Anya C Leach Zachary C Johnson Jason B Dunham 20250417 tabular digital data Tacoma, WA U.S. Geological Survey Warming climates, declining winter snowpacks, and increased periods of drought have contributed to warming stream temperatures and declining stream flows, impacting habitat availability for cold water species. Particularly in the northern Great Basin region available habitat may be restricted to headwaters, where cooler temperatures and reliable stream flows allow cold water species, such as Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi), to persist (Dunham and others 1999, 2003; Warren and others 2014). As these stream habitats contract in relation to warming temperatures and loss of flows, the trout populations they support are increasingly at risk of extinction (Dunham and others 1997, Leasure and others 2020, Neville and others 2021). Between 2010 and 2021, the U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center (FRESC) conducted stream temperature surveys across the northern Great Basin, southern Pacific Northwest, and western California regions. In this study, data from these surveys were compiled to (1) statistically analyze existing water-temperature data and (2) quantify the sensitivity of the thermal regime within headwater streams. This data release includes daily stream temperature time series and statistics, daily flow status time series and wet ratios, and fitted paired air-water sinusoidal regressions and thermal sensitivity metrics. A reproducible workflow for the paired air-water temperature analysis is provided as R scripts within Paired_Air_Stream_Temperature.zip. References: Dunham, J.B., Vinyard, G.L., Rieman, B.E., 1997, Habitat fragmentation and extinction risk of Lahontan cutthroat trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, p. 1126-1133. Dunham, J.B., Peacock, M., Rieman, B.E., Schroeter, R., Vinyard, G.L., 1999, Local and geographic variability in the distribution of stream-living Lahontan cutthroat trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, p. 875-889. Dunham, J.B., Schroeter, R., Rieman, B.E., 2003, Influence of maximum water temperature on occurence of Lahotan cutthroat trout within streams: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, p. 1042-1049. Leasure, D.R., Wenger, S.J., Chelgren, N.D., Neville, H.M., Dauwalter, D.C., Bjork, R., Fesenmyer, K.A., Dunham, J.B., Peacock, M.B., Luce, C.H., Lute, A.C., Isaak, D.J., 2018, Hierarchical multi-population viability analysis: Ecological Society of America, v. 100, Issue 1, e02538, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2538 Neville, H.M., Leasure, D.R., Dauwalter, D.C., Dunham, J.B., Bjork, R., Fesenmyer, K.A., Chelgren, N.D., Peacock, M.M., Luce, C.H., Isaak, D.J., Carranza, L.A., Sjoberg, J. and Wenger, S.J., 2020, Application of multiple-population viability analysis to evaluate species recovery alternatives: Conservation Biology, v. 34, p. 482-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13385 Warren, D.R, Dunham, J.B., Hockman‐Wert, D., 2014, Geographic Variability in Elevation and Topographic Constraints on the Distribution of Native and Nonnative Trout in the Great Basin: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 143, Issue 1, p. 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.833551 Existing stream temperatures and flow observations in the northern Great Basin were compiled and assessed to quantify thermal conditions in headwater streams. This data may aid in the evaluation of climate-related resilience of suitable stream habitat for native cold-water fishes in the northern Great Basin. 2011 2021 publication date Complete None planned -121.2959 -115.4868 44.2525 38.2490 USGS Thesaurus hydrology geospatial datasets streamflow stream temperature groundwater and surface-water interaction USGS information products data release groundwater and surface-water interaction hydrology water temperature USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:678584bad34e772deb2c5371 Common geographic areas United States Great Basin Region Pacific Northwest Region California Region Oregon Nevada California Lahontan Basin Willow-Rock-Frazer Basin Willow-Whitehorse Basin Donner und Blitzen River Little Blitzen River Frazer Creek Rock Creek Willow Creek Whitehorse Creek Harney County Grant County Lake County Malheur County None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Users are advised to read the dataset’s metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REG Jason B. Dunham Physical Scientist mailing address

934 Broadway

Tacoma WA 98402 US 253-552-1643 aleach@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation R version 4.4.0 Streams temperature records were obtained from the following data releases: Hockman-Wert and others 2017a; Hockman-Wert and others 2017b; Thorson and others 2020; Thorson and others 2021; and Thorson and others 2022 and compiled into one database (Daily_Stream_Temperature.csv). A total of 519 sites within the Great Basin were included in the initial dataset. The following steps were used to check data quality and remove sites that did not meet data requirements. The final datasets included 436 sites with daily flow status time series and wet ratios; 433 sites with daily stream temperature time series and statistics; 44 sites with fitted paired air-water sinusoidal regressions and thermal sensitivity metrics. Streamflow can be variable throughout a water year as precipitation and snow melt contributions vary seasonally. Therefore, wet ratios were calculated by month and