Jason S. Finkelstein Josh C. Woda Ezra I. Grey Neil C. Terry Christoper L. Gazoorian David J. Kelley 20250707 Point, line, polygon, and raster digital data Troy, New York U.S. Geological Survey Data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P13WJRT5 Josh Woda Neil Terry David Kelley Jason Finkelstein Christopher Gazoorian James McKenna 2025 Journal United Kingdom Hydrologic Processes: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.176426294.41611689/v1 This data release contains geospatial datasets that identify thermal zones across multiple reaches of four tributaries to Lake Ontario: St. Regis River, Salmon River, South Sandy Creek, and Sandy Creek. High-resolution uncrewed aircraft system (UAS)-based optical and thermal infrared imagery and ground level field observations are included. Shapefiles for each tributary reach identify thermal zones that are three, five, ten, and fifteen percent different than a reference temperature calculated as a mean along the approximate centerline of each reach. Also included are shapefiles of output from statistical geospatial models described in Woda and others (2025) for the same four tributaries plus Oak Orchard Creek, and Irondequoit Creek. These models predict where groundwater discharge to these tributaries is most likely and results were used to guide the selection of field sites for data collection and higher-resolution drone-based surveys. These data are accessible as an online webmap: https://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/thermalrefugia First posted July, 2025, ver. 1.0 Revised December, 2025, ver. 2.0 Version 2.0 includes all the Version 1.0 data plus shapefiles of outputs from statistical geospatial models used to predict groundwater discharge and identify locations for UAS-based imagery collection. Additional geospatial attributes describing the source of groundwater discharge observed during foot surveys are also included. As part of the Great Lakes Restoration initiative (GLRI), and in partnership with the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, these data were collected to identify thermal refugia for cold-water fish in Lake Ontario tributaries. These data support informed decision-making related to cold-water fish habitat management. 2023 2025 ground condition Complete None planned -78.5 -74.1 45.1 42.8 ISO 19115 Topic Category environment inlandWaters geoscientificInformation None USGS Groundwater Groundwater discharge Thermal Refugia Habitat Cold-water fish Infrared UAS USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:67dd6efed34eae450ac1c895 USGS Thesaurus remote sensing structure from motion geospatial datasets image mosaics None New York Lake Ontario Salmon River Sandy Creek South Sandy Creek St. Regis River Irondequoit Creek Oak Orchard Creek None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from this data release. Users are advised to read the datasets metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Jason S. Finkelstein Hydrologist mailing address

425 Jordan Road

Troy NY 12180 United States 518-285-5606 jfinkels@usgs.gov Data prepared by U.S. Geological Survey, with support from the Great Lakes Restoration initiative (GLRI) and in cooperation with the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2; Esri ArcPro 3.3.0, Agisoft Metashape Pro v. 2.1.1 Jin-Si R. Over Andrew C. Ritchie Christine J. Kranenburg Jennifer Brown Daniel D. Buscombe Tom Noble Christopher R. Sherwood Jonathan Warrick Phillipe A. Wernette 2021 publication Open-File Report 2021-1039 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey This publication includes the general methodology for processing imagery in Metashape to produce digital surface models and ortho products. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039 The technical specifications for the Skydio X10 (Skydio, 2025) indicate that the integrated FLIR Boson+ thermal camera has an IR temperature measurement accuracy of either +/- 5°C or 5%, whichever is greater. External factors such as reflections and ground cover can influence observed temperatures and may require in-field calibration to validate the stated accuracy. Since no in-field calibrations were performed in this study, the thermal values obtained should be interpreted as relative temperatures within the overall tributary reach rather than precise measurements. A statistical model was developed to predict areas with a high likelihood of groundwater discharge by integrating four geospatial datasets: (1) surficial geology, (2) wetland presence, (3) topographic wetness index (TWI), and (4) differential elevation. The model identified specific locations along tributaries that were prioritized for higher-resolution drone-based optical and thermal infrared surveys. Temperature contrast zones within these tributaries were then mapped using high-resolution uncrewed aircraft system (UAS)-based optical and thermal infrared imagery. These zones were mapped based on temperature deviations from the average temperature along the approximate centerline of the reach. During warm periods, the mapped zones include areas where temperatures are at least 3%, 5%, 10%, or 15% cooler than the average temperature. During cold periods (data collections of Sandy creek R1, Salmon R2 F1, Salmon R2 F2), the mapped zones include areas where temperatures are at least 3%, 5%, 10%, or 15% warmer than the average temperature. UAS images were processed using structure from motion (SfM) to produce a true-color (RGBavg) orthomosaics and a thermal infrared orthomosaic rasters. The offset between thermal imagery and ortho imagery, which was often less than 5 feet, was not corrected due to the non-uniform nature of the offsets across the mosaicked images. A standardized shift could not effectively resolve these localized discrepancies, so users should exercise caution when comparing the images to basemaps. Additionally, some rasters exhibit directional banding caused by sunlight reflections on the surface. While this banding affects the accuracy of temperature estimates, it still allows for the identification of zones of thermal contrast, though it limits precise quantification of that contrast. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Horizontal accuracy varies across different reaches. Ground control points (GCPs; AeroPoints, Trimble) were deployed at Sandy Creek Reach 1 for both thermal and optical images. The RMS reprojection error values of tie points were found to be less than 0.5 meters. However, additional sources of error, such as moving objects, may cause the accuracy to exceed these estimates. Therefore, users are advised to conduct their own quality control checks. For some flights, GCPs were deployed but due to placement issues (dense canopy, shadows, poor capture within images) processed outputs were less accurate when GCPs were included so they were not used to create the final product. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has not been conducted. Mattivi, P., Franci, F., Lambertini, A., and Bitelli, G. 2019 Journal New York, NY Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards https://opengeospatialdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40965-019-0066-y Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards, 4(6) 2019 ground condition Journal: Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards, 4(6) Used methods to create a TWI dataset. New York State GIS Resources 2024 Raster Albany, NY NYS ITS Geospatial Services https://elevation.its.ny.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Latest_DEM/ImageServer DEM data 2024 ground condition DEM data Lidar data used as input in statistical model. Over, J.R., Ritchie, A.C., Kranenburg, C.J., Brown, J.A., Buscombe, D., Noble, T., Sherwood, C.R., Warrick, J.A., and Wernette, P.A. 2021 Open-File Report Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20211039 Open-File Report 2021-1039 2021 ground condition U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021-1039 Used methods to process drone imagery. Skydio 20250529 Webpage/PDF document San Mateo, California Skydio https://support.skydio.com/hc/en-us/articles/20763831530907-Skydio-X10-Videos-Manuals-and-Guides Webpage/PDF document 2025 Complete Skydio Skydio operator manual for the X10 drone Sørensen, R., Zinko, U., and Seibert, J. 2006 Journal Germany Hydrology and Earth System Sciences https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-101-2006 Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10(1), 101–112 2006 ground condition Journal: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10(1), 101–112 Used methods to create a TWI dataset. United States Department of Agriculture 2024 Polygons Washington, D.C. United States Department of Agriculture https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/ Web soil survey 2024 ground condition Web soil survey Downloaded soils data from web soil survey to use in statistical model. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2024 Polygons Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service https://www.fws.gov/program/national-wetlands-inventory National Wetlands Inventory 2024 ground condition National Wetlands Inventory Downloaded wetlands data from National Wetlands Inventory to use in statistical model. A model grid was created and aligned perpendicular to the selected tributaries. Polygons measuring 300 × 300 meters were generated along both the left and right banks. A sliding-window approach placed individual grid cells 100 ft apart, producing overlapping cells and improving the spatial resolution for analysis. The grid provided the framework for developing a predictive model to identify areas with a high likelihood of groundwater discharge. Four geospatial factors formed the basis of the model: surficial geology, wetland presence, topographic wetness index (TWI), and elevation differences. Each polygon was assigned a score ranging from 0 to 2 for each factor, with higher scores representing a greater likelihood of groundwater discharge. 2024 Surficial geology was inferred from USDA SSURGO data and manually adjusted to reflect underlying surficial or bedrock type. Scores were based on the permeability of materials. Coarse-grained deposits (e.g., glacial kame deposits and outwash) were assigned a score of 2. Medium-grained soils (e.g., lacustrine sand) were scored 1. Fine-grained soils and materials that typically inhibit groundwater flow (e.g., tills and lacustrine clays) were scored 0. 2024 Wetland data were obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory. Scores were based on the proportion of each polygon classified as wetland. Polygons with more than 25% wetland coverage were scored 2. Coverage between 3% and 25% was scored 1, and polygons with less than 3% wetland coverage were scored 0. 2024 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) was derived from digital elevation models using standard methods (Mattivi and others, 2019; Sørensen and others, 2006). Scores were assigned using stream-specific quartiles. Polygons in the 4th quartile (highest values) were scored 2, those in the 3rd quartile were scored 1, and those in the 1st and 2nd quartiles were scored 0. 