Christopher H. Conaway Eric J. Hepler Ron K. Kauble Christopher T. Green 20250701 tabular digital data https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P1X9D6JC The data represent sediment depth profiles of gamma-emitting radionuclides and major, minor, and trace elements in native soil locations around four mineralized sites in Mohave County, Arizona. The four sites represent breccia pipe uranium deposits in the Grand Canyon Region in various lifecycle stages of mining: EZ2 complex (exploration), Arizona 1 mine (standby), Pinenut mine (closed, pre-reclamation), and Kanab North Mine (reclaimed). Gamma spectroscopy determinations were made using high-purity germanium well detectors for analysis of cesium-137 (Cs-137), lead-210 (Pb-210), lead-214 (Pb-214), and bismuth-214 (Bi-214). Major, minor, and trace element determinations were made for using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for analysis of aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), titanium (Ti), silver (Ag), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), cerium (Ce), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), hafnium (Hf), indium (In), lanthanum (La), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), strontium (Sr), tantalum (Ta), terbium (Tb), tellurium (Te), thorium (Th), thallium (Tl), uranium (U), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), yttrium (Y), ytterbium (Yb), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). The data were collected to assess the potential of fallout radionuclides (Cs-137 and unsupported Pb-210) to help understand the distribution of subsurface contaminants related to mining activity. The Pb-210, Pb-214, and Bi-214 data can be used to calculate Ra-226 and unsupported Pb-210. The purpose of the data collection was to perform an examination of atmospheric fallout radionuclides in understanding vertical transport of particles and particle-associated contaminants in soils in Grand Canyon Region breccia pipe uranium mines specifically, and semi-arid regions in general. 20220419 20220420 ground condition Complete None planned Mohave County, Arizona -112.9367 -112.6332 36.7180 36.4644 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus uranium-lead analysis core analysis geochemistry economic geology mine waste mineral resources atmospheric deposition USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6823d7f0d4be025fcef5a7d2 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Mohave County Arizona None Baaj Nwaavjo I’tah Kukveni-Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument Kanab North Mine Pinenut Mine EZ2 Mine Arizona 1 Mine No access constraints. Please see 'Distribution Information' for details. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Christopher Conaway USGS - WATER Research Chemist mailing and physical

