Benjamin V. Miller Amy M. Hourigan Brian C. Ham 20250610 vector digital data https://doi.org/10.5066/P14MPRSF Karst hydrologic systems are important resources in the state of Tennessee both as drinking water resources and as centers for possible biological diversity. These systems are susceptible to contamination due to the inherent connectivity between surface water and groundwater systems in karst systems. A partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) was formed to investigate karst spring systems across the state utilizing fluorescent groundwater tracing, particularly in areas where these resources may be used as drinking water sources. In fall 2021, USGS and TDEC staff identified possible vulnerabilities or complexities that may exist within karst spring systems based upon maturity of karst development, underlying geology, and uncertainties related to estimated recharge areas. Based upon initial research, several study areas were selected and fieldwork started in March 2022. In Water Year 2024 (10/1/2023-9/30/2024) dye tracing was conducted in the communities of Caryville, Lafayette, Morristown, Mount Pleasant, and Vanleer. Collectively these communities span multiple physiographic regions including the Western and Eastern Highland Rim, and the Valley and Ridge Province. Each of these communities rely on karst groundwater as a drinking water source. Additionally, these are all areas where the hydrology has been significantly altered by karst processes and thus the groundwater pathways are complex and unpredictable. The community of Morristown is located in Hamblen County, Tennessee. The Morristown area is in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province and the area straddle a watershed divide between Cherokee Lake, to the north, and the Nolichucky River to the south. The town is underlain by Cambrian and Ordovician strata, the vast majority of which are carbonate units of dolomite or limestone. The geology of the area is complicated by faults which extend through the area NE-SW in parallel faults and have created anticlinal and synclinal structures in the underlying strata. The areas underlain by carbonate strata have been heavily altered by karst processes resulting in a landscape where most surface water sinks underground, either directly into sinkholes or in sinking streams. In Water 2024 a total of eight dye injections were conducted in the Morristown area over three rounds. The monitoring network consisted of 46 monitoring sites where charcoal packets were deployed. This data release contains shapefiles of dye injection locations, monitoring sites, and dye traces conducted in the Morristown area during the 2024 Water Year. All files were created in ArcGIS Pro and each shapefile contains associated attributes for the features contained within. Layer files are included with the datasets to match symbology found in figures in the accompanying report. All shapefiles and layers were created and modified in ArcGIS software. For a full description of the methods used to create these files, see Process Steps in the metadata file, "MR24_Metadata.xml". Data within each child item of this data release are named with a two-letter abbreviation unique for the community where the tracing occurred and the water year when the work was conducted (e.g. LF24). Abbreviations for the communities are as follows: CR = Caryville, LF = Lafayette, MR = Morristown, MP = Mount Pleasant, and VN = Vanleer. Karst groundwater tracing with fluorescent dyes was conducted in and near Morristown, Tennessee to better understand the movement and flow path directions of karst groundwater and to provide insights to surface water-groundwater interactions. Data contained within the zip file that contains all of the data in the data release can be extracted using software such as WinZip or 7-Zip. The layer files included in the dataset can be used in ESRI ArcGIS Pro or QGIS software to display symbology for the dye tracing dataset. 20231001 20240930 ground condition Complete None planned -83.4864 -83.2344 36.2559 36.1179 None karst hydrology dye tracing Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation springs USGS Thesaurus karst groundwater groundwater and surface-water interaction groundwater flow hydrogeology freshwater ecosystems Alexandria Digital Library Feature Type Thesaurus karst areas caves USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:679a9a7bd34ea8c18376f0bc None Morristown Jefferson City Hamblen County Jefferson County Havley Springs Branch Turkey Creek Stubblefield Creek Spring Creek Panther Creek Poplar Spring Branch Mossy Creek Williams Branch Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province Common geographic areas Tennessee None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This dataset may be redistributed if it is not edited and is properly referenced. Although USGS intends to make this server available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, timely delivery of data and products from this server through the Internet is not guaranteed. Benjamin V Miller USGS - SOUTHEAST REGION Physical Scientist mailing and physical

