Sarah A. Costanzo Seth M. Munson 20250701 Microsoft Excel 365 tabular digital data Flagstaff, AZ U.S. Geological Survey ORCID: Sarah A. Costanzo: 0000-0003-4137-1548 Seth M. Munson: 0000-0002-2736-6374 https://doi.org/10.5066/P1NMKUFC Many non-native invasive grass species increase wildfire activity and recover more quickly than native species. This invasive grass-fire cycle has severe negative consequences for ecosystems, creating a need to understand how different invasive grass species alter fuel characteristics and fire behavior, as well as effective treatments to reduce their spread. We reviewed and compiled recent (1985-2023) scientific literature on six focal grass species common to the Intermountain West, USA: red brome [Bromus rubens (L.)], cheatgrass [Bromus tectorum (L.)], Lehmann's lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees), buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link], Mediterranean grass [Schismus arabicus Nees and Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell.], and medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski]. These data include information from studies that were conducted in the Intermountain West in natural systems, or in controlled lab, greenhouse, or field environments meant to simulate natural systems (cropped/urban systems were excluded). To be included, the studies must have quantified the impacts of one or more of the focal invasive grasses on fuel characteristics, wildfire behavior, or treatments to reduce their spread. These data can be used to identify and assess common treatment methods and their effectiveness, inform needs for future research, and apply knowledge learned from these invasive grasses to others with similar invasion potential and life histories. These data were created to increase understanding of how different invasive grass species alter fuel characteristics and fire behavior, effective treatments to reduce their spread, and increase natural resource management preparedness. These data can be used to identify effective treatment strategies, inform future research directions for less-studied invasive grasses, or to compare impacts across space and time. This dataset is not exhaustive, as it excludes studies that did not provide quantifiable data that could be used for meta-analysis, and studies that were not published as peer-reviewed journal articles. Studies could exist within our criteria that did not appear in our literature searches. Factors other than the ones included in our dataset could have contributed to calculated effect sizes, such as climatic conditions, disturbance history, and size of invasion. This dataset could be used for managers to identify studies performed in their region of interest, topics worth exploring in future management efforts, and general effectiveness of invasive grass treatments, but should not be considered an exhaustive representation of treatment effectiveness or fire impacts. 1985 2023 publication date Complete None planned United States Intermountain West and neighboring ecoregions -123.1010 -96.3017 48.6167 27.2590 ISO 19115 Topic Category environment biota USGS Thesaurus invasive species weeds vegetation fires fire control fire damage hazard preparedness management methods USGS information products data release USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:682cc9e5d4be021a0d6b76eb None United States Intermountain West Arizona California Colorado Idaho Kansas Nebraska Nevada Oklahoma Oregon Texas Utah Washington Wyoming Montana None Bromus tectorum Bromus rubens Pennisetum ciliare Eragrostis lehmanniana Taeniatherum caput-medusae Schismus arabicus Schismus barbatus Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Viridiplantae Infrakingdom Streptophyta Superdivision Embryophyta Division Tracheophyta Subdivision Spermatophytina Class Magnoliopsida Superorder Lilianae Order Poales Family Poaceae Genus Bromus Species Bromus tectorum TSN: 40524 Species Bromus rubens TSN: 40518 Genus Cenchrus Species Cenchrus ciliaris Genus Eragrostis Species Eragrostis lehmanniana TSN: 565171 Genus Taeniatherum Species Taeniatherum caput-medusae TSN: 42203 Genus Schismus Species Schismus arabicus TSN: 42065 Species Schismus barbatus TSN: 42066 No access constraints. Please see 'Distribution Information' for details. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Seth M Munson USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Research Ecologist mailing and physical

2255 N Gemini Dr

Building 4

Flagstaff AZ 86001 928-556-7301 smunson@usgs.gov We would like to thank Katie Laushman and Alex Croydon for their help assembling this dataset. The unique values for each attribute field were reviewed and checked for spelling, accuracy, consistency of terms, and completeness. Consistence in visual estimations of numeric values from graphs was frequently checked by comparing estimates with true values whenever stated in tables or text within the papers. Numeric attribute values are within expected ranges and were checked for logical consistency. Data were checked for logical consistency using grouping queries to examine proper spelling consistency for codes and standardization of all text fields. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented as described in the abstract. Additional sources may exist owing to the limitations of literature review. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Literature Review: We used Google Scholar to search the scientific literature with combinations of focal invasive grass species names (common and scientific, including all synonyms) and relevant keywords (fire, fire risk, fire spread, burn, burning, treatment, control, reduction, management, herbicide). -crop and -cropland were used to exclude studies performed in cultivated systems. Schismus spp. includes literature studying Schismus arabicus, Schismus barbatus, or both, as most literature found combined the two species due to difficulty differentiating them in the field where they both occur. Articles were selected for review if they: 1) were conducted in the Intermountain West, USA or adjoining ecoregion between 1985-2023; 2) presented quantifiable data related to fuel, wildfire behavior, or management treatments to reduce one or more focal species; 3) were conducted in a natural system or in controlled lab, greenhouse, or field environments meant to simulate this system (actively cropped or urban systems were excluded). Eragrostis lehmanniana, Pennisetum ciliare, and Schismus spp. had a particularly limited body of qualifying peer-reviewed literature so we slightly expanded our search to include study areas outside the Intermountain West, and “gray” literature outside of traditional peer-reviewed academic publications (i.e., quantitative technical reports) that fit all other criteria was included. We also identified primary research articles from review papers and included them in our review and analyses. Citation, DOI, abstract, year published, focal species studied, study location, and whether the study provided data on fire impacts, treatment effectiveness, or both were input into columns in the Citations_Background spreadsheet. Literature searches began in 2022 and concluded in 2023. 