2024 Elevation differences were scored using the same stream-specific quartile system applied to TWI. 2024 Scores from all four categories were summed for each polygon, resulting in total values ranging from 0 to 8. Clusters of high-scoring polygons were identified as areas of probable groundwater discharge and guided the selection of locations for ground-based and drone-based surveys. 2024 Ground and uncrewed aircraft system (UAS)-based surveys were conducted in select reaches along select tributaries of Lake Ontario. These surveys involved walking within the stream, along the banks, and off-channel, using a YSI ProPLUS to measure specific conductance and temperature, as well as a FLIR E8-XT thermal camera. Each study area was mapped using thermal infrared (TIR) and optical aerial images collected by the Skydio X10 VT300-L quadcopter (Skydio X10) UAS. The data were exported in the horizontal datum WGS84 to produce latitude, longitude, and ellipsoid heights. 2024 The Skydio X10 is a small UAS with an integrated VT300-L camera system. The radiometric thermal camera is a FLIR Boson+ with less than 30 millikelvin in sensitivity. The Skydio also has two RGB cameras; one with a 50-degree narrow field of view and the other with a 93-degree wide field of view. Flight paths followed a parallel ‘lawn-mower’ pattern with, at minimum, 70% overlap and 70% sidelap of TIR images. In cases where TIR mosaicking was difficult to achieve this was increased further to 80% for each. Optical overlaps were generally over 90%. Some reaches were flown multiple times to maximize the possibility for successful processing of TIR images. Seven AeroPoint GCPs were spaced out over the Sandy Creek Reach 1 field site and left on for the duration of the survey to collect GNSS data. After collection and connected to Wifi, the Aeropoint data were uploaded and run through a post-processing kinematic algorithm of the CORS network to get a global accuracy. Internal accuracy is reported in xyz variance and with a baseline distance. All other surveys lacked GCPs and the resultant models are based on the camera positions determined from the UAS GPS alone. All images were automatically tagged by the internal GPS in World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) and Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96). 2025 The mosaic raster files were created in Agisoft Metashape Pro v. 2.1.1 using the following general steps, see Over and others, 2021 for a more detailed SfM methodology explanation. Each reach was processed individually but some products were created using imagery captured from flights flown on seperate days. 1. A new project was created in Metashape and thermal and RGB imagery was imported. 2. Cameras were calibrated and pixel size and focal length (FL) were set to the following values: a. Skydio X10 TIR: FL = 13.6mm Size = 0.012 x 0.012 b. Skydio X10 EO (Electro-Optical): FL = 8mm Size = 0.0016 x 0.0014 3. For TIR processing the raster transform was set to the following: a. Skydio high gain: 0.01*b1-273.15 b. Skydio low gain: 0.02*b1-273.15 (images collected on 8/3/24 were collected using low gain) 4. If using control points photos were aligned initially using accuracy level "medium", all other photos were aligned initially using accuracy level "high". 5. The resultant point clouds were filtered with the "Reconstruction Uncertainty" filter with the goal of achieving a level 10 for EOs and 20-30 for TIRs. The "Projection Accuracy" filter was used to filter points to a goal level of 2 for EOs and 4-6 for TIRs. With each filter iteration, points were selected and deleted with care taken to not delete more than 50% points at a time with the RU and PA filters. After deletion, the camera model was optimized to refine the focal length, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, k4, p1, p2, b1, b2 and additional camera model coefficients. 6. The "Reprojection Error" filter was used to filter points to a goal level of 0.3 for EOs and 0.5 for TIRs. With each filter iteration, points were selected and deleted with care taken to not delete more than 10% of points at a time. After deletion, the camera model was optimized to refine the focal length, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, k4, p1, p2, b1, and b2 and additional corrections were fit. 7. Points were manually deleted targeting outliers (floaters and sinkers). 8. High quality point clouds were made and then used to create a digital elevation model and orthomosaic. 9. Exported TIFFs were uploaded to ArcPro to ensure that the products lined up with satellite imagery. 2025 Both TIR and optical images were processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition (Metashape) photogrammetry software. The thermal imagery rasters included in this data release are uncalibrated, meaning the temperature values have limited accuracy. As a result, thermal values should be interpreted as indicating relative temperatures within the overall tributary reach rather than precise measurements. Details and root mean square errors associated with each individual mosaic raster can be found in the comma-separated values (csv) "LakeOntario_Product_Details.csv". These surveys were not conducted along Irondequoit and Oak Orchard Creeks. 2025 Geospatial processing was performed to identify zones of contrast within each tributary. This analysis focused on areas that exhibited temperature differences compared to a reference temperature determined along the center of each reach. Specifically, zones were identified if they were at least 3%, 5%, 10%, or 15% colder than the reference during warm periods, or 3%, 5%, 10%, or 15% warmer during cold periods. 