NASA AMES-Moffett Field,Moffett Field - Building 19

Moffett Field CA 94035 650-439-2869 cconaway@usgs.gov Windows 10 Enterprise 64-bit Microsoft Excel for Office 365 Christopher Conaway Kristi L Hill Christopher T Green Brian J Andraski Christopher C Fuller 2025 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p144vvaf Ronald K Kauble Brian J Andraski Christopher T Green Katherine Walton-Day 2021 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p9b8i7kc Gordon R. Gilmore 2008 2nd publication Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470861981 International Atomic Energy Agency 2004 publication Vienna, Austria International Atomic Energy Agency https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1401_web.pdf Gamma spectroscopy detector efficiency for Cs-137 was determined using NIST Standard Reference Material 4350B. Detector efficiency for Pb-210, Pb-214, and Bi-214 was determined using IAEA standard RGU-1. Data quality was ranked and standard uncertainty for results was determined for samples using internationally defined and accepted protocols. ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods at SGS Canada have been fully validated for the range of samples typically analyzed. Method validation includes the use of certified reference materials, replicates, duplicates and blanks to calculate accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection, reporting limit, specificity and measurement uncertainty. Data were plotted against depth and exhibited expected profile shapes for fallout radionuclides. Sample activity was within expected range for environmental samples. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Sample locations were recorded during sampling with a recreational-grade global positioning system (GPS) receiver and verified by plotting in Google Earth. Horizontal locations are accurate to within 3 meters. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Sample cores were collected from previously sampled locations and using similar methods to shallow sediment cores described in Kauble et al. (2021). Sampling locations were from undisturbed areas either above the uranium deposit (EZ2) or outside the mining area (Pinenut, Arizona 1, Kanab North). Locations were matched to previous sites using a handheld GPS. Shallow soil cores (30.5-cm long, 4.8-cm diameter) were collected using a hand-driven sampler (AMS Soil Core Sampler model PN404.67 2" X 6" Stainless Steel Soil Core Sampler Complete, 5/8" Thread) outfitted with plastic liners. Shallow cores were separated in the field into 2.5-centimeter long segments for analysis. 20220420 Bulk sediment was air dried at 60 degrees Celsius and then gently disaggregated with a mortar and pestle and then dry sieved to 63 microns (mud fraction) through a nylon mesh screen. The fine grain material was then split for geochemical analysis. 20220520 Prior to quantification of short-lived radionuclide activities, sediment was placed into 7 or 11 milliliter plastic vials. Vials were capped and sealed with film to reduce gas exchange and allowed to rest for 21 days or more to reach secular equilibrium of radium-226 series radioisotopes. Samples were counted for 24 to 72 hours in a high purity, low background germanium well detector at the USGS Menlo Park Gamma Counting Laboratory. Gamma spectra were downloaded into Excel and sample results compared to standards and statistically analyzed to characterize data quality. For cesium-137, samples' activity at 661 keV was compared to National Institute of Standards Technology Standard Reference Material 4350B. For other samples, direct peak comparisons were made for lead-210 at 46 keV, lead-214 at 352 keV, and bismuth-214 at 609 keV using International Atomic Energy Agency standard RGU-1. Activity for samples is given in becquerel per gram (Bq/g) with +/- propagated standard uncertainty (u) that includes net measured activity, detector efficiency for calibration, half-life and activity of reference materials, and self-absorption corrections (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2004). Data quality for activity was rated as Q (net measured activity known to 10% precision), D (net measured activity significant but known to less than 10% precision), or U (net measured activity was not significant). Where a qualifier U was given, in the place of activity for the sample an upper limit was reported giving the 95% confidence upper limit for the sample activity. Data quality determinations were made using approaches described by Gilmore (2008). 20220720 Splits of material passing 0.063 nylon mesh sieve (mud fraction) were sent to USGS Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center Analytical Chemistry Services (GS-Analytical Services). They were analyzed at a contract lab (SGS Canada) using Method C_ICPOES_MS-49 (GS-Analytical Services Method No. 22), which analyzes 49 elements following a 4-acid near total digestion. The GS-Analytical Services job number was MRP-21601. Samples were ground to 100 mesh, with a representative subsample digested with hydrochloric, nitric, hydrofluoric, and perchloric acids and heated until dry, then re-dissolved in a mix of nitric and hydrochloric acid. Elements were determined on sample solutions using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Determinations were made for aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), titanium (Ti), silver (Ag), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), cerium (Ce), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), hafnium (Hf), indium (In), lanthanum (La), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), strontium (Sr), tantalum (Ta), terbium (Tb), tellurium (Te), thorium (Th), thallium (Tl), uranium (U), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), yttrium (Y), ytterbium (Yb), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). According to SGS Method Summary, this method has been fully validated for the range of samples typically analyzed. Method validation includes the use of certified reference materials, replicates, duplicates and blanks to calculate accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection, reporting limit, specificity and measurement uncertainty. According to quality analysis and quality control (QAQC) notes provided with the data report from GS-Analytical Services and SGS, the performance of Se via this method are typically poor compared to the values obtained from the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HGAAS) method. For that reason, the results for Se here have been qualified as informational. The digestion of robust phases is not as rigorous via the 4-acid digestion so phases such as zircon and chromite (which house Zr, Hf, Cr, and Y in the lattice) do not completely decompose. Cr, Y, and Zr values are lower than those typically seen in more rigorous digests (i.e. Na-peroxide fusion or lithium-borate fusion) and as such Cr, Y, Zr, Hf have been qualified in reports as informational values. Similarly, Yb and Lu have been low compared to preferred values which are similar to those returned by the more rigorous digest of the Na-sinter method. The performance of Yb and Lu via this method is not reliably characterized for this method and is for informational purposes only. For Tb, the value for QAQC sample reference material SAR-L.1 was greater than +/-15% of the preferred value, and value was also off from average over time using Na-peroxide fusion method. For that reason, the results for Tb here have been qualified as informational. 20250416 T01_Cores_2022_Locations.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data on site location, mine site, and core depth intervals. Producer Defined Mine_Site Mine site where sample was collected Producer Defined Arizona 1 Arizona 1 is a uranium mine located in Mohave County, Arizona Producer defined EZ2 EZ2 is a breccia pipe uranium deposit in Arizona Producer defined Kanab North Kanab North is a uranium mine located in Mohave County, Arizona Producer defined Pinenut Pinenut is a uranium mine located in Mohave County, Arizona Producer defined Sample_Date Date that the sample core was collected YYYYMMDD Producer Defined 20220420 Sampling date for this core YYYYMMDD Producer defined 20220419 Sampling date for this core YYYYMMDD Producer defined Location_ID Unique name given to coring location at the mine site Producer Defined A text entry representing the specific core location at the mine site. The latitude and longitude are given in adjacent columns. This label is used again as part of the "Core_Segment_ID". Lat_dd_WGS84 Latitude in decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 Producer Defined 36.50481 36.68882 decimal degrees Long_dd_WGS84 Longitude in decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 Producer Defined -112.92424 -112.64372 decimal degrees Segment_Top_cmbls Core segment top, the depth in centimeters below the surface to the top of the core section Producer Defined 0.0 22.5 centimeters 0.2 Segment_Bottom_cmbls Core segment bottom, the depth in centimeters below surface to the bottom of the core section Producer Defined 2.5 25.0 centimeters 0.2 Core_Segment_ID Unique name given to sample core depth and location Producer Defined The Core_Segment_ID is a unique name based on the mine site, location ID, and a number indicating the number of the depth segment. T02_Cores_2022_Radiogeochem.