2022 Data Collection: Selected literature were sorted into separate Fire (FirePaper_Info) and Treatment (TreatmentPaper_Info) catalogs. For Fire papers, historical plant community, fire type (Lab, Modeling, Prescribed, and/or Wildfire), and the metrics of fire behavior/fuel characteristics evaluated were extracted from text. Fire papers were further identified as either Fire (studied grass impacts on fire behavior) or Fuel (studied grass impacts on fuel characteristics or invasive population recovery following fire) studies. Individual lines of data were created for each focal grass species studied by the paper. For Treatment papers, historical plant community, specific treatment(s), and control metric evaluated were extracted from text and arranged into columns. Seven treatment categories (Biological, Chemical, Fire, Grazing, Mechanical, Seeding, and/or Soil) were developed based on the types of treatments applied in the selected studies. Individual lines of data were created for every unique combination of focal grass species and treatment type/combination. For both Fire and Treatment studies, we identified whether the paper was to be used for effect size analysis based on the monitored metric (e.g. treatment papers that used % Control rather than raw abundance values, or fire papers that used metrics of probability), as some metrics were incompatible with our method for calculating effect size (See 'Effect Size Calculations' step). 2023 Effect Size Computations: Effect size calculations were used to standardize impact across many different monitoring metrics. For Fire papers, effect sizes were only calculated on Fuel papers because Fire studies were not numerous enough to facilitate inter-species comparisons. In Fuel_EffectSizes, raw fire behavior or grass abundance data were extracted from papers either from text/tables when provided, or visually from graphs. Extracted data were organized into control and burned columns. The amount of time since fire was also extracted and converted into months. For studies with multiple focal species, monitoring dates, and/or study sites, individual lines of data were created for every discrete data point. In Treatment_EffectSizes, raw extracted values (extracted with the same method as Fire_EffectSizes) were organized into control and treated columns. Individual lines of data were created for every individual combination of focal grass species, site, treatment type, treatment intensity, and monitoring date for which there were discrete data provided. Pre-post fire/treatment data was not included in this dataset. Then, for every line of data, log response ratio effect size was calculated as the natural log of the ratio between treated/burned and control values. Zeroes were changed to 0.0001 to allow for these calculations. In order to prevent any data from being counted twice, data from only one monitoring metric was counted for each paper. 2024 Finalize Data for Dissemination: Data sent to the Southwest Biological Science Center Data Steward for dissemination and preservation per USGS Data Management Policies SM 502.6, SM 502.7, SM 502.8, and SM 502.9 (1 October 2016). 20250516 Citations_Background This data table contains background citation information used in review and meta-analysis of the effects of six invasive grass species on fire and methods to reduce their spread. This table serves as reference for all other tables in this dataset, and could be filtered to find all relevant articles for a particular species or location. Producer Defined Citation_Number This attribute in the data table represents unique numeric IDs for each citation. These numbers are common across all data tables in this dataset. Producer Defined 1 204 Citation This attribute in the data table represents formatted citations for each article. Producer Defined The values in this attribute are full formatted citations in Harvard style. DOI This attribute in the data table represents unique digital object identifiers for articles, if available, and online links when they are unavailable. Producer Defined The values in this attribute are digital object identifiers that can be used to locate each article online. Year This attribute in the data table represents the year that the study was published. Producer Defined 1985 2023 Year (yyyy) Abstract This attribute in the data table represents the article abstract or summary, if one was provided. Producer Defined NA NA values indicate that no abstract or summary was provided in the article. Producer defined The values in this attribute are abstracts or summaries as provided in the article. Fire_or_Treatment This attribute in the data table represents whether the article studies the effects of invasive grass on the invasive grass-fire cycle (Fire), methods for controlling invasive grass spread (Treatment), or Both. Producer Defined Treatment This value indicates that the paper studied methods for controlling invasive grass spread. Producer defined Fire This value indicates that the paper studied the impacts of invasive grasses on fire behavior or fuel characteristics. Producer defined Both This value indicates that the paper studied both the impacts of invasive grasses on fires/fuel, and methods for controlling invasive grass spread. Producer defined Species This attribute in the data table represents the focal invasive grass species studied in the article. If multiple focal grass species were studied in the article, they are listed alphabetically and separated by commas. Species names were derived from USDA Plants. plants.usda.gov Pennisetum ciliare This value indicates that the paper studied Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link (buffelgrass). Producer defined Bromus rubens This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus rubens L. (red brome). Producer defined Bromus tectorum This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass). Producer defined Taeniatherum caput-medusae This value indicates that the paper studied Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (medusahead). Producer defined Eragrostis lehmanniana This value indicates that the paper studied Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees (Lehmann's lovegrass). Producer defined Schismus spp. This value indicates that the paper studied Schismus arabicus Nees and/or Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell. (Mediterranean grass). Producer defined Location This attribute in the data table represents the name of the study location(s) to the finest level provided in the article (e.g. Ecoregion, County, or Park/Preserve Name). Producer Defined The values in this attribute refer to the location name(s) provided in the article, to the finest level provided (e.g. Ecoregion, County, or Park/Preserve name). If the study was conducted in multiple locations, all locations are listed within the cell. State This attribute in the data table represents the United State/Province(s) in which the study was performed. If the study was performed outside of the United States, the value also includes the country code. Producer Defined The values in this attribute represents the United State/Province(s) in which the study was performed. If the study was performed outside of the United States, the value also includes the country code. If the study took place across multiple states/provinces, all states and provinces are listed alphabetically, separated by commas. Ecoregion This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented. If multiple, lists all ecoregions spanned alphabetically, separated by commas. Omernik, J.M. and G.E. Griffith. 