2025 All associated geospatial data are available to view in an interactive web application (https://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/thermalrefugia). 2025 Universal Transverse Mercator 18 0.9996 -75.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.6096 0.6096 meters North_American_Datum_1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 SalmonRiver_FootSurveys Salmon River foot surveys shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains field collected data along the Salmon River. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 139 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Point feature Date Date of collection Producer defined 12/13/2023 01/22/2024 Date Discharge Source of discharge flowing into Salmon River Producer defined Source of discharge flowing into Salmon River Temp Temperature value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 0.5 9.2 Degrees, Celsius Spec_Cond Specific conductance value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 23 480 µs/cm SandyCreek_FootSurveys Sandy Creek foot surveys shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains field collected data along Sandy Creek. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 49 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Point feature Date Date of collection Producer defined 03/25/2024 05/01/2024 Date Discharge Source of discharge flowing into Sandy Creek Producer defined Source of discharge flowing into Sandy Creek Temp Temperature value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 1.2 9.8 Degrees, Celsius Spec_Cond Specific conductance value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 206 3000 µs/cm SouthSandyCreek_FootSurveys South Sandy Creek foot surveys shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains field collected data along South Sandy Creek. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 132 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Point feature Date Date of collection Producer defined 12/12/2023 08/08/2024 Date Discharge Source of discharge flowing into South Sandy Creek Producer defined Source of discharge flowing into South Sandy Creek Temp Temperature value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 14.9 18.7 Degrees, Celsius Spec_Cond Specific conductance value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 220 716 µs/cm StRegisRiver_FootSurveys St. Regis River foot surveys shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains field collected data along the St. Regis River. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 44 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Point feature Date Date of collection Producer defined 11/16/2023 08/07/2024 Date Discharge Source of discharge flowing into St. Regis River Producer defined Source of discharge flowing into St. Regis River Temp Temperature value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 4 22.8 Degrees, Celsius Spec_Cond Specific conductance value Producer defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 77 1031 µs/cm SalmonRiver_ModelResults Salmon River model results shapefile (within the SalmonRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains calculated model results data along the Salmon River. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 2906 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature TWI_mean Mean value of topographic wetness index Producer defined 3.337755 13.030289 Mean value of topographic wetness index TWI_score Model score for topographic wetness index category Producer defined 0 2 Model score WL_area Percentage of area within a designated wetlands area Producer defined 0 100 Percent WL_score Model score for wetlands category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Elev_diff Elevation difference within the model cell Producer defined 0 90.457001 Meters Elev_score Model score for elevation category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Soil_score Model score for soil category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Total_score Total model score for model cell Producer defined 0.055435 7 Model score SandyCreek_ModelResults Sandy Creek model results shapefile (within the SandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains calculated model results data along Sandy Creek. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 5314 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature TWI_mean Mean value of topographic wetness index Producer defined 0 13.172261 Mean value of topographic wetness index TWI_score Model score for topographic wetness index category Producer defined 0 2 Model score WL_area Percentage of area within a designated wetlands area Producer defined 0 100 Percent WL_score Model score for wetlands category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Elev_diff Elevation difference within the model cell Producer defined 0 43.051498 Meters Elev_score Model score for elevation category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Soil_score Model score for soil category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Total_score Total model score for model cell Producer defined 0 8 Model score SouthSandyCreek_ModelResults South Sandy Creek model results shapefile (within the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains calculated model results data along South Sandy Creek. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 3469 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature TWI_mean Mean value of topographic wetness index Producer defined 0 10.123439 Mean value of topographic wetness index TWI_score Model score for topographic wetness index category Producer defined 0 2 Model score WL_area Percentage of area within a designated wetlands area Producer defined 0 98.862344 Percent WL_score Model score for wetlands category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Elev_diff Elevation difference within the model cell Producer defined 1.120232 70.114273 Meters Elev_score Model score for elevation category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Soil_score Model score for soil category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Total_score Total model score for model cell Producer defined 0 5.978541 Model score StRegisRiver_ModelResults St. Regis River model results shapefile (within the StRegisRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains calculated model results data along the St. Regis River. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 4709 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature TWI_mean Mean value of topographic wetness index Producer defined 0 9.27326 Mean value of topographic wetness index TWI_score Model score for topographic wetness index category Producer defined 0 2 Model score WL_area Percentage of area within a designated wetlands area Producer defined 0 82.7 Percent WL_score Model score for wetlands category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Elev_diff Elevation difference within the model cell Producer defined 0 124.162048 Meters Elev_score Model score for elevation category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Soil_score Model score for soil category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Total_score Total model score for model cell Producer defined 0 6 Model score IrondequoitCreek_ModelResults Irondequoit Creek model results shapefile (within the IrondequoitCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains calculated model results data along Irondequoit Creek. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 3739 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature TWI_mean Mean value of topographic wetness index Producer defined 3.540312 12.93406 Mean value of topographic wetness index TWI_score Model score for topographic wetness index category Producer defined 0 2 Model score WL_area Percentage of area within a designated wetlands area Producer defined 0 94.117647 Percent WL_score Model score for wetlands category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Elev_diff Elevation difference within the model cell Producer defined 0 58.93824 Meters Elev_score Model score for elevation category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Soil_score Model score for soil category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Total_score Total model score for model cell Producer defined 0 8 Model score OakOrchardCreek_ModelResults Oak Orchard Creek model results shapefile (within the OakOrchardCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains calculated model results data along Oak Orchard Creek. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 6656 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature TWI_mean Mean value of topographic wetness index Producer defined 0 12.100413 Mean value of topographic wetness index TWI_score Model score for topographic wetness index category Producer defined 0 2 Model score WL_area Percentage of area within a designated wetlands area Producer defined 0 100 Percent WL_score Model score for wetlands category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Elev_diff Elevation difference within the model cell Producer defined 0 34.391998 Meters Elev_score Model score for elevation category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Soil_score Model score for soil category Producer defined 0 2 Model score Total_score Total model score for model cell Producer defined 0 6.480214 Model score SalmonR1_ReferenceTemperatureLine Salmon River reach 1 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SalmonR2F1_ReferenceTemperatureLine Salmon River reach 2 F1 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SalmonR2F2_ReferenceTemperatureLine Salmon River reach 2 F2 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SalmonR3_ReferenceTemperatureLine Salmon River reach 3 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SandyR1_ReferenceTemperatureLine Sandy Creek reach 1 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SandyR2_ReferenceTemperatureLine Sandy Creek reach 2 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SandyR3_ReferenceTemperatureLine Sandy Creek reach 3 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SouthSandyR1_ReferenceTemperatureLine South Sandy Creek reach 1 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SouthSandyR2A_ReferenceTemperatureLine South Sandy Creek reach 2A reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SouthSandyR3East_ReferenceTemperatureLine South Sandy Creek reach 3 East reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SouthSandyR3Wast_ReferenceTemperatureLine South Sandy Creek reach 3 Wast reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line StRegisControl_ReferenceTemperatureLine St. Regis River control reach reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line StRegisR2_ReferenceTemperatureLine St. Regis River reach 2 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line StRegisR6_ReferenceTemperatureLine St. Regis River reach 6 reference temperature line shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 0 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polyline feature Comments Additional information Producer defined Additional information about the line SalmonRiver_3PercentContrast Salmon River 3 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the