640 Grassmere Park Dr.

Nashville TN 37211 615-837-4730 bvmiller@usgs.gov Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Point data related to monitoring sites and dye injection locations were collected via handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) while in the field. Positional accuracy was greater than 8 meters at the time of data collection. Nico Goldscheider Joe Meiman Michiel Pronk Christopher Smart 200801 publication International Journal of Speleology vol. 37, issue 1 n/a University of South Florida Libraries pp. 27-40 https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.37.1.3 Digital and/or Hardcopy 200801 publication date Goldscheider and others, 2008 Publication relevant to the Process Step methodology. Crawford Hydrology Laboratory 202310 publication Bowling Green, Kentucky Western Kentucky University https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qGl76vkJB4ayBCT5LMJ6fwEd1X7hN1gx/view Digital and/or Hardcopy 202310 publication date Crawford Hydrology Laboratory, 2023 Methods of fluorometric analysis Karst Hydrologic Inventory In any dye tracing investigation, the first step is to conduct a Karst Hydrologic Inventory (KHI) of the surrounding landscape. This first involves examination of geologic and topographic maps, consultation with local experts regarding caves, springs, and sinking stream, and a literature review related to any previous studies conducted in the area. Field visits are made to locate important discharge features such as springs, seeps, cave streams, and surface streams. These are features that may be utilized as monitoring sites for dye. If the site is selected for use as a monitoring site, then charcoal packets are placed, photos taken of the feature, GPS location collected, and in some cases sketch maps drawn. Water chemistry data may be collected using a field meter, if the sources of water to a monitoring location is uncertain (groundwater versus surface water, or a combination of both). In addition to locating discharge features during the KHI, recharge features (losing or sinking streams, swallets, sinkholes, cave entrances) may be documented for later use as a dye injection location. An initial detailed KHI was conducted for the town of Morristown in March 2023, which identified most of the monitoring locations used throughout the study when a total of 34 monitoring sites were established. During the 2024 Water Year an additional 12 sites were added to the network, resulting in a total of 46 monitoring sites. These sites are provided as geospatial data in MR24_monitpts.shp. 20240930 Benjamin V Miller USGS - SOUTHEAST REGION Physical Scientist mailing and physical

640 Grassmere Park Dr.

Nashville TN 37211 615-837-4730 bvmiller@usgs.gov Monitoring The predominant method for monitoring used in dye tracing is placement of charcoal packets (also known as dye receptors or “bugs”). Charcoal packets consist of screen or a milksock which contains crushed coconut charcoal that are then sealed. When packets or receptors are deployed in the field they are attached to a weight and wire that are tied to the streambank. The packets are placed directly in the flow of a particular feature (stream, spring, cave, etc.) so that as much of the water passes by the packet as possible. Packets are exchanged at timed intervals to help determine travel time from dye injection location to recovery at a monitoring site. In this study, exchange intervals were days to weeks post-injection. Intervals differ among study area based on variables like accessibility of monitoring sites. Changed packets are placed in sealed plastic bags labeled with the station id number, station name, date, time, and the initials of the person changing the packet. Anytime charcoal packets are handled, a new pair of nitrile gloves are used to prevent cross contamination amongst monitoring sites or from any dye injection location. For the Morristown project, charcoal packets were utilized as a monitoring medium. The packets were changed at various intervals throughout the duration of the project, however not every site was changed on every interval due to accessibility and high-water conditions. In this study, exchange intervals were days to weeks post-injection. All sites are provided as geospatial data in MR24_monitpts.shp. 20240930 Benjamin V Miller USGS - SOUTHEAST REGION Physical Scientist mailing and physical

640 Grassmere Park Dr.

Nashville TN 37211 615-837-4730 bvmiller@usgs.gov Dye Injections Dye injections typically utilize four different fluorescent dyes in karst groundwater tracing; Fluorescein, Eosine OJ, Rhodamine WT, and Sulphorhodamine B (Goldscheider and others, 2008). Each of these dyes has a unique emission wavelength that can be identified via fluorometric analysis. If flowing water is present at an injection location, then the dye is poured directly into the stream. If no flowing water is present at an injection site, then powdered dye is placed inside a culvert or a PVC pipe staked to the streambed, known as a dry set. The powdered dye will then be injected following the next rain event large enough to create overland flow. In urbanized areas or at roadside locations fire tanker trucks or fire hydrants may be used, pre- or post-injection of dye, to either prime or flush the injection site if no flowing water is present. Because of the high concentrations of the dye and the low detection capabilities of most analytical labs, care must be taken to avoid cross contamination from the injection location to a monitoring site. For this reason, dye suits, gloves, and shoe covers are often worn by the person injecting dye and bleach wipes used post-injection ensure that any small traces of dye are removed from hands, wrists, or shoes. Most dyes are preferred in liquid form, to decrease transferability, though in some cases powdered dye may be used for dry sets or sites requiring long hikes or in-cave injection sites. The amount of dye injected at a particular location is determined by the distance from the target monitoring site, proximity to other higher intensity dyes, and the amount of water both at an injection feature and that at the target monitoring site. On the Morristown project, the dyes used for injections were Fluorescein, Eosine OJ, and Sulphorhodamine B. Dye injection site information and dye amounts are in the attribute table for the shapefile MR24_injsites.shp. The dye injections were typically located close to the sink point for streams to reduce the potential for photolysis (i.e., degradation of the dye due to sunlight). Goldscheider and others, 2008 20240930 Benjamin V Miller USGS - SOUTHEAST REGION Physical Scientist mailing and physical