2014. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework. Environmental Management 54(6):1249-1266. NA NA values correspond to studies located outside of the Continental United States. Producer defined This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented, as described in Omernik & Griffith (2014). If multiple, lists all ecoregions spanned alphabetically, separated by commas. Plant_Community This attribute in the data table represents the historic or current plant community or communities represented at the study site(s) as described by the article. For studies with sites representing multiple vegetation types, all relevant vegetation types are listed, separated by commas. Producer Defined NA This value represents greenhouse studies, studies performed in controlled field environments (e.g. university research farms), or studies for which dominant vegetation type(s) was not stated or implied. Producer defined Conifer Forest This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by tall conifer trees. Producer defined Woodland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by woodland (i.e. small trees and shrub) vegetation. Producer defined Shrub/Scrubland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by shrub or scrub vegetation (e.g. sagebrush, chaparral). Producer defined Savanna This value indicates that studies were carried out in areas dominated by savanna (i.e. grasses and scattered small trees) vegetation. Producer defined Meadow/Grassland This value indicates that studies were carried out in open areas dominated by grasses. Producer defined Riparian This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in riparian ecosystems. Producer defined FirePaper_Info This data table contains additional information for studies assessing the impact of invasive grasses on fire behavior or fuel characteristics. This table summarizes additional details of Fire studies, whether or not the study and/or metrics are included in the Fuel_EffectSizes spreadsheet. Producer Defined Citation_Number This attribute in the data table represents unique numeric IDs for each citation. These numbers are common across all data tables in this dataset. Producer Defined 4 201 Species This attribute in the data table represents the focal invasive grass species studied in the article. Plant names were derived from USDA Plants. plants.usda.gov Pennisetum ciliare This value indicates that the paper studied Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link (buffelgrass). Producer defined Bromus rubens This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus rubens L. (red brome). Producer defined Bromus tectorum This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass). Producer defined Taeniatherum caput-medusae This value indicates that the paper studied Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (medusahead). Producer defined Eragrostis lehmanniana This value indicates that the paper studied Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees (Lehmann's lovegrass). Producer defined Schismus spp. This value indicates that the paper studied Schismus arabicus Nees and/or Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell. (Mediterranean grass). Producer defined Ecoregion This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented. Omernik, J.M. and G.E. Griffith. 2014. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework. Environmental Management 54(6):1249-1266. NA NA values correspond to greenhouse studies, and studies located outside of the Continental United States. Producer defined This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented, as described in Omernik & Griffith (2014). If multiple, lists all ecoregions spanned alphabetically, separated by commas. Plant_Community This attribute in the data table represents the historic or current plant community or communities represented at the study site(s) as described by the article. For studies with sites representing multiple vegetation types, all relevant vegetation types are listed, separated by commas. Producer Defined NA This value represents greenhouse studies, studies performed in controlled field environments (e.g. university research farms), or studies for which dominant vegetation type(s) was not stated or implied. Producer defined Conifer Forest This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by tall conifer trees. Producer defined Woodland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by woodland (i.e. small trees and shrub) vegetation. Producer defined Shrub/Scrubland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by shrub or scrub vegetation (e.g. sagebrush, chaparral). Producer defined Savanna This value indicates that studies were carried out in areas dominated by savanna (i.e. grasses and scattered small trees) vegetation. Producer defined Meadow/Grassland This value indicates that studies were carried out in open areas dominated by grasses. Producer defined Riparian This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in riparian ecosystems. Producer defined Fire_or_Fuel This attribute in the data table represents whether the study focuses on invasive grass impacts on fire characteristics (Fire), how invasive grass responds to fire and contributes to fire risk (Fuel), or Both. Producer Defined Fuel This value indicates that the paper studied how invasive grass responds to fire and influences future fire risk. Producer defined Fire This value indicates that the paper studied how invasive grass impacts fire behavior characteristics like rate of spread, fire intensity, etc. Producer defined Both This value indicates that the paper studied both Fuel and Fire parameters. Producer defined Fire_Type This attribute in the data table represents what kind of fire was used/monitored in the study (Lab, Model, Prescribed, Wildfire). If multiple types of fires were evaluated, they are listed alphabetically, separated by commas. Producer Defined Not Specified This value indicates that the study did not specify the nature of historic fires at the site. Producer defined Wildfire This value indicates that the study monitored the effects of unintentional burns. Producer defined Prescribed This value indicates that the study monitored Intentional or managed fires for experiments/land management. This value does not include fires applied strategically with an experimental goal of reducing invasive grass - those papers were included in the treatment portion of this dataset. Producer defined Lab This value indicates that the study used laboratory experiments to study invasive grass interactions with fire. Producer defined Modeling This value indicates that the study modeled invasive grass impacts on fire based on historical datasets. Producer defined Metrics_Evaluated This attribute in the data table represents the metrics of fire behavior or invasive grass attributes that were quantified in the study. If multiple metrics were studied, they are listed alphabetically, separated by commas. Producer Defined Biomass This value indicates that the study quantified invasive grass biomass as a measure of post-fire recovery or to estimate fuel load. Producer defined Burn Severity This value indicates that the study evaluated damage caused by burns with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Burn Cover This value indicates that the study evaluated the percentage of the study