Salmon River where temperatures are at least 3% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 1203 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.505286 9676.586366 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SalmonRiver_5PercentContrast Salmon River 5 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the Salmon River where temperatures are at least 5% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 946 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.500828 6797.433696 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SalmonRiver_10PercentContrast Salmon River 10 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the Salmon River where temperatures are at least 10% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 490 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.505309 2339.992728 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SalmonRiver_15PercentContrast Salmon River 15 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the Salmon River where temperatures are at least 15% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 233 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.506413 842.169569 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SandyCreek_3PercentContrast Sandy Creek 3 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 3% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 972 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.505208 1518.10223 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SandyCreek_5PercentContrast Sandy Creek 5 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 5% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 467 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.505227 971.253404 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SandyCreek_10PercentContrast Sandy Creek 10 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 10% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 137 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.510001 170.319217 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SandyCreek_15PercentContrast Sandy Creek 15 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 15% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 34 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.509996 32.396708 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined A value of 'warmer' indicates that the contrast zones have higher temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach, while a value of 'colder' indicates lower temperatures. SouthSandyCreek_3PercentContrast South Sandy Creek 3 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within South Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 3% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 1841 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.500355 32231.337938 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. SouthSandyCreek_5PercentContrast South Sandy Creek 5 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within South Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 5% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 1953 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.500358 19212.750203 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. SouthSandyCreek_10PercentContrast South Sandy Creek 10 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within South Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 10% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 662 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.50036 4146.547724 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. SouthSandyCreek_15PercentContrast South Sandy Creek 15 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within South Sandy Creek where temperatures are at least 15% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 117 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.506364 1000.816527 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this creek ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. StRegisRiver_3PercentContrast St. Regis River 3 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the St. Regis River where temperatures are at least 3% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 266 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.501038 6590.460487 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. StRegisRiver_5PercentContrast St. Regis River 5 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the St. Regis River where temperatures are at least 5% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 232 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.501043 3690.845755 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. StRegisRiver_10PercentContrast St. Regis River 10 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the St. Regis River where temperatures are at least 10% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 156 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.501029 979.263009 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. StRegisRiver_15PercentContrast St. Regis River 15 percent contrast shapefile (within the Shapefiles folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder). This shapefile contains areas within the St. Regis River where temperatures are at least 15% colder than the reference temperature derived from the approximate centerline of each reach. Producer defined FID Generated record number Computer defined 0 19 Record number Shape Feature shape Computer defined Polygon feature Sq_M_Area Area of contrast Producer defined 0.533564 513.092547 Square meters Reach Reach number Producer defined Reach number for this river ZonesTemp Indicates whether the contrast zone represents warmer or colder water compared to the reference temperature of the reach. Producer defined All values are 'colder', which indicates that the contrast zones have lower temperatures than the reference temperature of the reach. SalmonR1_Thermal_20240905.