averaged to represent annual or seasonal conditions. Variability, represented by a non-zero standard deviation, was observed in the daily flow status for monthly records possessing 21 days or greater, therefore, it is assumed that records with less than 21 days may not capture any changes to the daily flow status. Applying this standard deviation threshold, only months with 21 days or greater as well as water years with more than 1 month (minimum of 2 months is needed to calculate standard deviation) were assessed for annual and seasonal wet ratios. Stream temperature was processed using reference quality control techniques (Oliver and others, 2024) and 15-minute water temperature data from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gages located within the study area. Reference gages were regionally grouped using site coordinates. The daily range exceedance and daily standard deviation were calculated using the regional grouping. These reference statistics were applied to the site stream temperature data for quality control processing prior to analysis. Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center (FRESC) measured hourly temperature data using data loggers with specified accuracy (+/- 0.2 degrees Celsius), compliant with the USGS thermistor criteria. Negative water temps less than -0.2 degrees Celsius were assuming erroneous representation of cold flowing water and were not considered in the daily averages. The data release provides files for the final daily stream temperature time series (Daily_Stream_Temperature.csv) and daily flow status times series (Daily_Stream_Flow_Status.csv). No logical consistency tests were conducted. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Justin M Thorson Michael P Heck David Hockman-Wert Jason B Dunham 2022 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p99oa4ku Digital and/or Hardcopy 2010 2021 ground condition Donner and Blitzen Basin Provided continuous hourly water temperature measurements, daily flow status estimates derived from stream temperature, and associated information on site locations and logger conditions. Justin M Thorson Jason Dunham Michael Heck David Hockman-Wert Mintz, Jeffrey (Contractor) M 2020 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p924mocb Digital and/or Hardcopy 2011 2021 ground condition Southeast Oregon Provided continuous hourly water temperature measurements, daily flow status estimates derived from stream temperature, and associated information on site locations and logger conditions. Justin M Thorson Jason Dunham Michael Heck David Hockman-Wert Emily D Heaston Jeffrey M Mintz 2021 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p9corpv8 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2010 2021 ground condition Lahontan Basin Provided continuous hourly water temperature measurements, daily flow status estimates derived from stream temperature, and associated information on site locations and logger conditions. David P Hockman-Wert Michael P. Heck Luke D Schultz Jason B. Dunham 2017 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/f7jq0zw2 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2010 2021 ground condition Willow/Rock/Frazer Provided continuous hourly water temperature measurements, daily flow status estimates derived from stream temperature, and associated information on site locations and logger conditions. David P. Hockman-Wert Michael P. Heck Luke D. Schultz Jason B. Dunham 2017 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/f7br8qfv Digital and/or Hardcopy 2010 2021 ground condition Willow-Whitehorse Provided continuous hourly water temperature measurements, daily flow status estimates derived from stream temperature, and associated information on site locations and logger conditions. PRISM Climate Group 20241212 tabular digital data https://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 2010 2021 ground condition PRISM 4km Air Temperature Provided daily maximum, minimum, and mean air temperature time series for individual site locations, using the standard PRISM 4km grid resolution. Samantha K Oliver Alison P Appling David D. Watkins Rasha A Atshan Jordan S Read 2024 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p9emwz35 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2024 publication date qaqc_daily_data Provided example R script and detailed description of quality control techniques used to reduce the continuous water temperature data to daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures. Yin-Phan Tsang Dana M. Infante Jana Stewart Lizhu Wang Ralph W. Tingly Darren Thornbrugh Arthur R. Cooper Wesley M. Daniel 20160824 publication Fisheries vol. 41, issue 9 n/a Oxford University Press (OUP) ppg. 548-554 https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1210517 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2016 publication date StreamThermal Provided R vignette for computation of seven-day moving average daily maximum temperature. Daily Streamflow Status & Wet Ratio: Continuous water temperature data, daily flow status, site locations, and logger conditions were compiled for 519 sites. Sites missing location information were not included in the analysis. The wet ratio was calculated as the sum of observed “wet” flow conditions over the total number of reported observation days. Sites flagged for snow/ice flow conditions were not included in the analysis. Many sites possessed incomplete records. In order for an averaged monthly flow status of an incomplete month record to most accurately reflect