mineralogical composition was determined using an updated version of the quantitative mineralogy software RockJock (Eberl, 2003) using patterns from Kane et al. (2021). RockJock uses a linear combination model and a library of standard mineral diffractograms in R to calculate the relative abundance of each mineral. Smaller values for the degree of fit reflect a better model and mineral selection. Values near to, or less than 0.1 are desirable but may depend on comparability of library minerals to sample composition. Generally, the precision of this method is plus or minus 5 percent, although this value depends upon the sample composition. Results for the quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis are presented on T04_QXRD_Summary.csv. The X-ray diffraction data for samples are given in T05_QXRD_Raw.csv. References: Eberl, D.D. (2003) User guide to RockJock – A program for determining quantitative mineralogy from X-ray diffraction data, USGS open file report 2003-78, 47p. Kane, T.J., Campbell, K.M., and Eberl, D.D., 2021, An updated X-ray diffractogram library of geologic materials: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ID8IX1. 20220215 Particle Size Analysis: A stainless-steel sieve certified to retain material greater than 2 millimeters (mm) was used to separate the gravel (>2mm) fraction from the rest of the sediment sample. A portion of the whole sample was placed on the sieve so that it covered about half of the surface. The sieve was fitted with a stainless-steel lid and pan, which, together, comprised the “assembly”. The assembly was shaken vigorously to effect separation. After vigorous shaking, the assembly was allowed to sit for several minutes to allow fine material to settle. One pass was sufficient to separate the gravel fraction from <2mm fraction. Many samples were also sieved to separate the <0.0625 mm fraction (silt plus clay fraction, also called the “mud” fraction) from the <2 mm and >0.0625 mm fraction, which is to say, the sand fraction. The mud fraction was removed from the pan, the lid and pan were refitted to the sieve, and the assembly was shaken vigorously. This was continued until the amount of the mud fraction recovered was less than 5 percent of the mud fraction recovered after the first round of sieving. In some samples, aggregates were apparent, likely owing to partial melting of the sample during freeze drying. These were readily broken up by mild rubbing with gloved hands. Percentages in the gravel, sand, and mud fractions were calculated from the weights of whole, freeze-dried sediments and the weights of each of the fractions. For February 2015 Blacktail Creek and all Wolf Creek project samples, the field-collected wet sediment was freeze dried and sieved to less than 2 millimeter grain size without further being characterized for grain size. For June 2015 Blacktail Creek project samples, the sample remaining from the water extraction step (Jaeschke et al., 2020) was further characterized for gravel, sand, and mud fractions. For June 2017 Blacktail Creek project samples, the field-collected wet sediment was freeze dried, sieved to less than 2 millimeter grain size, characterized for sand and mud fractions, and the fraction of gravel was not characterized. Particle size analysis data are given in T08_Sediment_grain_size_distributions.csv. 20230825 Surface Area and Surface Porosity: All measurements were conducted on a Micromeritics Tristar 3000, Norcross GA. Two types of nitrogen (N2) adsorption measurements are reported: “10-point BET” and “full adsorption-desorption”. The first step in making each measurement was to outgas the sample either at 105 or 110 degrees Celsius to remove adsorbed water. For most samples, outgassing overnight (approximately 12 hours) was sufficient to remove adsorbed water. The next step was to analyze the sample using the 10-point BET method. Nitrogen adsorption measurements were made at 77 degrees Kelvin at 10 relative pressures (p/p0, the ratio of the pressure to the equilibrium vapor pressure of nitrogen) in the range 0.05 to 0.30. The specific surface area was calculated using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method (Brunauer et al., 1938), which is described below. If the sample had a specific surface area greater than about 10 square meters per gram, the sample was analyzed using the full adsorption-desorption method. The quantity of N2 adsorbed was determined at about 45 relative pressures in the range 0.05 to 0.99. After reaching a relative pressure above 0.99, an additional 45 measurements were made along the desorption limb down to a relative pressure of 0.05. Specific surface areas were calculated using BET method on both the adsorption and desorption data as described below. Specific surface areas and pore volumes were calculated using the t-plot method as described below. Results for surface area and porosity are summarized in table T06_N2_Ads_Summary. Raw spectral data are given in table T07_Raw_Isotherms_BET. Quality assurance and control: To ensure that the instrument was producing reliable data reference samples, reference samples whose specific surface areas had been reproduced in multiple laboratories were run periodically. The glass reference sample had a published specific surface area of 5.1 square meters per gram (m2/g). The kaolinite reference sample had a published specific surface area of 16.1 m2/g. The reference samples were run within two weeks of each set of samples from this study. The specific surface