area burned in fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Burn Tolerance This value indicates that the study quantified the tolerance of invasive grass species to fire at different temperatures and exposure times. Producer defined Consumption This value indicates that the study quantified the amount of fuel consumed by burns with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Enthalpy of Complete Combustion This value indicates that the study quantified the combustion characteristics of invasive grass compared to native vegetation. Producer defined Fire Frequency This value indicates that the study evaluated the frequency of fires on a landscape with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Fire Duration This value indicates that the study evaluated the duration of burning with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Fire Size This value indicates that the study quantified the total area burned by fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Fire Intensity This value indicates that the study quantified the amount of heat or energy generated by fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Flame Temperature This value indicates that the study evaluated the temperature of fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Flame Length This value indicates that the study quantified the total area burned by fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Flame Spread This value indicates that the study evaluated the length from tip to midpoint of fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Grass Cover This value indicates that the study quantified the percentage cover of invasive grasses with and without historic or recent fire. Producer defined Grass Density This value indicates that the study quantified the density by area of invasive grasses with and without historic or recent fire. Producer defined Grass Frequency This value indicates that the study quantified the probability of invasive grass presence with and without historic or recent fire. Producer defined Seed Density This value indicates that the study quantified the density by area of invasive grass seeds in the soil seed bank with and without historic or recent fire. Producer defined Seed Dispersal Distance This value indicates that the study quantified the dispersal distance of invasive grass seeds in areas with and without historic or recent fire. Producer defined Flame Height This value indicates that the study evaluated the average height of fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Flame Spread This value indicates that the study evaluated the rate of fire spread with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Patch Length This value indicates that the study evaluated the size of grass invasions with and without historic or recent fire. Producer defined Fire Risk This value indicates that the study quantified the probability of future fires with and without invasive grass presence. Producer defined Fuel Moisture This value indicates that the study evaluated fuel moisture in areas with and without invasive grass as a marker of fire risk. Producer defined Seed Germinability This value indicates that the study quantified the germinability of invasive grass seeds in areas that had and had not experienced recent fire. Producer defined Invasion Risk This value indicates that the study quantified the risk of future grass invasion in areas with and without historic or recent fires. Producer defined Included_in_Fuel_Effect_Size_Calc This attribute in the data table represents whether or not data from the study was included in fuels effect size analyses (Fuel_EffectSizes). Producer Defined NA This value indicates that the paper did not study Fuel characteristics. Producer defined Y This value indicates that data from this paper was included in effect size calculations performed in the Fuel_EffectSizes table. Producer defined N This value indicates that data from this paper was not included in effect size calculations. Common reasons for exclusion included metrics incompatible with effect size calculations, and lack of control-burned data (pre-post data were not included). Producer defined Fuel_EffectSizes This data table contains effect size calculations for qualifying studies that quantified the effects of invasive grasses on fuel characteristics or how invasive grass populations recover following fire. Effect size calculations standardize impact across many different monitoring metrics. This table could be used to assess the impact of fire on invasive grass abundance across different ecoregions, species, and time elapsed since burning. Producer Defined Citation_Number This attribute in the data table represents unique numeric IDs for each citation. These numbers are common across all data tables in this dataset. Producer Defined 4 199 Species This attribute in the data table represents the focal invasive grass species studied in the article. Species names were derived from USDA Plants. plants.usda.gov Bromus rubens This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus rubens L. (red brome). Producer defined Eragrostis lehmanniana This value indicates that the paper studied Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees (Lehmann's lovegrass). Producer defined Pennisetum ciliare This value indicates that the paper studied Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link (buffelgrass). Producer defined Bromus tectorum This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass). Producer defined Taeniatherum caput-medusae This value indicates that the paper studied Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (medusahead). Producer defined Schismus spp. This value indicates that the paper studied Schismus arabicus Nees and/or Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell. (Mediterranean grass). Producer defined Ecoregion This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented. Omernik, J.M. and G.E. Griffith. 2014. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework. Environmental Management 54(6):1249-1266. NA NA values correspond to studies located outside of the Continental United States. Producer defined This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented, as described in Omernik & Griffith (2014). If multiple, lists all ecoregions spanned alphabetically, separated by commas. Plant_Community This attribute in the data table represents the historic or current plant community or communities represented at the study site(s) as described by the article. For studies with sites representing multiple vegetation types, all relevant vegetation types are listed, separated by commas. Producer Defined NA This value represents greenhouse studies, studies performed in controlled field environments (e.g. university research farms), or studies for which dominant vegetation type(s) was not stated or implied. Producer defined Conifer Forest This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by tall conifer trees. Producer defined Woodland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by woodland (i.e. small trees and shrub) vegetation. Producer defined Shrub/Scrubland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by shrub or scrub vegetation (e.g. sagebrush, chaparral). Producer defined Savanna This value indicates that studies were carried out in areas dominated by savanna (i.e. grasses and