the flow status during that month, we assessed the minimal number of days per month to observe a status change between “dry” or “wet”. Across all sites, months that possessed less than 21 days did not display variance in flow status. Therefore, it was assumed that the resolution of 20 or fewer daily observations per month may not reflect the flow status of that particular month and, resultantly, were not considered in this analysis. Only sites that fit the conditions of (A) with 21 days or greater per month and (B) more than 1 month per water year were considered in analysis. Mean monthly wet ratios were calculated for each water year, defined as October 1 to September 30, as well as spring (April-May-June or AMJ) and summer (July-August-September or JAS) periods. Daily flow conditions are provided in the “Daily_Stream_Flow_Status.csv” file, while mean annual and seasonal wet ratios for each site are provided in the “Site_Information.csv” file. Donner and Blitzen Basin Southeast Oregon Lahontan Basin Willow/Rock/Frazer Willow-Whitehorse 20250113 Quality Control Statistics from Reference Sites: Reference quality control thresholds were calculated using statistics generated from 15-minute water temperature data from USGS published data within the study area (USGS, 2016). USGS published sites ("reference site") with instantaneous (sub-daily) water temperature data were selected within the study area (defined as the spatial domain within this data release) and if they were located within a HUC8 basin possessing a site location. In addition, the elevation of the nearest site location was joined to each reference site. Only reference sites with elevations within +/- 500 meters of the nearest site were used to compute reference statistics. Instantaneous water temperature data was compiled for water years between 2011 to 2021 from the National Water Information System for the following reference sites: 10343500, 10396000, 10336660, 423815118453900, 423830118453200, 424325118495900, 424547118503500, and 424551118503200. Following quality control techniques detailed in Oliver and others, 2024, the reference sites were regionally grouped using site locations, rounding latitude and longitude to the tenth degree, and then the daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature were calculated using the regional groups. The daily range was calculated as the difference between the regional daily maximum and minimum. The maximum daily range, or the daily range exceedance, for the reference sites was 14.3 degrees Celsius. The maximum standard deviation for the reference sites was 4.3 degrees Celsius. These reference statistics were applied to the site stream temperature data for quality control processing prior to analysis. As a result, 6 of 437 sites with water temperature data were not included in the daily stream temperature analysis. Reference: Oliver, S.K., Appling, A., Watkins, D., Atshan, R., and Read, J., 2024, Compilation of multi-agency water temperature observations for U.S. streams, 1894-2022: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EMWZ35. U.S. Geological Survey, 2016, National Water Information System data available on the World Wide Web (USGS Water Data for the Nation), accessed February 6, 2025, at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/. qaqc_daily_data 20250113 Daily Stream Temperature & Statistics: Hourly stream temperature data was compiled only for sites with location information. Stream temperature observations associated with dry or non-continuous flow conditions, as indicated by site information, were not included in the analysis. Hourly stream temperature data was measured using data loggers with specified accuracy (+/- 0.2 degrees Celsius), compliant with the USGS thermistor criteria (Wagner and others, 2006). For each site, duplicate temperature records for a specific date and time stamp were averaged. Negative water temperatures less than -0.2 degrees Celsius were assumed erroneous representations of cold flowing water and not considered in the analysis. Following similar procedure with reference USGS gage data (Oliver and others, 2024), hourly stream temperature data was regionally grouped and daily mean, minimum, maximum, and range were calculated. Hourly records associated with dates exceeding the daily range maximum of 14.3 degrees Celsius or possessing a daily standard deviation greater than 4.3 degrees Celsius were not included in the following analysis. Daily mean water temperatures were calculated by site and provided in the “Daily_Stream_Temperature.csv” file. Following USGS Continuous Water Temperature Records protocols, temperatures were rounded to the lowest resolution for all calculations of fouling and drift error. From the daily mean stream temperature data, seven-day moving average daily maximum temperatures (Max7DA) were calculated using the “StreamThermal” vignette from Tsang and others, 2016. Max7AD was calculated by site for annual and seasonal periods, and provided in the “Site_Information.csv” file. Reference: Oliver, S.K., Appling, A., Watkins, D., Atshan, R., and Read, J., 2024, Compilation of multi-agency water temperature observations for U.S. streams, 1894-2022: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EMWZ35. Tsang, Y., Infante, D. M., Stewart, J., Wang, L., Tingly, R. W., Thornbrugh, D., Cooper, A. R., & Daniel, W. M., 2016, StreamThermal: A Software Package for Calculating Thermal Metrics from Stream Temperature Data. Fisheries., 41(9), 