640 Grassmere Park Dr.

Nashville TN 37211 615-837-4730 bvmiller@usgs.gov Establishing Positive Traces Following retrieval of the dye receptors, processing and analysis were conducted at the Crawford Hydrology Lab in Bowling Green, Kentucky by spectrofluorophotometer using established protocols (Crawford Hydrology Laboratory, 2023). Once positive traces were confirmed, results were plotted in a geographic information system (GIS) spatial framework to begin associating injections sites to monitoring sites with flow path lines. These positive traces are represented in geospatial data in the shapefile titled MR24_dyepaths.shp. Crawford Hydrology Laboratory, 2023 20240930 Benjamin V Miller USGS - SOUTHEAST REGION Physical Scientist mailing and physical

640 Grassmere Park Dr.

Nashville TN 37211 615-837-4730 bvmiller@usgs.gov Universal Transverse Mercator 17 0.9996 -81.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.6096 0.6096 meters North_American_Datum_1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 MR24_injsites.shp Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. This table contains information related to the dye injections completed during the dye tracing investigation. This file is found within the zipped folder MR24_AllData.zip. Producer Defined FID Internal feature number. ESRI 0 7 Shape Feature geometry. ESRI Shape type. Inj_ID Identification number of injection location. Producer Defined I-7 Dry stream channel, primed with 2,500 gallons of freshwater, flushed post-injection with 14,500 gallons of freshwater Producer defined I-8 Dry stream channel, primed with 3,000 gallons of freshwater, flushed post-injection with 9,600 gallons of freshwater Producer defined I-9 Deep smaller sinkhole set inside rims of very large sinkhole, primed with 13,000 gallons of freshwater, flushed post-injection with 15,000 gallons of freshwater Producer defined I-10 Swale-like valley with multiple sinkhole, no discernable stream channel, primed with 4,000 gallons of freshwater, flushed post-injection with 10,000 gallons of freshwater Producer defined I-11 Small cave stream located inside short cave in deep sinkhole on hillside Producer defined I-12 Dry stream channel, primed with 2,500 gallons of freshwater, flushed post-injection with 15,000 gallons of freshwater Producer defined I-13 Dry stream channel, primed with 4,500 gallons of freshwater, flushed post-injection with 15,000 gallons of freshwater Producer defined I-14 Small flowing stream which sank completely within 300 ft downstream of injection site Producer defined Inj_Rnd Round of dye injections. Each round consists of a series of dye injections conducted in different locations on a particular or date span. Producer Defined 3 5 Inj_Settin Description of injection site setting. Producer Defined n/a Strata Geology of injection site. Producer Defined Ordovician Longview Dolomite Ordovician Longview Dolomite of Knox Group Producer defined Ordovician Kingsport Formation Ordovician Kingsport Formation Producer defined Ordovician Chepultepec Dolomite Ordovician Chepultepec Dolomite of Knox Group Producer defined Cambrian Copper Ridge Dolomite Cambrian Copper Ridge Dolomite of Knox Group Producer defined Ordovician Chepultepec Dolomite-Longview Dolomite Ordovician Chepultepec Dolomite and Longview Dolomite of Knox Group Producer defined Inj_Date Date of dye injection Producer Defined 10/2/2023 6/20/2024 Dye_Inject Type of fluorescent dye injected. Producer Defined Fluorescein Fluorescein fluorescent dye Producer defined Eosine OJ Eosine oj fluorescent dye Producer defined Sulphorhodamine B Sulphorhodamine b fluorescent dye Producer defined Amt_Inj Amount of dye injected. Producer Defined 0.5 1.0 Pounds 0.5 MR24_monitpts.shp Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. This table contains information related to monitoring sites used in the dye tracing investigation. This file is found within the zipped folder MR24_AllData.zip. Producer Defined FID Internal feature number. ESRI 0 45 Shape Feature geometry. ESRI Shape type. Site_ID Site identification numbers assigned to each monitoring location Producer Defined 001 046 Site_Name Name of the monitored feature Producer Defined n/a Type Type of feature being monitored Producer Defined SP Spring Producer defined ST Surface stream Producer defined CV Cave stream Producer defined MR24_dyepaths.shp Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. This table contains information related to dye flow paths from injection location to recovery site in the dye trace investigation. This file is found within the zipped folder MR24_AllData.zip. Producer Defined FID Internal feature number. ESRI 0 7 Shape Feature geometry. ESRI Shape type. Inj_Loc Injection location the dye trace originated. ID definitions can be located in the attribute table for the accompanying MR24_injsites.shp and MR24_injsites.lyrx files under the column titled "Inj_ID." Producer Defined n/a First_dtct Date of the first detection of dye to a recovery point/monitoring site Producer Defined 10/11/2023 7/11/2024 Recovr_Sit Monitoring site ID where the dye was recovered. Site ID definitions can be found in the attribute table for MR24_monitpts.shp. Producer Defined n/a Str_Lin_DS Straight-line distance, in miles, from injection location to recovery site/monitoring site. Producer Defined 0.68 10.55 Miles 0.01 U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase GS ScienceBase mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P14MPRSF None 20250610 Benjamin V Miller USGS - SOUTHEAST REGION Physical Scientist mailing and physical

640 Grassmere Park Dr.

Nashville TN 37211 615-837-4730 bvmiller@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998