Brett B. Carr Michael H. Zoeller Liliana G. DeSmither Drew T. Downs Christopher W. Hamilton Katherine Mulliken Carolyn E. Parcheta Matthew R. Patrick 20250423 publication https://doi.org/10.5066/P1IHM3GT Carr, Brett B. Michael H. Zoeller Liliana G. DeSmither Drew T. Downs Christopher W. Hamilton Katherine Mulliken Carolyn E. Parcheta Matthew R. Patrick 2025 raster digital data Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Carr, B. B., 2025, Digital elevation models, orthomosaics, and GIS shapefiles of the 2020–2021 summit eruption at Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1IHM3GT https://doi.org/10.5066/P1IHM3GT During the 2020–2021 summit eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, staff at the U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) conducted 17 helicopter overflights of the eruption area between the dates of 21 December 2020 and 8 June 2021. Images captured during these flights were processed using the structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthomosaics of a lava lake filling Halemaʻumaʻu crater. This data release contains the DEMs and orthomosaics processed to achieve the highest possible accuracy and spatial resolution. A pre-eruption DEM and orthomosaic produced using overflight images from 8 April 2019 and 29 May 2020, used for spatial reference, are also included. Vector shapefiles are included for each eruption overflight identifying the eruption vents, the perimeter of the eruption deposits (combined vent area and lava lake surface), islands on the lava lake surface, and the mobile surface of the lava lake (where incandescent, flowing lava was observed). The data were collected to provide topographic (digital elevation models, DEMs) and visual (orthomosaics) information on the lava lake filling Halemaʻumaʻu crater during the 2020-2021 summit eruption of Kīlauea volcano. The shapefiles identify the main features of the eruption mapped from the DEMs and orthomosaics including, for each helicopter overflight, the vents, perimeter of eruptive deposits, mobile surface of the lava lake, and islands in the lava lake surface. The DEMs, orthomosaics, and shapefiles included can be used for spatial identification and analysis of eruptive features and processes. These data support research on lava lake dynamics by Carr and others (under review). Orthomosaics for the larger work product. 20201221 20210608 ground condition Complete None planned -155.31370 -155.23450 19.45020 19.37210 ISO 19115 Topic Category imageryBaseMapsEarthCover USGS Thesaurus volcanic activity volcanic rocks Lithclass6.2 Volcanic rock mafic volcanic rock Basalt Lava lake USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:67e70476d34ee3695ea1d957 Common geographic names United States Hawaii Pacific Pacific Islands None Kīlauea Kaluapele Halemaʻumaʻu None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Brett B. Carr University of Arizona Research Scientist mailing

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Tucson AZ 85721-0092 USA 405-473-5512 bbcarr@arizona.edu Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park supported HVO staff access to closed areas of the park for eruption monitoring and hazard assessment purposes. Kendra J. Lynn and Patricia A. Nadeau provided reviews of the data release content. While affiliated with HVO, Brett B. Carr was supported by the Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship Program (award 17-16). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Photogrammetry processing was conducted using Agisoft Metashape v1.8.1. Shapefiles were created using QGIS v.3.28. The computer operating system used to run the software was Mac OS 13 (Sonoma). This data release contains 358 files for a total size of 13.3 GB. Not applicable for raster digital data Not applicable for raster digital data Dataset is considered completed for photogrammetric products from the 2020–2021 Kīlauea eruption. Horizontal accuracy relative to the pre-eruption basemap used (see methods description) varies for each overflight (DEM and orthomosaic pair). See the metadata processing report for each overflight for the horizontal accuracy calculated from the ground points used to align the overflight model to the pre-eruption model. Vertical accuracy relative to the pre-eruption basemap used (see methods description) varies for each overflight (DEM and orthomosaic pair). See the metadata processing report for each overflight for the vertical accuracy calculated from the ground points used to align the overflight model to the pre-eruption model. Images for SfM photogrammetry were captured during helicopter flights over the eruption area, typically in half-orbital flight paths around the caldera. Agisoft Metashape Pro software was used for the SfM processing. Spatial reference was provided by aligning the eruption overflight 3D models to a pre-eruption model (also created with SfM photogrammetry using images from helicopter overflights) using a set of natural ground control points at unchanged and well-defined topographic features. DEMs and orthomosaics were exported in GeoTIFF format. Metadata processing reports were exports as PDFs. The DEMs and orthomosaics were loaded into QGIS and used to draw shapefiles for the vents, perimeter of the vents plus lava lake, islands, and mobile lake surface. See attached methodology document for more details. 20230601 Brett Carr Unviersity of Arizona Researcher/Scientist III mailing

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Tucson AZ 85721-0092 USA 405-473-5512 bbcarr@arizona.edu Raster Grid Cell 17093 16869 1 Universal Transverse Mercator 5 0.9996 -153.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 row and column 0.5000000000000018 0.5 meters North_American_Datum_1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101004 This data release contains three data types: 1) GeoTIFF rasters (.tif); 2) vector Shapefiles (.shp and associated .cpg, .dbf, .prj, .qmd, and .shx files); and, 3) PDF metadata reports for SfM processing (.pdf). Each data file begins with the date of data collection in the format "yyyy_mm_dd", for example, 2020_12_21, followed by the file content in any of the following forms: 1) _DEM.tif for the DEMs; 2) _ortho.tif for the orthomosaics; 3) _report.pdf for the metadata processing reports; 4) _LavaLake.shp for the perimeter of the lava lake and vents; 5) _Islands.shp for the islands on the lava lake surface; and, 6) _ActiveLake.shp for the mobile surface of the lava lake. There are three sets of data that do not precisely follow this naming convention because the data is not specific to a certain date. These are: 1) “Vents_Dec_2020.<file type>”, a shapefile of the vent locations for the 2020–2021 eruption; 2) “Profile_Lines.<file type>” a shapefile of the line used to create topographic profiles of Halemaʻumaʻu; and 3) “PreEruption_Merged_<file content>.<file type>” which is the photogrammetric model (DEM, orthomosaic, and processing report) created by merging photographs from pre-eruption overflights that occurred on 8 April 2019 and 29 May 2020. The file "Processing_Data_HMM_2020-2021.xlsx" contains the settings used for SfM photogrammetry processing of the data.The file "Photogrammetry_Methods.docx" contains a detailed description of the data release contents and how they were created. Author U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P1IHM3GT None 20250430 Brett B. Carr University of Arizona Research Scientist mailing

P.O. Box 210092

Tucson AZ 85721-0092 USA 405-473-5512 bbcarr@arizona.edu FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998