548–554, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1210517. Wagner, R.J., Boulger, R.W., Jr., Oblinger, C.J., and Smith, B.A., 2006, Guidelines and standard procedures for continuous water-quality monitors—Station operation, record computation, and data reporting: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 1–D3, 51 p. + 8 attachments; accessed April 10, 2006, at http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/tm1d3. Donner und Blitzen Basin Southeast Oregon Lahontan Basin Willow/Rock/Frazer Willow-Whitehorse StreamThermal qaqc_daily_data 20250113 Paired Air and Stream Temperature Analysis: Paired air and stream temperature analysis was conducted using the mean daily stream temperatures and spatially-paired PRISM air temperature. A reproducible R workflow for this analysis is provided in the file "Paired_Air_Stream_Temperature.zip". Following guidance in Johnson and others 2021, site data missing more than 7 weeks per water year were not considered in the analysis. Only 44 sites fit this criterion. Daily mean air temperature time series were compiled from the PRISM Air Temperature Data Explorer for each site location with usable water temperature data. PRISM air temperature was used due to limited or unmonitored air temperature at every sites. Using PRISM air temperature rather than locally observed temperatures may produce potential error in fit of data (Johnson and others, 2020). Paired daily mean air and water temperatures were fit with sinusoidal regression in a linear form, as defined by Johnson and others 2020 as T(t) = a*sin(wt) + b*cos(wt) + T0 + et, where T represents mean daily temperature, T0 is the annual mean temperature, t is time, a and b are linear regression coefficients, w is angular frequency, and et is a linear regression error term. Linear regression coefficients, a and b, and statistical metrics of fit were calculated. Following similar procedures to Hare and others, 2022, thermal sensitivity metrics of phase lag, amplitude ratio, and mean ratio were computed. All 44 sites were simulated for the same date windows (equivalent to one year). The R functions contain a NA (no data) threshold such that for a given site missing greater than 15% of data within a given year will not be fitted and assigned a NA (no data) value for all outputs. All computations for fitting thermal signals and generating thermal metrics are provided in the R script “Fit2Sine.R” within the “Paired_Air_Stream_Temperature.zip” folder. The input and output files are provided in the respective “Input” and “Output” folders. The R script requires supplemental functions specified in the “Fit2Sine_Functions.R” scrips. Required R vignettes are detailed in the script header. Metrics of phase lag, amplitude ratio, and mean temperature ratio were calculated for a given water year, then the median value was taken for each site. Median metrics, for non-NA sites only, are provided in the “Site_Information.csv” file. References: Hare, D. K., Benz, S. A., Kurylyk, B. L., Johnson, Z. C., Terry, N. C., & Helton, A. M. 2023, Paired air and stream temperature analysis (PASTA) to evaluate groundwater influence on streams. Water Resources Research, 59, e2022WR033912. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033912 Johnson and others, 2020. Heed the data gap: Guidelines for using incomplete datasets in annual stream temperature analyses. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107229 Johnson and others, 2020. Paired air-water annual temperature patterns reveal hydrogeological controls on stream thermal regimes at watershed to continental scales. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124929 PRISM 4km Air Temperature 20250113 0.0197429553 0.0261350334 Decimal seconds North_American_Datum_1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 Site_Information.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined SiteID Original identification code of each site location. Producer Defined Unique values LoggerID Original logger identification code assigned by manufacture. For multiple loggers assigned to a single site, each logger identification code is listed separated by a semicolon. Producer Defined Original logger identification code assigned by manufacture. Source Abbreviated title for the data source and associated DOI. Producer Defined ECO https://doi.org/10.5066/P99OA4KU Producer defined NVTU https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CORPV8 Producer defined SEOR https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EDM6L6 Producer defined WRF https://doi.org/10.5066/F7JQ0ZW2 Producer defined WW https://doi.org/10.5066/F7BR8QFV Producer defined LatNAD83 Latitude coordinates of each site location. Datum is NAD83. EPSG:4269 Producer Defined 38.249050 44.252534 decimal degrees LonNAD83 Longitude coordinates of each site location. Datum is NAD83. EPSG:4269 Producer Defined -121.295857 -115.486840 decimal degrees Elevm Site elevation in meters from the original record. Producer Defined NA Site elevation is missing from the original record. Producer defined 1275.7 2831.1 meters ObsFlow Y/N indicator for presence of water as determined using Wet-Dry delineation methods from recorded stream temperature data and recorded site observations. Producer Defined NA Observation of flow is missing from the original record. Producer defined Perennial The site had continuous presence of water throughout the study period. Producer defined Intermittent Site did not have continuous presence of water throughout the study period. Producer defined WetDryData Y/N indicator for daily flow status data by site. Producer