scattered small trees) vegetation. Producer defined Meadow/Grassland This value indicates that studies were carried out in open areas dominated by grasses. Producer defined Riparian This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in riparian ecosystems. Producer defined Fire_Type This attribute in the data table represents what kind of fire was used/monitored in the study (Lab, Model, Prescribed, Wildfire). If multiple types of fires were evaluated, they are listed alphabetically, separated by commas. Producer Defined Wildfire This value indicates that the study monitored the effects of unintentional burns. Producer defined Prescribed This value indicates that the study monitored Intentional or managed fires for experiments/land management. This value does not include fires applied strategically with an experimental goal of reducing invasive grass--these papers were included in the treatment portion of this dataset. Producer defined Lab This value indicates that the study used laboratory experiments to study invasive grass interactions with fire. Producer defined Modeling This value indicates that the study modeled invasive grass impacts on fire based on historical datasets. Producer defined Site This attribute in the data table represents the individual site or plot corresponding to each line of data, if there were discrete data for more than one site in a study. Producer Defined NA NA values indicate that the study only provided discrete data for one site or plot. Producer defined Text values in this attribute represent the individual site or plot corresponding to each line of data, with names or distinguishing characteristics as provided in study. 'NA' if only one site or plot was studied. Metric This attribute in the data table represents the metric of invasive grass abundance or properties that were quantified in the study. If the study provided data for more than one metric, data from only one metric was included in this data table, prioritized by how commonly the metric was used across all Fuel studies. Producer Defined Grass Cover This value indicates that the study evaluated percent cover of invasive grasses in areas that had and had not experienced fire. Producer defined Relative Grass Cover This value indicates that the study evaluated proportional cover of invasive grasses to other vegetation in areas that had and had not experienced fire. Producer defined Grass Density This value indicates that the study evaluated the number of invasive grass plants per unit area in areas that had and had not experienced fire. Producer defined Biomass This value indicates that the study evaluated biomass of invasive grasses in areas that had and had not experienced fire. Producer defined Seed Density This value indicates that the study evaluated the number of invasive grass seeds per unit area in areas that had and had not experienced fire. Producer defined Tiller Density This value indicates that the study evaluated the number of invasive grass tillers per unit area in areas that had and had not experienced fire. Producer defined Months_Since_Fire This attribute in the data table represents the number of months elapsed between fire and monitoring, as converted from raw values in Time_Since_Fire. If the range of time provided was 5 or more years, this field was not computed. If the range was less than five years, the average amount of time elapsed was provided. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Empty values indicate that the study either did not provide the amount of time elapsed, or provided a range too large (5 or more years) to produce an accurate data point. Producer defined 1.0 444.0 months Unburned This attribute in the data table represents raw data values extracted from text, tables, or charts in the study, corresponding to unburned or control study areas. These values are used for effect size calculations in the Effect_Size column. To prevent "undefined" effect size calculations, 0 values were converted to 0.001, and corresponding values in the 'Burned' column were increased by 0.001 to account for the change. Producer Defined 0.0 4495.0 unitless Burned This attribute in the data table represents raw data values extracted from text, tables, or charts in the study, corresponding to burned or treated study areas. These values are used for effect size calculations in the Effect_Size column.To prevent "undefined" effect size calculations, 0 values were converted to 0.001, and corresponding values in the 'Unburned' column were increased by 0.001 to account for the change. Producer Defined 0.0 12200.0 unitless Effect_Size This attribute in the data table represents log-response ratio effect size calculations, taken as a natural log of the ratio between Burned and Unburned data points in each row. These calculations provide a standardized impact metric across different metrics of invasive grass abundance. Values less than 0 indicate that invasive grasses were less abundant in burned areas compared to unburned areas, and vice versa. Producer Defined -8.824824939 11.84940484 unitless Notes This attribute in the data table represents any additional notes or considerations for the data user about the data point or study represented in that line. Producer Defined << empty cell >> This value indicates that there are no additional notes or considerations for the data point or study represented in that line of data. Producer defined Text values in this attribute in the data table represent any additional notes or considerations for the data user about the data point or study represented in that line. TreatmentPaper_Info This data table contains more specific background information about papers that studied treatment methods to control invasive grasses. Data users can use this table to find papers that used specific treatment methods in their region, species, or treatment category of interest, whether or not the papers were included in the Treatment_EffectSizes spreadsheet. Producer Defined Citation This attribute in the data table represents unique numeric IDs for each citation. These numbers are common across all data tables in this dataset. Producer Defined 1 204 Species This attribute in the data table represents the focal invasive grass species studied in the article. Species were derived from USDA Plants. plants.usda.gov Bromus tectorum This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass). Producer defined Eragrostis lehmanniana This value indicates that the paper studied Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees (Lehmann's lovegrass). Producer defined Taeniatherum caput-medusae This value indicates that the paper studied Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (medusahead). Producer defined Bromus rubens This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus rubens L. (red brome). Producer defined Pennisetum ciliare This value indicates that the paper studied Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link (buffelgrass). Producer defined Schismus spp. This value indicates that the paper studied Schismus arabicus Nees and/or Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell. (Mediterranean grass). Producer defined Ecoregion This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented. Omernik, J.M. and G.E. Griffith. 2014. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework. Environmental Management 54(6):1249-1266. NA NA values correspond to greenhouse studies, or studies located outside of the Continental United States. Producer defined This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented, as described in Omernik & Griffith (2014). If multiple, lists all ecoregions spanned alphabetically, separated by commas. Plant_Community This attribute in the data table represents the historic or current plant community or communities represented at the study site(s) as described by the article. For studies with sites representing multiple vegetation types, all relevant vegetation types are listed, separated by commas. Producer Defined NA This value represents greenhouse studies, studies performed in controlled field environments (e.g. university research farms), or studies for which dominant vegetation type(s) was not stated or implied. Producer defined Conifer Forest This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by tall conifer trees. Producer defined Woodland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by woodland (i.e. small trees and shrub) vegetation. Producer defined Shrub/Scrubland This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in areas dominated by shrub or scrub vegetation (e.g. sagebrush, chaparral). Producer defined Savanna This value indicates that studies were carried out in areas dominated by savanna (i.e. grasses and scattered small trees) vegetation. Producer defined Meadow/Grassland This value indicates that studies were carried out in open areas dominated by grasses. Producer defined Riparian This value indicates that studies were carried out or monitored in riparian ecosystems. Producer defined Category This attribute in the data table represents the category or categories of treatment a study used to generate treatment effectiveness data. Treatments were sorted into seven categories, listed below. Studies using multiple treatments include all treatments used, listed in order of application and separated with a "+". Individual lines of data were created in this data table for studies using more than one treatment or combination of treatments discretely. Producer Defined Biological This value indicates that the study used application of microbial organisms that affect invasive grass performance to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Chemical This value indicates that the study used application of herbicides that target invasive grass performance to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Fire This value indicates that the study used targeted prescribed burns to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Grazing This value indicates that the study used targeted livestock grazing, or clipping treatments meant to simulate grazing, to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Mechanical This value indicates that the study used manual removal such as mowing, hand-pulling, etc. to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Seeding This value indicates that the study used imposed competition via the seeding of desirable species to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Soil This value indicates that the study used physical or chemical manipulation of the soil (e.g. tilling, sucrose application) to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Specific_Treatment This attribute in the data table represents the specific treatment used, such as the herbicide name, livestock type, or seeding strategy. Producer Defined Text values in this attribute represent the specific treatment used, such as the herbicide name, livestock type, or seeding strategy. Treatments are listed by category in order of application, and treatments within the same category are listed in alphabetical order. Metrics_Evaluated This attribute in the data table represents the metrics of invasive grass abundance or control that were quantified in the study. If multiple metrics were studied, they are listed alphabetically, separated by commas. Producer Defined Control This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining the amount of control as a percentage relative to untreated areas. Producer defined Cover This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining percent cover or relative cover of invasive grass in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Density This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining invasive grass counts per unit area in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Seed Density This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining seed counts per plant or per unit area in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Injury or Performance This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by observing performance metrics like death, flowering, or vigor in treated and untreated plants. Producer defined Germination This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining seed germination percentage or probability in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Frequency This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining probability of invasive grass presence in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Continuity This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining the continuity of invasive grass patches in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Height This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining the height of invasive grasses in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Photosynthetic Rate This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining the photosynthetic rate of treated and untreated invasive grass plants. Producer defined Tiller Density This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining tiller counts per plant or per unit area in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Circumference This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining the circumference of invasive grasses in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Biomass This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining the biomass of invasive grasses in treated plots and untreated plots, or treated and untreated plants. Producer defined Dispersal Distance This value indicates that the study evaluated distance of seed dispersal from invasive grasses in treated plots and untreated plots, or treated and untreated plants. Producer defined Included_In_Treatment_Effect_Size_Calc This attribute in the data table represents whether or not data from the study was included in treatment effect size analyses (Treatment_EffectSizes). Producer Defined Y This value indicates that data from this paper was included in effect size calculations performed in the Treatment_EffectSizes table. Producer defined N This value indicates that data from this paper was not included in effect size calculations. Common reasons for exclusion included metrics incompatible with effect size calculations, and lack of untreated-treated data (pre-post data were not included). Producer defined Treatment_EffectSizes This data table contains effect size calculations for qualifying studies that quantified the effectiveness of treatment methods for controlling invasive grasses. Effect size calculations standardize impact across many different monitoring metrics. This table could be used to assess the impact of different treatment types, application rates, application timings, or application