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing radiogeochemical data. Producer Defined Core_Segment_ID Unique name given to sample core depth and location Producer Defined The Core_Segment_ID is a unique name based on the mine site, location ID, and a number indicating the number of the depth segment. Analyte Radionuclide determined by gamma spectroscopy Producer Defined Bi-214 bismuth-214, counted at 609 keV Producer defined Pb-210 lead-210, counted at 46 keV Producer defined Pb-214 lead-214, counted at 352 keV Producer defined Cs-137 cesium-137, counted at 661 keV Producer defined Activity_Bq_g Activity of sample in bequerels per gram Producer Defined 0.00019 0.80891 bequerels per gram Uncertainty_1sigma_Bq_g propagated standard uncertainty, one sigma, that includes net measured activity, detector efficiency for calibration, half-life and activity of reference materials, and self-absorption Producer Defined NA Not applicable, no associated uncertainty Producer defined 0.00023 0.0254 bequerels per gram Qual Data qualifier for Activity column Producer Defined Q The sample net measured activity is statistically significant using a k-alpha factor of 1.645 and known to 10% precision or better Producer defined D The sample net measured activity is significant using a k-alpha factor of 1.645 but known to less than 10% precision Producer defined U The sample net measured activity was not significant using a k-alpha factor of 1.645. The value in the Activity column is instead a 95% confidence level upper limit for the sample's activity. This approach gives a statistically significant "less than" value for the sample activity. There is no associated Uncertainty value with these upper limit values. Producer defined T03_Cores_2022_ICPOES.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing elemental data from ICPOES analysis. Producer Defined Core_Segment_ID Unique name given to sample core depth and location Producer Defined The Core_Segment_ID is a unique name based on the mine site, location ID, and a number indicating the number of the depth segment. Analyte Element targeted in determination Producer Defined Al Aluminum content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.01 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined Ca Calcium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.005 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined Fe Iron content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.01 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined K Potassium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.01 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined Mg Magnesium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.002 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined Na Sodium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.005 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined P Phosphorus content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.001 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined S Sulfur content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.005 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined Ti Titanium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.001 percent and an upper reporting limit of 15 percent. Producer defined Ag Silver content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.02 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 100 parts per million. Producer defined As Arsenic content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 1 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Ba Barium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 1 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Be Beryllium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 2500 parts per million. Producer defined Bi Bismuth content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.01 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Cd Cadmium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.02 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Ce Cerium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Co Cobalt content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.1 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Cr Chromium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 1 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Cs Cesium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Cu Copper content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.5 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Ga Gallium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 500 parts per million. Producer defined Hf Hafnium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.02 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 500 parts per million. Producer defined In Indium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.005 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 500 parts per million. Producer defined La Lanthanum content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Li Lithium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.2 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Lu Lutetium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.01 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Mn Manganese content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 2 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Mo Molybdenum content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Nb Niobium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.1 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Ni Nickel content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 1 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Pb Lead content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.5 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Rb Rubidium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.1 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Sb Antimony content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Sc Scandium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.1 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Se Selenium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 1 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Sn Tin content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.2 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Sr Strontium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.5 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Ta Tantalum content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Tb Terbium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Te Tellurium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Th Thorium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.01 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Tl Thallium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.02 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined U Uranium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.05 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined V Vanadium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 2 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined W Tungsten content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.1 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Y Yttrium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.1 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 10000 parts per million. Producer defined Yb Ytterbium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.1 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Zn Zinc content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 1 part per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Zr Zirconium content of mud fraction of dried sediment with a lower reporting limit of 0.5 parts per million and an upper reporting limit of 1000 parts per million. Producer defined Result Result of analytical determination in mass fraction Producer Defined 0.013 927.0 As given in units column Unit Units providing the numerical result of the analytical determination Producer Defined percent Mass fraction of element in mud fraction of sediment in percent dry weight Producer defined ppm Mass fraction of element in mud fraction of sediment in parts per million dry weight Producer defined Qualifiers Data qualifiers for Result column related to quality assurance and quality controls Producer Defined Q The result presented meets QAQC controls and is acceptable. Producer defined I The results for this analyte are qualified as informational only, and do not meet regular QAQC controls as described in Process Steps metadata. Producer defined I_LRL The results for this analyte are qualified as informational only, and do not meet regular QAQC guidelines as described in Process Steps metadata. In addition, the result of the determination was below the lower reporting limit, and the value provided is the lower reporting limit. Producer defined LRL The result of the determination was below the lower reporting limit for this analyte, and the value provided is the lower reporting limit. Producer defined U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center

Building 810

Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P1X9D6JC None 20250701 Christopher Conaway USGS - WATER Research Chemist mailing and physical

NASA AMES-Moffett Field,Moffett Field - Building 19

Moffett Field CA 94035 650-439-2869 cconaway@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999