Lauren K. Palermo Sabrina N. Martinez Mike Hearne Benjamin B. Mirus 20251119 1 spreadsheet Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HBHDS This National Landslide Damages and Losses (NLDL) database was developed by extracting relevant information across the U.S. and compiling it within a consistent framework and database structure. Information on economic losses, fatalities, and key event characteristics was extracted from a variety of sources, including but not limited to U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File reports, state and county hazard mitigation plans, state geological survey reports, risk assessments, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) OpenFEMA data. The current version includes 5,687 records from 131 sources, where each record corresponds either to an individual landslide event or to a collection of landslides. For each record the event location, event timing, reported landslide characteristics, as well as damage and loss information is reported where available, and relevant dollar amounts have been adjusted for inflation. This documentation provides definitions and concepts employed in the database, as well as details on the organization, database structure, attributes, and sources of information to aid in interpretation and analysis These data were collected to establish a foundational record and framework of reported damage and economic losses from landslide events in the United States and territories. This database supports initial efforts to consistently document and analyze landslide impacts nationwide (cite paper, once ready). 178204 202312 See Supplemental Info Planned As needed -180.0000 179.8242 71.3008 -25.9580 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus Landslides Hazards None USGS Geologic Hazards Science Center Landslide Hazards Database Economic losses USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:680ff44dd4be02294053a07a Common geographic areas United States Puerto Rico American Samoa No access constraints. Please see 'Distribution Information' for details. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Benjamin B Mirus USGS - ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION Research Geologist mailing and physical

Colorado School of Mines,1711 Illinois St

Golden CO 80401 303-273-8613 bbmirus@usgs.gov We appreciate the input from Curran Mohney (Oregon Department of Transportation) and Xin Wei (University of Michigan). No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical consistency tests were performed. However, the dataset was manually reviewed for internal consistency, including checks for duplicate records and alignment of reported information across key fields. Entries were verified against source materials where available. Some variation in reporting detail is inherent due to differences in original data sources. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. The dataset reflects available reports of landslide damages and losses at the time of compilation, but it is not a comprehensive record of all such events. Users are advised to read the full metadata and associated documentation for information on data limitations, sources, and methodology. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Reported damage and economic loss data associated with landslides in the United States were compiled from a range of sources into a coherent framework. Initial development of the database was guided by a review of well-documented historical landslide losses and a critical assessment of existing disaster loss datasets to identify data gaps and methodological limitations. This informed the conceptual framework and schema used to structure the database. Primary data sources included U.S. Geological Survey publications (such as Open-File and Scientific Investigations Reports), peer-reviewed literature, and government datasets, including Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) OpenFEMA program and the Oregon Department of Transportation’s (ODOT) unstable slopes inventory. The database was expanded to include additional records from state geological surveys, county-level assessments, academic institutions, and other scientifically credible, non-media sources. Emphasis was placed on sources that offered verifiable and methodologically rigorous documentation of physical damage, casualties, economic costs, or a combination of these types of losses. Records were included if they met one or more of the following criteria: (1) the event caused quantifiable economic loss, (2) the event resulted in fatalities or numerous injuries, or (3) the event was widely documented, systematically monitored, or received public funding for response or mitigation. The database excludes indirect economic losses. Each entry in the database was manually reviewed and standardized into a pre-defined structure comprising 57 fields, such as event timing, location, type of losses and quantification thereof, and source documentation. A distinction was made between “landslide events,” which may encompass multiple landslides grouped together due to reporting practices, and “landslide records,” which represent individual entries in the database. When available, specific landslide counts were included, but counts are not reported consistently across primary data sources. Data were processed using a systematic and reproducible workflow. All discrepancies, data limitations, and methodological decisions were noted in accompanying database fields. When necessary, standardized damage classifications were applied using expert judgment, and where uncertainty existed, classification rationale was documented. While the dataset represents a substantive compilation of landslide losses within the U.S., it is known to be an incomplete assessment due in large part to reporting gaps and variability across jurisdictions and time periods. 2025 Lauren K. Palermo USGS - ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION Geologist mailing and physical