Defined Y Flow status data exists for the site visit. Producer defined N No flow status data exists for the visit. Producer defined WetRatio Mean annual wet ratio by site, unitless, calculated as the number of daily flow status days per total observed days. Producer Defined NA Wet ratio could not be evaluated due to limited observations. Producer defined 0.0 1.0 unitless AMJWetRatio Mean annual wet ratio by site for the spring period (April-May-June), unitless. Producer Defined NA Seasonal wet ratio could not be evaluated due to limited observations. Producer defined 0.0 1.0 unitless JASWetRatio Mean annual wet ratio by site for the summer period (July-August-September), unitless. Producer Defined NA Seasonal wet ratio could not be evaluated due to limited observations. Producer defined 0.0 1.0 unitless TempData Y/N indicator for daily temperature data by site. Producer Defined Y Useable temperature data exists for the site visit. Producer defined N No usable temperature data exists for the visit. Producer defined SDADMeanT 7-day moving average daily mean temperature in degrees Celsius. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.04 19.52 Celsius SDADMaxT 7-day moving average daily maximum temperature in degrees Celsius. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.13 27.66 Celsius AMJMaxDMean 7-day moving average daily maximum temperature in degrees Celsius, for the spring period (April-May-June). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 3.24 22.68 Celsius AMJMinDMean 7-day moving average daily minimum temperature in degrees Celsius, for the spring period (April-May-June). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -0.01 10.88 Celsius AMJDMean 7-day moving average daily mean temperature in degrees Celsius, for the spring period (April-May-June). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.30 15.07 Celsius JASMaxDMean 7-day moving average daily maximum temperature in degrees Celsius, for the summer period (July-August-September). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 8.05 24.17 Celsius JASMinDMean 7-day moving average daily minimum temperature in degrees Celsius, for the summer period (July-August-September). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 1.35 13.52 Celsius JASDMean 7-day moving average daily mean temperature in degrees Celsius, for the summer period (July-August-September). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 6.12 18.97 Celsius med_phase Median phase lag, where phase lag is the difference between air and stream signal phases (ϕ) in days. Extreme phase lags (positive or negative) result from very small (approaching zero) amplitudes in the water and/or air signals. Producer Defined NA Thermal sensitivity analysis was not evaluated for site. Producer defined -281.94 11.88 days med_ampl Median amplitude ratio, where amplitude ratio is the ratio of air signal amplitude to stream signal amplitude (A), unitless. Values greater than 1 and very small amplitude ratios are potentially erroneous due to poor fit or small amplitudes (approaching zero) in the temperature signals. Producer Defined NA Thermal sensitivity analysis was not evaluated for site. Producer defined 0.03 1.06 unitless med_mean Median mean temperature ratio, where the ratio is between mean air temperature and mean stream temperature, unitless. Producer Defined NA Thermal sensitivity analysis was not evaluated for site. Producer defined 0 2 unitless Daily_Stream_Temperature.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined SiteID Original identification code for each site location. Producer Defined Unique list Date Date of temperature measurement, year-month-day. Producer Defined 2011-09-30 2021-09-14 year-month-day MaxTempC Daily maximum stream temperature in degree Celsius. Producer Defined -0.2 22.18 Celsius MinTempC Daily minimum stream temperature in degree Celsius. Producer Defined -0.2 16.01 Celsius MeanTempC Daily mean stream temperature in degree Celsius. Producer Defined -0.2 18.1 Celsius Daily_Stream_Flow_Status.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined SiteID Original identification code for each site location. Producer Defined Unique list Date Date of temperature measurement, year-month-day. Producer Defined 2011-07-08 2021-09-14 year-month-day FlowStatus Wet” or “Dry” determination whether the site contained flowing water on the date of observation. Producer Defined Wet Flowing water was observed at the site. Producer defined Dry Flowing water was not observed at the site. Producer defined GreatBasin_Fit2Sine_[site_id].csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Located in the "./Paired_Air_Stream_Temperature/Input/" folder. Producer Defined date Date of temperature measurement, year-month-day. Producer Defined 2012-10-05 2021-09-12 year=month-day site_id Original identification code for each site location. Producer Defined Unique list medium Type of thermal signal: water or air Producer Defined water stream temperature data Producer defined air air temperature data Producer defined value Daily mean stream (water) or air temperature in degree Celsius. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -18.4 28.2 Celsius : all_sites_years_watyr_fitted.