frequencies for decreasing invasive grasses across regions, species, or time. Producer Defined Citation_Number This attribute in the data table represents unique numeric IDs for each citation. These numbers are common across all data tables in this dataset. Producer Defined 1 203 Species This attribute in the data table represents the focal invasive grass species studied in the article. Species names were derived from USDA Plants. plants.usda.gov Bromus tectorum This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass). Producer defined Eragrostis lehmanniana This value indicates that the paper studied Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees (Lehmann's lovegrass). Producer defined Taeniatherum caput-medusae This value indicates that the paper studied Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (medusahead). Producer defined Bromus rubens This value indicates that the paper studied Bromus rubens (L.) (red brome). Producer defined Pennisetum ciliare This value indicates that the paper studied Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link (buffelgrass). Producer defined Schismus spp. This value indicates that the paper studied Schismus arabicus Nees and/or Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell. (Mediterranean grass). Producer defined Category This attribute in the data table represents the category or categories of treatment a study used to generate treatment effectiveness data in the corresponding line. Treatments were sorted into seven categories, listed below. Studies using multiple treatments include all treatments used, listed in order of application and separated with a "+". Producer Defined Biological This value indicates that the study used application of microbial organisms that affect invasive grass performance to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Chemical This value indicates that the study used application of herbicides that target invasive grass performance to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Fire This value indicates that the study used targeted prescribed burns to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Grazing This value indicates that the study used targeted livestock grazing, or clipping treatments meant to simulate grazing, to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Mechanical This value indicates that the study used manual removal such as mowing, hand-pulling, etc. to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Seeding This value indicates that the study used imposed competition via the seeding of desirable species to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Soil This value indicates that the study used physical or chemical manipulation of the soil (e.g. tilling, sucrose application) to treat invasive grasses. Producer defined Specific_Treatment This attribute in the data table represents the specific treatment used, such as the herbicide name, livestock type, or seeding strategy. Treatments in this field are more specific than those in the TreatmentPaper_Info data table (e.g. seeded species, grazing/fire season). Producer Defined Text values in this attribute represent the specific treatment(s) used, such as the herbicide name, livestock type, or seeding strategy. When multiple treatments were used (even in the same category), they are separated with a "+" and listed in order of application. Post_Fire This attribute in the data table represents whether or not the study site was burned prior to treatment applications. The purpose of this attribute is to indicate where fire occurred and could have affected treatment results, even if fire was not accounted for in the study design as a treatment. Producer Defined N This value indicates that the study site did not burn prior to treatment applications. Producer defined Y This value indicates that the study site did burn prior to treatment applications. Does not include studies that incorporated fire into treatment design (i.e. included an unburned control). Producer defined Raw_Rate This attribute in the data table represents the rate of treatment application as provided in the paper, prior to any unit conversions performed for this dataset. Producer Defined NA NA values correspond to studies with Mechanical, Fire, Grazing, and Soil treatments that did not test different treatment intensities, or studies with Biological, Chemical, or Seeding treatments that did not specify application rate. Seeding treatments that used outplants are also included here. Producer defined Text values in this field correspond to the rate of treatment application, as provided in the paper. Includes Biological, Chemical, and Seeding studies that specified application rates, and other types of treatments that tested different treatment intensities. Conv_Rate This attribute in the data table represents the application rate for Chemical studies, converted to a common metric (unit indicated in the Unit column). Producer Defined NA NA values indicate that the treatment category in that row either did not include Chemical treatments, that chemical application rates were not given, or application rates were provided in a form that could not be converted to a common metric (See Notes column for that row for more details on missing values). Producer defined Numeric values in this field represent chemical application rates, converted to a metric common for that particular herbicide. Units are indicated in the Unit column. When multiple herbicides were used, application rates are listed in the order they were listed in Specific_Treatment, separated by a "+". Unit This attribute in the data table represents the unit of measurement used in Conv_Rate. Producer Defined NA Values in this column are NA unless the row corresponds with a Chemical treatment for which an application rate was provided. Producer defined This attribute in the data table represents the unit of measurement used in Conv_Rate. Raw chemical application rates were converted based on information provided in the study, converted to the extent possible to a common metric for each particular herbicide. If there were multiple herbicides used that correspond with different application units, units are listed in the order the herbicides are presented in Conv_Rate and Specific_Treatment, and separated with a "+". Times_Treated This attribute in the data table represents the number of times each treatment was applied at the time of monitoring. If multiple treatments were applied: a) for treatments applied at the same frequency, this frequency is represented by a single number. b) for treatments applied at different frequencies, frequencies of each treatment are represented by a separate number, listed in the same order as in Specific_Treatment and separated by a "+". Producer Defined NA NA values indicate either that the treatment was applied at non-discrete intervals (spot-applied, or different across sites with averaged data). The Notes column contains additional details of treatment repetition, if they were provided. Producer defined Text values in this attribute represent the number of times each treatment was applied at the time of monitoring. If multiple treatments were applied: a) for treatments applied at the same frequency, this frequency is represented by a single number. b) for treatments applied at different frequencies, frequencies of each treatment are represented by a separate