Colorado School of Mines,1711 Illinois St

Golden CO 80401 303-273-8613 lpalermo@usgs.gov NLDL_V1.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing the National Landslide Damages and Losses database. Producer Defined Record_ID A unique identifier for each record. Producer Defined 1 5687 State_USTerritory The two-letter abbreviation of the state or territory. Producer Defined A two-letter abbreviation of the state or territory where the landslide event occurred. State_USTerritory_FIPS The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) code corresponding to the state or territory. Producer Defined FIPS Code (2-Digit State ID) American National Stanards Institute (ANSI) County The name of the county(s) associated with the landslide event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Name of the county(s) associated with the landslide event, separated by commas where multiple. County_FIPS The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) code associated with the county or counties. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined FIPS code(s) corresponding to the county(s), separated by commas where multiple. City The name of the city or cities where the landslide event occurred. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Name of the city or cities where the landslide event occurred. Latitude The latitude of the event location, expressed in decimal degrees. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 38.13 63.5 Decimal degrees Longitude The longitude of the event location, expressed in decimal degrees. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined -170.38 -84.835 Decimal degrees Other_Loc_Details Additional details concerning the event's location that do not fit established categories. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Additional location details about the landslide event not captured in other fields. Geog_Aggregation Geographic extent over which a landslide record is aggregated. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Individual County A landslide record with impacts confined to the boundaries of a single county, parish, borough, or equivalent administrative division. This includes unincorporated areas, municipalities, townships, and other local governmental units that fall within that county's jurisdiction. Producer defined Multiple Counties A landslide record with impacts that extend across two or more counties within the same state. This classification is used when damage and losses affect distinct county jurisdictions but remain contained within a single state's boundaries. Producer defined Individual City A landslide record with impacts restricted to the boundaries of a single incorporated city, town, village, or municipal area. This classification is used when damages and losses do not extend beyond the municipal limits of the affected community. Producer defined Individual State A landslide record with widespread impacts affecting an individual state or U.S. territory (marked with an asterisk *). This classification is used when the event requires state-level response efforts or when impacts are distributed across multiple locations within a single state but not contained to specific cities or counties. Producer defined National Forest A landslide record occurring within the boundaries of a National Forest designated and managed by the U.S. Forest Service. This classification is used when impacts are primarily contained within federally managed forest lands, which may cross county or state lines but are unified under federal jurisdiction. Producer defined National Park A landslide record occurring within the boundaries of a National Park, National Monument, National Recreation Area, or other unit managed by the National Park Service. This classification applies when impacts are primarily within these federally protected lands, which have distinct management priorities and response protocols compared to other jurisdictions. Producer defined Multiple States A landslide record with impacts that cross state boundaries, affecting two or more states or territories. This classification is used for large-scale events that may require coordination between multiple state agencies or involve federal response. Producer defined Multiple Cities A landslide record with impacts that affect two or more cities, towns, or municipal areas. These cities may be within the same county or in different counties, but the defining characteristic is that multiple incorporated communities experience direct impacts from the same landslide record. Producer defined Complex A landslide record with impacts spanning multiple geographic classification types that cannot be adequately categorized under other definitions. Complex events may involve intersecting jurisdictions (For example, affecting both a National Park and multiple counties). Producer defined Tribal Organization A landslide record occurring within or significantly affecting Native American tribal lands, reservations, or territories recognized by federal, state, or local authorities. Producer defined Event_Date The date when the event associated with the landslide begun. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 05/05/1831 11/20/2023 Dates Event_Name The name assigned to the landslide event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Assigned name of the landslide event. Timeframe A description of the time range relevant to the landslide event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined The time range of the landslide event, reported as YYYY or YYYY-YYYY. Start_Year The starting year of a defined time period for the event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 1782 2023 Years End_Year The ending year of a defined time period for the event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 1782 2025 Years Publication_Year The year in which the event documentation was published. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 1978 2025 Years Reported_LS_Description Verbatim description of the landslide or landslides as documented, providing specific details on the event . Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Verbatim description of the landslide(s) described in the landslide event. LS_Date Date of occurrence of landslide(s). Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 5/5/1831 9/26/2022 Dates Reactivated Indicates whether the landslide event is a reactivation of a previous event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined No The landslide or landslides were not a reactivation of an old landslide. Producer defined Yes The landslide or landslides are a reactivation of an old landslide. Producer defined LS_Material Type of material involved in the landslide. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Rock, Soil The material of the landslide was reported as rock and soil. Producer defined Soil The material of the landslide was reported as soil. Producer defined Rock The material of the landslide was reported as rock. Producer defined Reported_LS_Area Reported landslide area in square kilometers. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0.0 121.2 Km^2 Reported_LS_Volume Reported landslide volume in cubic kilometers. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0.0 2.8 Km^3 Reported_LS_Length Reported landslide length in kilometers. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0.001524 22.5 Km Reported_LS_Trigger A single response indicating the primary reported trigger of the landslide event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Rainfall Precipitation in the form of liquid water droplets that is not specifically associated with a tropical cyclone or atmospheric river. Producer defined Earthquake An earthquake is the motion or trembling of the ground produced by sudden displacement of rock in the Earth's crust. Producer defined Snowmelt The result of solid snow melting into liquid water. Producer defined Rainfall (Tropical Cyclone) A tropical cyclone is the generic term for a non-frontal synoptic scale low-pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation (Holland, 1993). Producer defined Other Any additional factor or combination of conditions not specifically categorized, such as volcanic activity or dam failures, that contributes to landslide initiation. Producer defined Human Intervention Any actions or activities taken by humans that exacerbate the conditions leading to landslides. Producer defined Rainfall (Atmospheric River) A flowing column of condensed water vapor in the atmosphere responsible for producing significant levels of rain and snow. Producer defined LS_Aggregation A single response that indicates the frequency of landslide events covered in the record. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Individual Landslide Information is attributed to one clearly defined landslide. Producer defined Multiple Landslides Impacts or losses are aggregated across multiple landslides. Producer defined Reported_Damage Details on what was reported regarding damage, typically verbatim from reports. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Details of reported damages from the landslide. Multihazard Indicates whether the event involved multiple types of hazards. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Yes The landslide event occurred alongside or was triggered by one or more additional natural hazards (e.g., earthquake, flood, wildfire), and these hazards contributed to or co-occurred with the landslide impacts. Producer defined No The record pertains solely to a landslide event with no indication of concurrent or contributing hazards. Producer defined PDA Indicates whether this record is from a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA). Producer Defined No The record does not originate from a FEMA Preliminary Damage Assessment and is sourced from other documentation. Producer defined Yes The record originates from a FEMA Preliminary Damage Assessment. Producer defined Damaged_Assets Types of assets that incurred direct losses due to the impacts of a landslide event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Field responses can be one or more of the following response options: Railroad, Road (Public), Road (Private), Building (Public), Building (Private), Cultural Resource, Pipelines, Other Infrastructure, Environmental or Ecological Asset, Other Land (Private), Other Land (Public), Agricultural Land, Timberland, Dam, Forested Land, Not Reported If there is more than one damaged asset, they are separated by commas. See "NLDL_Glossary.pdf" for definitions of each term above. Home_Damage Indicates whether there were homes identified as damaged or destroyed. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined No The record contains no report or evidence of home damage resulting from the landslide event. Producer defined Yes The record indicates that one or more homes were reported as damaged due to the landslide event. Producer defined Total_Num_Impacted_Homes Total number of homes that experienced damage or destruction from landslide events. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 6500 Homes Num_Destroyed_Homes Total number of homes reported as destroyed from the landslide event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 1700 Homes Num_Damaged_Homes Total number of homes reported as damaged from landslide events. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 6500 Homes Injuries Reported number of injuries. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 477 Injuries Exclude_From_Sum_Injuries Indicates whether this record should be excluded from total injury counts. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined No This record should be included in aggregate injury totals Producer defined Yes This record should be excluded from aggregate injury totals, due to duplication, or reporting limitations Producer defined Fatalities Reported number of fatalities. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 432 Fatalities Exclude_From_Sum_Fatalities Indicates whether this record could be excluded from total fatality counts to avoid duplication. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined No This record should be included in aggregate fatality totals. Producer defined Yes This record should be excluded from aggregate fatality totals, due to duplication, or reporting limitations. Producer defined Reported_Loss_Description_1 A detailed description of the reported losses associated with the event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Detailed description of the first reported loss. Loss_1 The monetary value of landslide losses reported. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 2,500,000,000 USD Loss_Reported_Cost_Year_1 The year associated with the reported cost of a loss. This may differ from the year in which the event involving loss was reported or occurred. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 1978 2024 Loss_Adjusted_1 The loss amount after inflation is adjusted to 2024 USD. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 3,366,383,066.4 USD Source_Loss_Description_1 Specific information on where the loss information was sourced from, either verbatim or in-text citation. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Source of the first loss information, either verbatim or in-text citation. Source_Loss_Info_1 Categorizing the source(s) of loss information. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Categorization of the source(s) of the first loss information using one, or multiple, of the categories below: Federal, State, City, County, Private Entity, Unincorporated, Tribal Organization, Other If multiple categories are used, separate them using a comma. Loss_Type_1 A single response indicating the type of loss reported. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Assessment An initial survey or evaluation of the damage and the anticipated or estimated cost to fix the damage to the given asset(s). Producer defined Replacement Cost Cost to replace the asset(s) on the basis of its pre-disaster design (size and capacity) and function in accordance with applicable codes or standards. Producer defined Repair Cost Cost to restore a damaged asset to its pre-disaster design, function, and capacity Producer defined Mitigation Cost The cost allocated for routine/preventive maintenance activities that preserve the existing condition and extend useful life of affected asset(s). Producer defined Litigation Cost paid for legal filings through a court to resolve disputes through the public court system. Producer defined Loss_Bearer_1 Identifies the entity(s) responsible for the losses. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Categorization of the loss bearer(s) using one, or multiple, of the categories below: Federal, State, City, County, Private, Individual, Tribal Organization, Other If multiple loss bearers are reported, they should be separated by a comma. Reported_Loss_Description_2 A detailed description of the second reported losses from the event. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Detailed description of the second reported loss. Loss_2 The monetary value of a second loss reported. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 80,000 951,000,000 USD Loss_Reported_Cost_Year_2 The year associated with the reported cost of a loss. This may differ from the year in which the event involving loss was reported or occurred. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 2008 2023 Year Loss_Adjusted_2 The second loss amount after inflation is adjusted to 2024 USD. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 132,848.70 2,772,474,340.15 USD Source_Loss_Description_2 Specific information on where the second loss information was sourced from, either verbatim or in-text citation. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined The specific source of the reported loss information for a given record. The source can be reported either in verbatim or as an in-text citation, if available. Source_Loss_Info_2 Categorizing the source(s) of loss information from the second loss value. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Categorization of the source(s) of the first loss information using one, or multiple, of the categories below: Federal, State, City, County, Private Entity, Unincorporated, Tribal Organization, Other If multiple categories are used, separate them using a comma. Loss_Type_2 A single response indicating the type of the second loss reported. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Litigation Cost paid for legal filings through a court to resolve disputes through the public court system. Producer defined Mitigation Cost The cost allocated for routine/preventive maintenance activities that preserve the existing condition and extend useful life of affected asset(s). Producer defined Replacement Cost Cost to replace the asset(s) on the basis of its pre-disaster design (size and capacity) and function in accordance with applicable codes or standards. Producer defined Repair Cost Cost to restore a damaged asset to its pre-disaster design, function, and capacity Producer defined Assessment An initial survey or evaluation of the damage and the anticipated or estimated cost to fix the damage to the given asset(s). Producer defined Loss_Bearer_2 Identifies the entity(s) responsible for the losses. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Categorization of the loss bearer(s) using one, or multiple, of the categories below: Federal, State, City, County, Private, Individual, Tribal Organization, Other If multiple loss bearers are reported, they should be separated by a comma. Loss_Total The total monetary loss calculated from individual loss entries. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 2,500,000,000 USD Loss_Total_Adjusted The total monetary loss after adjustment for inflation. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined 0 3,366,383,066.4 USD Notes Additional comments, clarifications, or miscellaneous information related to the record. Producer Defined << empty cell >> Not Reported Producer defined Any additional comments, clarifications, or miscellaneous information related to the record. Source_Document Reference to the source document that contains additional details about the landslide event. Producer Defined Reference to the source document where the data in the landslide record originates. NLDL_V1_References.txt Tab delimited text file containing all of the references for the National Landslide Damages and Losses database. Producer Defined References References for the sources in the National Landslide Damages and Losses database. Producer Defined Reference of the source document for the given record. NLDL_Framework.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined Attribute Name The name of the attribute (e.g. column) in the database Producer Defined Each attribute represents one column of the database. Category Category of attribute in context of the database framework Producer Defined Identifier Unique ID that allows identification of records numerically. Producer defined Location Fields that detail information on the location of landslide(s). Producer defined Timing Fields that detail information on the timing of landslide(s). Producer defined Landslide Information Fields that detail information on the general information of landslide(s) Producer defined Impacts Fields that detail information on the impacts of landslide(s). Producer defined Supporting Information Fields that detail various supporting information about the landslide(s) that may not be reported in other categories. Producer defined Impacts_Human Fields that detail information on the impact information of landslide(s) specific to humans. Producer defined Impacts_Loss Fields that detail information on the impact information of landslide(s) specific to loss. Producer defined Plain Language Name Name of attribute in plain language. Producer Defined N/A Data Type Type of data represented in the given attribute (column). Producer Defined Numerical Value (Integer) A whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero, without any fractional or decimal component. Producer defined Text Stores alphanumeric data, including names, descriptions, or any other textual information. Producer defined Numerical Value (Decimal) Precise numerical data with a decimal component. Producer defined Categorical Data that represents discrete, distinct categories or groups. Producer defined Boolean A data type that holds one of two possible values: true or false (or yes/no). Producer defined Definition Definition of the attribute and what it entails. Producer Defined N/A Notes Any extra information that is relevant to understanding the various attributes in the database. Producer Defined N/A Three attached files with defined entities and attributes. Palermo, L.K., Martinez, S.N., Hearne, M., and Mirus, B.B., 2025, U.S. National Landslide Damages and Losses: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HBHDS. U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center

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Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HBHDS None 20251119 U.S. Geological Survey GS-HAZ Metadata physical

1711 Illinois Street

Golden Colorado 80401 303-273-8500 ghsc_metadata@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998