Jennewein J. Hively, W. Dean Davis, B.W. Seehaver-Eagen, S. Nicolette, J. Goldsmith, A. Hidalgo, C. Reberg-Horton, C. Mirsky, S. 20250730 Tabular digital data in csv format Beltsville U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P13A3XJH Jyoti S. Jennewein Brian W. Davis Sarah Seehaver-Eagen Jordan Nicolette Josh Pittman W. Dean Hively Avi Goldsmith Chris Hidalgo Chris Reberg-Horton Steven B. Mirsky 202512 publication Smart Agricultural Technology vol. 12 n/a Elsevier BV ppg. 101201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101201 This data release contains processed scan data from the Active Canopy Sensor (ACS) -214 proximal sensing instrument associated with 1242 cover crop biomass samples from 2020 - 2024 across 13 states. The ACS-214 is an active proximal sensing device equipped with its own light-emitting red and near-infrared spectral reflectance sensors, a time-of-flight laser, and an ultrasonic sensor. These data were collected as a part of the Precision Sustainable Agriculture’s national on-farm network, with two main hubs located in Maryland and North Carolina. The ACS-214 data included in this data release are summarized by plot polygons or 10m circular buffer to generate the metrics used to estimate cover crop biomass. The data, as well as the processes used to prepare and analyze them, are discussed in detail in a related interpretive summary: Jennewein, et al., 2025. Multi-sensor proximal remote sensing for cover crop biomass estimation at high and moderate spatial resolutions. Accepted in Smart Agricultural Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101201 Contents: 1.Metadata file titled - 1 Proximal remote sensing data supporting on-farm measurement of cover crop performance.xml : metadata file describing dataset parameters 2.Comma delimited file of data titled - ACS-214_summarized_outputs_and_cover_crop_biomass_and_sample_details.csv: comma delimited spreadsheet containing cover crop biomass, sampling date, species, state sampled in, and summarized ACS-214 outputs. The proximal remote sensing data were collected to investigate the utility of multi-sensor integration for estimating cover crop biomass at fine to moderate spatial scales 2020 2024 ground condition Complete None planned -101.319418 -70.721554 48.809306 30.181728 USGS Thesaurus cover crops remote sensing proximal sensing ultrasonic sensor spectral indices time-of-flight-laser cross-scale remote sensing agriculture food security USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:681be563d4be0260c2c46532 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Beltsville, MD place #597069 State of Maryland place #1714934 none Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This dataset may be redistributed if it is not edited and is properly referenced. Although USGS intends to make this server available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, timely delivery of data and products from this server through the Internet is not guaranteed. W. Dean Hively Southeast Region: LMG-INVEST OPRS PROG Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical

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Beltsville MD 20705 US 301-504-9031 whively@usgs.gov No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted Samples were evaluated to assess appropriate range and distribution of values during statistical analysis of the dataset Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Details of data processing to create the summarized data are available in Jennewein, J., Davis, B.W., Seehaver-Eagen, S., Nicolette, J., Pittman, J., Hively W.D., Goldsmith, A., Hidalgo, C., Reberg-Horton, C. and Mirsky, S.. 2024. Multi-sensor proximal remote sensing for cover crop biomass estimation at high and moderate spatial resolutions. Smart Agricultural Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101201 Processing was conducted between November 5, 2020 and April 30, 2024. 20240430 ACS-214_summarized_outputs_and_cover_crop_biomass_and_sample_details.csv Contains 1242 cover crop biomass samples and the corresponding ACS-214 summarized outputs by plot or 10m buffer. U.S. Department of Agriculture UID Unique ID for each sample as originally detailed in Jennewein et al., (2025) U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey CATS Trial Names of the four observational (OBS) trials (data sources) defined in Table 1 and Figures 3 and 4 of Jennewein et al., (2025) and include: OBS1 - small plot; OBS2 - large plot; OBS3 - field scale; and OBS4 - on-farm collections. U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Yes Unique observational trial of cover crop biomass sample from a single collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey State State of collection with the United States U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Yes Location of cover crop biomass sample from a single collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Species Twelve cover crop species as defined in Jennewein et al., (2025) and include: winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), triticale (Triticale hexaploide L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), oats (Avena fatua), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), winter pea (Pisum sativum), rape (Brassica napus), field mustard (Brassica rapa), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), and unidentified "grass-grass" mixes U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Yes Unique species of cover crop collected from a single sample U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Species_group Three cover crop functional groups as defined in Jennewein et al., (2025) and include: grasses, legumes, and brassicas U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Yes Unique species functional group of cover crop collected from a single sample U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Sample_date The timing of cover crop biomass collections recorded as month/day/year U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Yes Unique date of cover crop biomass sample collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey Biomass_kg_ha Represents the total dry cover crop biomass (kg/ha) of the collected sample after oven drying U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 30.10 9756.78 kg/ha ndvi_mean Represents the mean normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) values for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0.17 0.90 unitless ndvi_cv Represents the coefficient of variation (cv) normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) values for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0.00 89.12 unitless ndvi_0.1_0.29 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) values of 0.1 - 0.29 for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless ndvi_0.29_0.4 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) values of 0.29 - 0.4 for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless ndvi_0.4_0.53 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) values of 0.4 - 0.53 for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless ndvi_0.53_0.69 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) values of 0.53 - 0.69 for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless ndvi_0.69_1 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) values of 0.69 - 1 for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless sonar_mean Represents the mean ultrasonic (sonar) values for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 81.30 centimeter sonar_cv Represents the coefficient of variantion (cv) ultrasonic (sonar) values for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 9.84 centimeter sonar_skew Represents the skew of ultrasonic (sonar) values for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey -1.56 2.01 unitless sonar_0_5 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within ultrasonic (sonar) heights of 0 - 5cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless sonar_5_10 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within ultrasonic (sonar) heights of 5 - 10cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless sonar_10_15 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within ultrasonic (sonar) heights of 10 - 15cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless sonar_15_20 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within ultrasonic (sonar) heights of 15 - 20cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 0.77 unitless sonar_20_40 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within ultrasonic (sonar) heights of 20 - 40cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless sonar_40_Inf Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within ultrasonic (sonar) heights of >40cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless laser_mean Represents the laser heights for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0.00 62.75 centimeter laser_cv Represents the coefficient of variation (cv) laser heights for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 7.36 centimeter laser_skew Represents the skew of laser values for the summarized ACS-214 points for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey -1.15 3.14 unitless laser_0_5 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within laser heights of 0 - 5cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 0.97 unitless laser_5_10 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within laser heights of 5 - 10cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless laser_10_15 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within laser heights of 10 - 15 cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless laser_15_20 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within laser heights of 15 - 20cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 0.83 unitless laser_20_30 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within laser heights of 20 - 30cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless laser_30_40 Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within laser heights of 30 - 40cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 0.81 unitless laser_40_Inf Represents proportion of points from the summarized ACS-214 data that fall within laser heights of >40cm for a given collection U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Geological Survey 0 1 unitless U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. no prerequisites, any spreadsheet reader will suffice 20250730 W. Dean Hively Southeast Region: LMG-INVEST OPRS PROG Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical

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Beltsville MD 20705 US 301-504-9031 whively@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998