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Located in the "./Paired_Air_Stream_Temperature/Output/" folder. This file contains predicted air and water temperature values. Producer Defined site_id Original identification code for each site location. Producer Defined Unique list start_year_date Start date of the specific water year calculation in year-month-day. Producer Defined 2012-10-05 2020-09-10 year-month-day end_year_date End date of the specific water year calculation in year-month-day. Producer Defined 2013-10-04 2021-09-09 year-month-day date Date of temperature measurement, year-month-day. Producer Defined 2012-10-05 2021-09-09 year-month-day fit_water Fitted/predicted daily stream temperature in degree Celsius. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -5.62 20.83 Celsius fit_air Fitted/predicted daily air temperature in degree Celsius. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -7.31 25.33 Celsius all_sites_years_watyr_coeff.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data.Located in the "./Paired_Air_Stream_Temperature/Output/" folder. This file contains coefficients for linearized sinusoidal regression equation, as defined by Johnson and others 2020 as T(t) = a*sin(wt) + b*cos(wt) + T0 + et, where T represents mean daily temperature, T0 is the annual mean temperature, t is time, a and b are linear regression coefficients, w is angular frequency, and et is a linear regression error term. Producer Defined site_id Original identification code for each site location. Producer Defined Unique list start_year_date Start date of the specific water year calculation in year-month-day. Producer Defined 2012-10-05 2020-09-10 year-month-day end_year_date End date of the specific water year calculation in year-month-day. Producer Defined 2013-10-04 2021-09-09 year-month-day type Fitted/predicted time series either “air”, “water”, or paired “water-air” temperature data. Producer Defined water Fitted time series for water temperature Producer defined air Fitted time series for air temperature Producer defined int Y-intercept coefficient for the linearized sinusoidal regression equation (T0). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 2.367 13.048 Celsius sin coefficient for the sine term in the linearized sinusoidal regression equation(a). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -12.052 0.148 unitless cos coefficient for the cosine term in the linearized sinusoidal regression equation (b). Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.235 6.323 unitless R2 R-square value associated with the linearized sinusoidal regression fit for each data type (air or water), unitless. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.248 0.967 unitless RMSE Root mean square error associated with the linearized sinusoidal regression fit for each data type (air, water, paired), unitless. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.097 5.22 unitless p P-value associated with the linearized sinusoidal regression fit for each data type (air, water, paired), unitless. Due to the inherit seasonality and diurnal patterns of air and water temperature, p-values may be very low. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 7.8E-264 2.23E-20 unitless all_sites_years_watyr_metrics.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data.Located in the "./Paired_Air_Stream_Temperature/Output/" folder. This file contains metrics of amplitude ration, phase lag, and mean ratio generated from the fitted This file contains coefficients for linearized sinusoidal regression fits for air and water temperature signals. Producer Defined site_id Original identification code for each site location. Producer Defined Unique list start_year_date Start date of the specific water year calculation in year-month-day. Producer Defined 2012-10-05 2020-09-10 year-month-day end_year_date End date of the specific water year calculation in year-month-day. Producer Defined 2013-10-04 2021-09-09 year-month-day type Fitted timeseries either “air”, “water”, or paired “water_air”. Producer Defined water metrics calculated for the water temperature signal Producer defined air metrics calculated for the air temperature signal Producer defined water_air metrics calculated for the paired water-air temperature signal Producer defined ampl Amplitude of air or water signal or the amplitude ratio of air signal amplitude to stream signal amplitude (A), unitless. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.027 12.937 unitless phase Phase (phi) of the air or water signal or the difference between air and stream signal phases (phase lag) in days. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined -305.816 364.666 day mean Mean air or water temperature or the ratio of the mean air temperature to mean stream temperature, unitless. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.413 13.048 unitless count_miss Number of total days missing a daily temperature pair within a start_year to end_year period. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0 0 day count0 Number of daily temperature pairs below temperature threshold value (default freeze.thresh=0.25) with in start_year to end_year period. The default freez.thresh indicates the temperature threshold below which water temperatures. Because air-water relationships break down at low water temperatures, this threshold define water temperatures that should be considered for removal from analysis. Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 0 164 day U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center

Building 810

Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZYJOM Nonwd 20250417 Anya C Leach U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REG Physical Scientist mailing address

934 Broadway

Tacoma WA 98402 US 253-552-1643 aleach@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998