area of each of the samples was reproduced within 20 percent, which is the variability typically observed for specific surface areas determined with different methods and instruments (Gregg and Sing, 1982). Calculations using BET method: The BET method involves plotting the “BET function” against the p/p0. The BET function is as follows: (p/p0)/[n(1-p/p0)] where n is the quantity of N2 adsorbed (millimoles per gram). The BET function is linear in p/p0: (p/p0)/[n(1-p/p0)] = [1/(n0)(C)] + [(C-1)/(n0)C0][p/p0] where: n0 is the number of moles of N2 that constitutes a monolayer of adsorbed molecules, and C is a dimensionless constant, called the BET C parameter (Gregg and Sing, 1982). If the C parameter is below about 40, multilayer adsorption will begin at relative pressures well below that at which a monolayer is adsorbed. If the C parameter is too high, approximately 250, multilayer adsorption will not occur until a relative pressure well above that where a monolayer has adsorbed. The values of n0 and C were calculated from the slope (m) and intercept (b) of the regression between the BET function and relative pressure: n0 = 1/(m + b) C = (m/b) + 1 The specific surface area (As), in square meters per gram (m2/g), was calculated from n0: As = specific surface area = (n0)(AN2)L where AN2 is the area occupied by a single adsorbed N2 molecule (0.162 nanometers) and L is a conversion factor (6.022x10^5). The BET range, the range of relative pressures used to calculate the slope and intercept, can vary depending on the properties of the sample. For all samples in this study, the BET range was determined by trial and error based on maximizing the value of r2 of the linear regression of the BET function against relative pressure using different ranges of relative pressure. Values of r2 for regressions in the proper BET range were generally 0.9999 or better. Including data points outside the BET range can yield a negative intercept and, therefore a negative C parameter, which is physically meaningless. Calculations using t-plot method: The t-plot method involves comparing the quantity of N2 adsorption on a sample to the quantity adsorbed at the same relative pressure on a sample that has unit specific surface area, is non-porous, and is chemically similar to the sample being analyzed (Gregg and Sing, 1982). The “t” refers to the thickness of the adsorbed layer on the non-porous material. It is calculated from the Harkins-Jura equation (Hay et al., 2011): t=(13.99/[0.034-log{p/p0}])^(1/2) which gives the thickness, t, in nanometers. The specific surface area and pore volume in different thickness-regions was calculated from the slope and intercept, respectively, the regression of the quantity adsorbed to the thickness. Specific surface areas and pore volumes were calculated for two linear regions, one in the thickness-range 0.3-0.5 nm and the other in the thickness-region 0.7-1.2 nm (Hay et al., 2011). The specific surface area was calculated using the equation: A=a*s*L*m*[1*10^(-18)] Where a is the area of the N2 molecule (0.162 nm), s is the thickness of the statistical monolayer (0.354 nm), L is Avogadro’s number (6.022x10^(23)), m is the slope (moles/gram/nm), and 1x10^(-18) converts square nanometers to square meters. The pore volume V was calculated using the equation: V=b*3.47x10^4 where b is the intercept (moles/g) and 3.47x10^4 is cubic millimeters per mole of liquid N2. References: Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H. and Teller, E., 1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. Journal of the American chemical society, 60(2), pp.309-319. Gregg, S.J. and Sing, K.S.W. (1982) Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity. 2nd Edition, Academic Press, London. Hay, M. B., Stoliker, D. L., Davis, J. A., and Zachara, J. M., 2011, Characterization of the intragranular water regime within subsurface sediments: Pore volume, surface area, and mass transfer limitations, Water Resour. Res., 47, W10531, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010303 20220324 Radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes were measured in chemical extracts using a multiple collector-ICP-MS at the Center for Earth and Environmental Science at the University of Texas in El Paso, following chemical purification using Eichrom Sr resin (Eichrom Technologies, Lisle, IL).  The method is cited by Cozzarelli et al. (2017). Accuracy was assessed during this investigation through the repeated analysis of secondary standard EN-1 (mean=0.70917, std. error=0.000003, n=12) with every sample batch over 2016-2019 analyses dates. Agreement with the accepted value of 0.709174 was obtained. Accuracy across a wider range of values was demonstrated by the determination of standard BCR-2 (0.70498) relative to its median reported value in GeoReM of 0.70501±0.00004.  Long-term external precision of the data is 0.00002 (2s), based on repeated analysis of EN-1 (n=12) over 2016-2019 analyses dates.Results are given on table T09_Sr_Isotopes. 2017 T01_Site_Table.