number, listed in the same order as in Specific_Treatment and separated by a "+". Month This attribute in the data table represents the month(s) of treatment application as provided in the study. This column provides temporal context for treatments. Producer Defined NA NA values indicate that the study was either a greenhouse study (application month is not necessarily indicative of seasonality), or that the application month was not specified. The Notes column contains additional details of timing, if they were provided. Producer defined Text values in this attribute represent the month(s) of treatment application as provided in the study, represented with three-letter abbreviations. If a treatment was applied continuously for multiple months (e.g. livestock grazing), timing is represented by a 'starting month'-'ending month' range. If a single treatment was applied multiple times in different months, months are separated by a ",". If multiple treatments/treatment types were applied: a) treatments which were applied in the same month are represented by a single month. b) treatments which were applied in different months are represented by separate months, listed in the same order as in 'Specific_Treatment' and separated by a "+". Site This attribute in the data table represents the individual site or plot corresponding to each line of data, if there were discrete data for more than one site in a study. Producer Defined NA NA values indicate that the study only provided discrete data for one site or plot. Producer defined Text values in this attribute represent the individual site or plot corresponding to each line of data, with names or distinguishing characteristics as provided in study. If only one site or plot was studied, this field is left blank. Ecoregion This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented. Omernik, J.M. and G.E. Griffith. 2014. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework. Environmental Management 54(6):1249-1266. This attribute in the data table represents the EPA Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion(s) where the study was performed, or which the study represented, as described in Omernik & Griffith (2014). If multiple, lists all ecoregions spanned alphabetically, separated by commas. Metric This attribute in the data table represents the metric of invasive grass abundance or control that the study evaluated to produce the data in the corresponding line. If the study provided data for more than one metric, data from only one metric was included in this data table, prioritized by how commonly the metric was used across all Treatment studies. Producer Defined Cover This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining percent cover of invasive grass in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Density This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining invasive grass counts per unit area in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Biomass This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining the biomass of invasive grasses in treated plots and untreated plots, or treated and untreated plants. Producer defined Seed Density This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining seed counts per plant or per unit area in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Vigor This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by comparing vigor/health in treated to untreated invasive grasses. Producer defined Frequency This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining probability of invasive grass presence in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Relative Cover This value indicates that the study evaluated proportional cover of invasive grasses to other vegetation in treated and untreated areas. Producer defined Germination This value indicates that the study evaluated treatment effectiveness by determining seed germination percentage or probability in treated plots and untreated plots. Producer defined Dispersal Distance This value indicates that the study evaluated distance of seed dispersal from invasive grasses in treated plots and untreated plots, or treated and untreated plants. Producer defined Time_Recent This attribute in the data table represents the time elapsed at the time of the monitoring event, in months since the experimental plot was most recently treated. Values were derived from text or inferred to best ability where dates were not explicitly stated. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Empty cells indicate that the time elapsed could not be reasonably inferred based on the information provided in the study. Producer defined 0 246 months Time_First This attribute in the data table represents the time elapsed at the time of the monitoring event, in months since the experimental plot was first treated. Values were derived from text or inferred to best ability where dates were not explicitly stated. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Empty cells indicate that the time elapsed could not be reasonably inferred based on the information provided in the study. Producer defined 0.0 246.0 months Untreated This attribute in the data table represents raw data values extracted from text, tables, or charts in the study, corresponding to untreated or control study areas. These values are used for effect size calculations in the Effect_Size column. To prevent "undefined" effect size calculations, 0 values were converted to 0.001, and corresponding values in the 'Treated' column were increased by 0.001 to account for the change. Producer Defined 0.001 19547.0 unitless Treated This attribute in the data table represents raw data values extracted from text, tables, or charts in the study, corresponding to treated study areas. These values are used for effect size calculations in the Effect_Size column. To prevent "undefined" effect size calculations, 0 values were converted to 0.001, and corresponding values in the 'Untreated' column were increased by 0.001 to account for the change. Producer Defined 0.001 17020.0 unitless Effect_Size This attribute in the data table represents log-response ratio effect size calculations, taken as a natural log of the ratio between Treated and Untreated data points in each row. These calculations provide a standardized impact metric across different metrics of invasive grass abundance. Values less than 0 indicate that invasive grasses were less abundant in treated areas compared to untreated areas, and vice versa. Producer Defined -14.1059 10.4341 unitless Notes This attribute in the data table represents any additional notes or considerations for the data user about the data point or study represented in that line. Producer Defined NA NA values indicate that there are no additional notes or considerations for the data point or study represented in that line of data. Producer defined Text values in this attribute in the data table represent any additional notes or considerations for the data user about the data point or study represented in that line. U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P1NMKUFC None 20250701 Seth M. Munson US Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Research Ecologist mailing and physical

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Flagstaff AZ 86004 United States 9288143316 smunson@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999