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder) showing Salmon River reach 1 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -14.07 43.68 Temperature (uncalibrated) SalmonR2F1_Thermal_20250219.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder) showing Salmon River reach 2F1 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -33.56 -3.85 Temperature (uncalibrated) SalmonR2F2_Thermal_20250220.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder) showing Salmon River reach 2F2 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -33.45 -0.13 Temperature (uncalibrated) SalmonR3_Thermal_20240905.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SalmonRiver.zip folder) showing Salmon River reach 3 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -26.12 236.27 Temperature (uncalibrated) SandyCreekR1_Thermal_20241203.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder) showing Sandy Creek reach 1 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -82.39 28.61 Temperature (uncalibrated) SandyCreekR2_Thermal_20241022.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder) showing Sandy Creek reach 2 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined 12.07 43.33 Temperature (uncalibrated) SandyCreekR3_Thermal_20240925.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SandyCreek.zip folder) showing Sandy Creek reach 3 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined 8.88 26.12 Temperature (uncalibrated) SouthSandyR1_Thermal_20240924.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder) showing South Sandy Creek reach 1 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined 5.70 27.58 Temperature (uncalibrated) SouthSandyR2A_Thermal_20240924.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder) showing South Sandy Creek reach 2A thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined 10.97 40.03 Temperature (uncalibrated) SouthSandyR3East_Thermal_20240904.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder) showing South Sandy Creek reach 3 east thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -18.34 47.37 Temperature (uncalibrated) SouthSandyR3West_Thermal_20240904.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the SouthSandyCreek.zip folder) showing South Sandy Creek reach 3 west thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -18.64 29.58 Temperature (uncalibrated) StRegisControl_Thermal_20240807.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder) showing St. Regis River control reach thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined -1.80 57.89 Temperature (uncalibrated) StRegisR2_Thermal_20240806.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder) showing St. Regis River reach 2 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined 30.37 141.61 Temperature (uncalibrated) StRegisR6_Thermal_20240806.tif Raster file (within the TIR_Orthomosaics folder in the StRegisRiver.zip folder) showing St. Regis River reach 6 thermal imagery Producer defined Value Uncalibrated temperature value Computer defined 59.08 157.69 Temperature (uncalibrated) RGB_Orthomosaics Ortho imagery within each zipped site folder. Producer defined Band_1 Red wavelength band Agisoft Metashape 0 255 Band_2 Green wavelength band Agisoft Metashape 0 255 Band_3 Blue wavelength band Agisoft Metashape 0 255 TIR_Raw Images Raw thermal imagery within each zipped site folder. Producer defined SandyCreek_1_Flight_GCPs_20241203.txt Trimble R8 GNSS Model 2 (R8-M2) data collected for ground control points (GCPs) at the Sandy Creek R1 flight on 20241203 (within the SandyCreek.zip folder). Producer Defined Point Ground Control Point (GCP) name Producer Defined GCP name Latitude Latitude in decimal degrees Producer Defined 43.17752526 43.3436256 Longitude Longitude in decimal degrees Producer Defined -77.91499526 -77.8032897 Elevation Elevation in feet, NAVD88 Producer Defined 132.629 497.046 Elevation Meters Elevation in meters, NAVD88 Producer Defined 40.4253192 151.4996208 LakeOntario_Product_Details.csv Comma-separated values (CSV) file containing flight information and statistics. Producer Defined Reach Name of surveyed reach. Producer Defined Reaches that had flights on separate days are distinguished by F1 (flight 1) or F2 (flight 2). For example, “Salmon_2_F2” indicates Salmon River, reach 2, flight 2. Flight Date Date of UAS flight Producer Defined 20240806 20250220 Flight Altitude (m) Altitude at which the survey was flown in meters above land surface Producer Defined 57.0 99.7 meters RMSE (pix) Root mean square error Producer Defined 0.188 28.0 cm/pix Ground Resolution (cm/pix) Resolution of the survey data in centimeters per pixel Producer Defined 0.665 6.91 cm/pix DEM Resolution (cm/pix) Resolution of the generated digital elevation model (DEM) Producer Defined 1.33 13.8 cm/pix U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov The data have been approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although the data, software, and related material have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 20251204 U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Jason S. Finkelstein Hydrologist Mailing

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Troy NY 12180 518-285-5606 jfinkels@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time