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing details on field sites. Producer Defined Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Wolf Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Akob et al. (2016) on Wolf Creek and tributaries near a wastewater disposal facility near Lochgelly, West Virginia, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined State Two letter state code Producer Defined ND North Dakota Producer defined WV West Virginia Producer defined Location An identification code for each field collection group denoting a named oil and gas basin of collection Producer Defined Williston Samples are from within the Williston Basin Producer defined Appalachian Samples are from within the Appalachian Basin Producer defined Site_Name Unique site name for samples derived from names from cross referenced publications Producer Defined Text that matches the published values in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021), and Akob et al. (2014) listed in Cross Reference section Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Name_Ref The name of the sample as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section Site_ID Abbreviated site name Producer Defined Text values representing either West Virginia sites (WVHF) with an associated sample number, or Williston Basin sites (WBS) with an associated sample number. Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Seep Water from the subsurface Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined 2014-06-17 2017-06-29 yyyy-mm-dd Field_Replicate Code to describe the sample replicate collected in the field Producer Defined R1 Replicate number 1 Producer defined R2 Replicate number 2 Producer defined Latitude_WGS84 Latitude of the listed site using datum WGS 84 in decimal degrees Producer Defined <<BLANK CELL>> Not reported Producer defined 48.281678 48.416279 decimal degrees Longitude_WGS84 Longitude of the listed site using datum WGS 84 in decimal degrees Producer Defined <<BLANK CELL>> Not reported Producer defined -103.64664 -103.57051 decimal degrees Comment Text to add additional information about the listed site Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Text value providing additional information T02_Radium.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data on radium-226 and thorium-234 in samples Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Wolf Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Akob et al. (2016) on Wolf Creek and tributaries near a wastewater disposal facility near Lochgelly, West Virginia, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Seep Water from the subsurface Producer defined Procedural Blank A quality control sample for the experiment Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined 2014-06-17 2017-06-29 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Lab_Replicate A code to identify the laboratory replicate Producer Defined 1 Laboratory replicate 1 Producer defined 2 Laboratory replicate 2 Producer defined Analytical_Replicate A code to identify the analytical or instrumental replicate Producer Defined 1 Analytical replicate 1 Producer defined 2 Analytical replicate 2 Producer defined Treatment This identifies if the result is for samples before or after chemical extraction by ammonium chloride and PIPEs buffer Producer Defined Extracted Sample has been chemically extracted using ammonium chloride and PIPEs buffer Producer defined Before Sample has not yet been chemically extracted using ammonium chloride and PIPEs buffer Producer defined Date_Analyzed Date of the laboratory analysis Producer Defined 2020-10-07 2022-05-11 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Analyte Radionuclide determined by gamma spectroscopy Producer Defined thorium-234 Thorium-234, counted at 63 keV Producer defined radium-226 Radium-226 as determined through the weighted average of lead-214 and bismuth-214 activity Producer defined Observed_Property A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value Activity Activity of sample in becquerels per gram Producer Defined 0.00732 0.38719 becquerels per gram Uncertainty Propagated standard uncertainty, one sigma, that includes net measured activity, detector efficiency for calibration, half-life and activity of reference materials, and self-absorption Producer Defined 0.00057 0.0122 becquerels per gram Qualifier Data qualifier for Activity column Producer Defined Q The sample net measured activity is statistically significant using a k-alpha factor of 1.645 and known to 10% precision or better Producer defined D The sample net measured activity is significant using a k-alpha factor of 1.645 but known to less than 10% precision Producer defined U The sample net measured activity was not significant using a k-alpha factor of 1.645. The value in the Activity column is instead a 95% confidence level upper limit for the sample's activity. This approach gives a statistically significant "less than" value for the sample activity. There is no associated Uncertainty value with these upper limit values. Producer defined T03_Ext_Conc_Summary.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing chemical extraction data. Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Wolf Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Akob et al. (2016) on Wolf Creek and tributaries near a wastewater disposal facility near Lochgelly, West Virginia, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Quality Assurance Samples are related to data quality management in the laboratory such ensuring quality control samples are included in the experiment. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section, or to the Laboratory for quality control samples Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Seep Water from the subsurface Producer defined Procedural Blank A quality control sample for the extraction process Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 2014-06-17 2017-06-29 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Lab_Replicate A code to identify the laboratory replicate Producer Defined 1 Laboratory replicate 1 Producer defined 2 Laboratory replicate 2 Producer defined Extraction_Set A code to describe the batch date of the sediment extraction. Producer Defined 2021 The 2021 sediment extraction batch Producer defined 2022 The 2022 sediment extraction batch Producer defined Extraction_Replicate A code to describe the sediment extraction laboratory replicate Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 1 The primary replicate Producer defined 2 The second replicate Producer defined 3 The third replicate Producer defined Extraction_Step A code to identify the extraction step as described in the process step. Producer Defined 1 First extraction step Producer defined 2 Second extraction step Producer defined 3 Third extraction step Producer defined Total The total value for extraction steps 1 + 2 + 3 Producer defined Experimental_Replicates The analytical or instrument replicate Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 1 First analytical replicate Producer defined 2 Second analytical replicate Producer defined 3 Third analytical replicate Producer defined Property_Group A code to describe if the reported value is for the sample preparation, a direct analytical or instrument measurement, or a value mathematically determined from direct measurements. Producer Defined Sample prep A value recorded during preparation of the sample for analysis Producer defined Calculated value A mathematically determined value from other direct measurements Producer defined Measured value The value as measured from an analytical instrument Producer defined Observed_Property A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value Header_Short_Name Text without special characters or spaces that can be used as a header name if this dataset was transformed to a wide format Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value Value Numeric reported values to four significant figures Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 0.0 67270 see ['Units'] Text_Value Non-numeric reported values Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined glass + Eppendorf Ammonium chloride PIPEs buffered chemical extraction solution was added to centrifuge tubes with a combination of glass volumetric pipettes and micropipette. Producer defined glass Ammonium chloride PIPEs buffered chemical extraction solution was added to centrifuge tubes with a glass volumetric pipette. Producer defined re-pipet Ammonium chloride PIPEs buffered chemical extraction solution was added to centrifuge tubes with a glass bottle-top dispenser. Producer defined Not measured not determined Producer defined not calculated value not calculated Producer defined Units The defined measurement of quantity Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined g/L grams per liter Producer defined g grams Producer defined hrs hours Producer defined mL milliliters Producer defined g/mL grams per milliliter Producer defined degrees C degrees Celsius Producer defined umoles/g micromoles per gram Producer defined uM micromoles per liter Producer defined Percent_Uncertainty The relative uncertainty in a measurement Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 0.02 200 percent T04_QXRD_Summary.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing quantitative X-ray diffraction data. Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Wolf Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Akob et al. (2016) on Wolf Creek and tributaries near a wastewater disposal facility near Lochgelly, West Virginia, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined 2014-06-17 2015-06-18 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Lab_Replicate A code to identify the laboratory replicate Producer Defined 1 Laboratory replicate 1 Producer defined Analytical_Replicate Instrumental replicate Producer Defined 1 First replicate Producer defined 2 Second replicate Producer defined Size_Fraction Sediment grain size of the sample Producer Defined Sand plus mud The fraction of the whole starting sample passing through a 2 mm sieve Producer defined BMRES_ID Laboratory assigned identification number Producer Defined Text "BMRES" followed by 5 numbers and possibly "dup" to indicate a duplicate analytical run Group A code to group the modeled sediment as either a non-clay or clay mineral Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined non-clay Minerals not identified as clays Producer defined clay A group of minerals characterized by their small particle size and high surface area. Producer defined Parameter A measurable set of physical properties either defining a modeled mineral parameter or its abundance or the degree of fit of the model. Producer Defined Degree of Fit A parameter describing the performance of the RockJock mineral fitting model Producer defined Quartz The modelled abundance of quartz Producer defined K feldspar The modelled abundance of K-feldspar Producer defined Plagioclase The modelled abundance of plagioclase feldspar Producer defined Calcite The modelled abundance of calcite Producer defined Dolomite The modelled abundance of dolomite Producer defined Goethite The modelled abundance of goethite Producer defined Ferrihydrite The modelled abundance of ferrihydrite Producer defined Total non-clays The sum of non-clay minerals abundance Producer defined Kandite Group The modelled abundance of Kandite Group clay minerals Producer defined Smectite Group The modelled abundance of Smectite Group clay minerals Producer defined Illite Group The modelled abundance of Illite Group clay minerals Producer defined Mica Group The modelled abundance of Mica Group clay minerals Producer defined Chlorite Group The modelled abundance of Chlorite Group clay minerals Producer defined Observed_Property A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value Value Numeric value for the listed 'Observed_Property' Producer Defined 0.0 99.9 see ['Units'] Units The defined measurement of quantity Producer Defined none No unit Producer defined percent a fraction of 100 Producer defined T05_QXRD_Raw.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data collected by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) for sediment analyzed at the USGS Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Wolf Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Akob et al. (2016) on Wolf Creek and tributaries near a wastewater disposal facility near Lochgelly, West Virginia, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined 2014-06-17 2015-06-18 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Lab_Replicate A code to identify the replicate from the original sediment prepared in the laboratory for the listed analysis Producer Defined 1 Primary laboratory replicate prepared for analysis from the original sample Producer defined Analytical_Replicate A code to describe the analytical or instrument replicate. Producer Defined 1 First analytical replicate Producer defined 2 Second analytical replicate Producer defined Observed_Property A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value BMRES_ID Laboratory assigned identification number Producer Defined Text "BMRES" followed by 5 numbers and possibly "dup" to indicate a duplicate analytical run Two_Theta The angle of the x-ray detector analyzed at 1 degree per minute with a sampling width of 0.01 degree Producer Defined 5.0 65.0 Value Numeric value for the listed 'Observed_Property' Producer Defined 14 8799 cps Units The defined measurement of quantity Producer Defined cps counts per second Producer defined T06_N2_Ads_Summary Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing surface area and surface porosity data for samples. Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Wolf Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Akob et al. (2016) on Wolf Creek and tributaries near a wastewater disposal facility near Lochgelly, West Virginia, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Quality Assurance Samples are related to data quality management in the laboratory such ensuring quality control samples are included in the experiment. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Seep Water from the subsurface Producer defined Reference material A sample for quality control Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 2014-06-17 2017-06-29 Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Size_Fraction Particle size fraction Producer Defined Sand Material passing a 2 millimeter sieve but retained on a 0.063 millimeter sieve Producer defined Mud Material passing a 0.063 millimeter sieve Producer defined Sand plus Mud Material passing a 2 millimeter sieve Producer defined Bulk Material that is not size fractionated Producer defined Determination_Type A description of the adsorption isotherm used for the surface area determination Producer Defined Full A full adsorption-desorption method was used in surface area determination Producer defined 10pt A 10-point BET method was used in surface area determination Producer defined Lab_Replicate A code to identify the laboratory replicate Producer Defined 1 Laboratory replicate 1 Producer defined 2 Laboratory replicate 2 Producer defined Analytical_Replicate A code to identify the analytical replicate Producer Defined A Primary determination Producer defined B Second determination Producer defined Procedural_Step This describes any chemical extractions that the material has been treated with. Producer Defined Water Extraction A This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extraction (A) performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017) Producer defined Water Extraction B This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extraction (B) performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017) Producer defined Original fraction This is material that was freeze dried and sieved as indicated in the size fraction column. Producer defined Post gamma procedure This is material remaining after ammonium chloride PIPEs extraction and gamma spectroscopy determinations. Producer defined Tristar_File_Name The name of the data file generated by the Tristar instrument for this determination. Producer Defined The name of the data file generated by the Tristar instrument for this determination, typically a 000 prefix followed by a run number. Analyte The determination of interest Producer Defined The determination of interest as described in the observable properties column Observed_Property A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value Value Numeric value for the listed 'Observed_Property' Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined -2.98 291.0 Coeff_of_Determination The coefficient of determination (R2) for modeled relations Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 0.9907 0.99999 None Units The defined measurement of quantity Producer Defined unitless No unit for the value Producer defined g grams Producer defined m2/g Square meters per gram Producer defined mm3/g Cubic millimeters per gram Producer defined hours hours Producer defined degrees C degrees Celsius Producer defined count Number of data points Producer defined pct percentage Producer defined Remark Additional text information regarding the determination Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Additional text information regarding the determination Text_Value A text value provided to describe the analyte and observed property Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined A text value provided to qualify or provide more information for the Analyte column. Information for Sample_Type "Reference material" includes published values for surface area. For Analyte "Sufficient surface area for reliable pore volumes" a text value of FALSE is given where there is insufficient surface area. For Analytes "Collapse at Kelvin limit" and "Hysteresis apparent", TRUE/FALSE text values are given based on graphical analysis of data, if performed. T07_Raw Isotherms_BET.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data for raw isotherms for nitrogen adsorption for surface area analysis for samples. Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Wolf Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Akob et al. (2016) on Wolf Creek and tributaries near a wastewater disposal facility near Lochgelly, West Virginia, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Quality Assurance Samples are related to data quality management in the laboratory such ensuring quality control samples are included in the experiment. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) and Akob et al. (2016) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Seep Water from the subsurface Producer defined Reference material A sample for quality control Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined 2014-06-17 2017-06-29 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Lab_Replicate A code to identify the laboratory replicate Producer Defined 1 Laboratory replicate 1 Producer defined 2 Laboratory replicate 2 Producer defined Size_Fraction The size fraction of the sediment sample that is being analyzed Producer Defined Sand plus mud Material passing a 2 millimeter sieve Producer defined Sand Material passing a 2 millimeter sieve but retained on a 0.063 millimeter sieve Producer defined Mud Material passing a 0.063 millimeter sieve Producer defined Bulk The material has not been separated into size fractions Producer defined mud The mud fraction of the sediment sample Producer defined Process_Step This describes any chemical extractions that the material has been treated with. Producer Defined Post gamma procedure This is material remaining after ammonium chloride PIPEs extraction and gamma spectroscopy determinations. Producer defined Original fraction This is material that was freeze dried and sieved as indicated in the size fraction column. Producer defined Water Extraction A This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extractions performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017) Producer defined Water Extraction B This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extractions performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017) Producer defined Analytical_Replicate A code to identify the analytical replicate Producer Defined A Primary determination Producer defined B Second determination Producer defined C Third determination Producer defined Comment A column providing extra information about the sample or determination Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Not extracted The sample was not part of the chemical extraction experiments. Producer defined Determination_Type A description of the type of adsorption isotherm data Producer Defined 10pt A ten point adsorption isotherm data set. Producer defined Full A full adsorption isotherm data set. Producer defined Tristar_File_Name The name of the data file generated by the Tristar instrument for this determination. Producer Defined The name of the data file generated by the Tristar instrument for this determination, typically a 000 prefix followed by a run number. Observed_Property A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value Relative_Pressure The relative pressure of nitrogen gas for the determination Producer Defined 0.0457 0.9947 Unitless N2_Adsorbed The nitrogen gas adsorbed at a given relative pressure of nitrogen. Producer Defined 0.002 32.4227 mmol/g Units Units describing the nitrogen adsorption Producer Defined mmol/g millimol of gas per gram of solid material Producer defined T08_Sediment_Grain_Size_Distributions.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data on particle size for the samples. Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Seep Water from the subsurface Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined 2015-06-17 2017-06-29 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Lab_Replicate A code to identify the laboratory replicate Producer Defined 1 Laboratory replicate 1 Producer defined 2 Laboratory replicate 2 Producer defined Process_Step This describes any chemical extractions or size fractionation that the material has been treated with. Producer Defined Water Extraction A This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extractions (A/B) performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017). Producer defined Water Extraction B This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extractions (A/B) performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017). Producer defined Water Extraction A, gravel removed This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extractions (A/B) performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017). The gravel fraction has been previously removed without being characterized. Producer defined Water Extraction B, gravel removed This is freeze dried and size fractioned material remaining after water extractions (A/B) performed for experiments detailed in Cozzarelli et al. (2017). The gravel fraction has been previously removed without being characterized. Producer defined Bulk, gravel removed The gravel fraction has been previously removed without being characterized. Producer defined Bulk The material has not previously been separated into size fractions. Producer defined Initial_Sieve_Fraction A column describing any previous size fractionation of the material Producer Defined Not sieved The material was not initially size fractioned. Producer defined Passing 2 mm sieve The material under consideration has passed through a 2 mm sieve. Producer defined Size_Fraction The size fraction of the sediment sample that is under consideration. Producer Defined Gravel The gravel fraction of the sediment sample. Material retained on a 2 mm sieve. Producer defined Sand The sand fraction of the sediment sample. Material passing a 2 mm sieve and retained on a 63 micrometer sieve. Producer defined Mud The mud fraction of the sediment sample. Material passing a 63 micrometer sieve. Producer defined Sand plus Mud The combined sand and mud fraction of the sediment sample. All material passing a 2 mm sieve. Producer defined Observed_Property A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined Text value to describe the reported value Value Numeric value for the listed 'Observed_Property' Producer Defined 0.1 99.88 Units The defined measurement of quantity Producer Defined Percent Percent Producer defined T09_Sr_Isotopes.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data on the strontium isotopic composition of samples and extracts. Producer Defined Project An identifier to link samples to an associated USGS project Producer Defined Blacktail Creek Samples are related to USGS work by Cozzarelli et al. (2017) on a pipeline spill in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, listed in Cross Reference section. Producer defined Site_Ref The name of the site as it was given in associated cross referenced publication Producer Defined Text that links to associated site and sampling data published in Cozzarelli et al. (2017, 2021) listed in Cross Reference section Sample_Type A code to describe the sample type Producer Defined Stream Surface water sample Producer defined Date_Collected Date that the sample was collected in the field in the format of year-month-day Producer Defined 2015-06-17 2015-06-17 (yyyy-mm-dd) year-month-day Sample_Code A unique sample identification code Producer Defined A text value with the Site_ID, code for Sample_Type and Date_Collected Lab_Replicate A code to identify the laboratory replicate Producer Defined 1 Laboratory replicate 1 Producer defined Analytical_Replicate A code to identify the analytical replicate Producer Defined 1 First replicate Producer defined 2 Second replicate Producer defined Extraction_Number A number denoting the replicate number of the extraction Producer Defined 1 First extraction of sediment for concentration and isotopic composition Producer defined 2 Second extraction of sediment for concentration and isotopic composition Producer defined 3 Third extraction of sediment for concentration and isotopic composition Producer defined Sr_Lab_ID A unique code to identify the sample by the laboratory Producer Defined The entry is a composite of the site code or Site_Ref, the extraction replicate, and the extraction chemistry Analyte The determination of interest Producer Defined 87Sr_86Sr_ratio The ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 Producer defined Dry_Weight_grams The dry weight of the sediment extracted, in grams Producer defined Extraction_Volume_mls The volume of the extraction mixture Producer defined Hours_extraction The time length of the extraction in hours Producer defined Sr_nmol_g The concentration of strontium in nanomol per gram dry sediment. Producer defined pH The resulting pH of the extraction mixture Producer defined Oberseved_Properties A characteristic or behavior that can be measured or observed directly Producer Defined A text description of the properties defining the analyte of interest Value Numeric value for the listed 'Observed_Property' Producer Defined << empty cell >> No data. Strontium isotopic composition not measured in second extraction Producer defined 0.70859 74.9 Reported_Sigma_Error The reported standard error of the measurement Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 8.1e-06 1.7e-05 per Units column Units The defined measurement of quantity Producer Defined unitless The analyte of interest has no units or is dimensionless Producer defined g grams Producer defined ml milliliters Producer defined h hours Producer defined nmol/g sed dry wt nanomol of named chemical per gram sediment dry weight Producer defined std units standard units for the determined analyte Producer defined U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

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