Jin-Si R. Over Sandra M. Brosnahan 20251126 1.0 raster and tabular digital data data release DOI:10.5066/P1Z9NCQX Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Z9NCQX https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 Jin-Si R. Over Sandra M. Brosnahan Jennifer M. Cramer Chris R. Sherwood Peter A. Traykovski 2025 1.0 digital data data release DOI:10.5066/P1Z9NCQX Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Over, J.R., Brosnahan, S.M., Cramer, J.M., Sherwood, C.R., and Traykovski, P.A., 2025, Topographic and bathymetric data, aerial imagery, and GPS data collected during UxS operations at Marconi Beach, Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts between September 2024 and March 2025: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Z9NCQX. https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Z9NCQX https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/6781a6f0d34ee8e22c8b6665 Surveys with Uncrewed Systems (UxS) were used to collect remote sensing data at Marconi Beach on Cape Cod National Seashore, Wellfleet, Massachusetts after the area experienced multiple erosion events after fall storms in 2024 and the loss of National Park Service beach access stairs. The USGS has a stationary camera system (CoastCam) and meteorological station north of the parking lot on the bluff to observe waves and total water levels. UxS were approved to map the coast in view of the CoastCam and where the Park Service stairs were destroyed to help evaluate the conditions of the site and monitor landscape change from storm impacts. The data products will also help validate the CoastCam imagery datasets. Between September 2024 and March 2025, USGS personnel surveyed five times and collected natural (RGB) color images, lidar data, GPS data, and bathymetric data to produce elevation maps and orthomosaics. The natural-color imagery from a Skydio uncrewed aerial system (UAS) and AeroPoint data collected from September are used to create structure-from-motion (SfM) products: a digital surface model and orthomosaic. The products from this date were produced to evaluate the effects of the nor’easter on September 22, 2024 that destroyed the stairs and will help monitor landscape change from storm impacts. Supplemental_Information: For more information about the WHCMSC Field Activity, see https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2024-024-FA. Images can be viewed or downloaded on the USGS Imagery Data System here https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/idsviewer/data_release/10.5066-P1Z9NCQX in the collection 2024_Marconi_Sep_SX10. Note that the bounding coordinates are for the entire area mapped and not individual files, the orthomosaic and digital surface model cover a smaller area. 20240925 Ground condition Complete Not planned -69.96526389 -69.96167778 41.89761389 41.88827222 None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center WHCMSC UAS Skydio AeroPoints orthomosaics digital surface model Aerial Imaging and Mapping Group USGS Thesaurus remote sensing digital elevation models structure from motion image mosaics geospatial datasets GPS measurement image collections ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation elevation USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 Common geographic areas United States Cape Cod National Seashore Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Atlantic Ocean Commonwealth of Massachusetts Wellfleet (616837) Marconi Beach No access constraints. Please see 'Distribution Information' for details. These data are marked with a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. These data are not intended for navigational use. Jin-Si R. Over U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2297 jover@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29?name=2024-024-FA_Marconi_Sep_BrowseGraphic.png&allowOpen=true Data and products of Marconi Beach in September 2024: Digital elevation model, orthomosaic, and example images (oblique and nadir). JPEG Agisoft Metashape Pro v. 2.1.4, Global Mapper Pro v. 26.0 Jin-Si R. Over Andrew C. Ritchie Christine J. Kranenburg Jenna A. Brown Daniel D. Buscombe Tom Noble Christopher R. Sherwood Jonathan A. Warrick Phillipe A. Wernette 2021 Open-File Report 2021-1039 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey This publication includes the general methodology for processing imagery in Metashape to produce digital surface models and ortho products. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039 GPS: The AeroPoint2 GCPs have an internal reported variance provided in 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_AeroPoints.csv, the global accuracy was calculated and reported below by adding the variance to two times the longest baseline distance. GeoTIFFs: The horizontal and vertical accuracy of the products (2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_Ortho_5cm.tif and 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_DSM_5cm.tif) were assessed using the AeroPoint2 ground control points (GCPs). It should also be noted that accuracy estimates of the products are for areas of bare ground or low vegetation where GCPs were placed. Additional sources of error, such as moving objects, may cause accuracy estimates to exceed estimates in localized portions of the products. The vertical bias of the structure from motion (SfM) elevation surface away from the AeroPoint2s was evaluated against the USGS 3DEP (https://www.usgs.gov/3d-elevation-program) surface. There were 2 UAS flights and five AeroPoint2 GCPs. The first flight (18 min) used the Skydio X10 (SX10) to collect RGB nadir images, the second flight (15 min) was used to collect oblique images. The images were processed using SfM to produce a true-color orthomosaic (Ortho) and digital surface model (DSM). Imagery: The SX10 cameras triggered automatically every 2 seconds for the nadir flight, camera was triggered manually for the oblique flight and timing varies. Images at takeoff and landing were removed. A total of 367 SX10 images were used in the photogrammetry processing. Products: The GeoTIFF products are cloud-optimized and Deflate compressed. The total area covered by the UAS photos was much larger than where the AeroPoint2 GCPs were placed (n=5), leading to less accurate results on the outer edges of the SfM surfaces, beyond (~100 meters) the GCP placement. To reduce the extent of the errors the extent of the final product was cropped to a smaller area covered by the AeroPoint2s but still encompasses the areas in view of the CoastCam. Images: The SX10 individual image xy accuracies were tagged by the UAS GPS and embedded in the Exif information and were less than 1 meter. GPS: AeroPoint2 x and y global accuracy is 3 cm. SfM: The orthomosaic and DSM were spatially georeferenced using AeroPoint2 GCPs (n=5) and created using SfM in Agisoft Metashape. The horizontal RMSE of the GCPs as reported from the Metashape project was x/y 0.023/0.014 m. Images: The SX10 images were geotagged by the UAS and had a z accuracy around 2 meters. GPS: AeroPoint global vertical accuracy is 4 cm. SfM: The SfM DSM was assessed against the elevations of the AeroPoint2s, and the vertical RMSE of the GCPs (n=5) as reported from the Metashape projects was 0.029. The DSM was also compared to the USGS 3DEP surface. Values are within 20 cm but start to increase towards the edges away from the AeroPoint2s. GROUND CONTROL: Five AeroPoint2 GCPs were spaced out over the field site and left on for at least 30 minutes to collect GNSS data. After collection the AeroPoint2s data were uploaded via a Wi-Fi connection and run through a post-processing kinematic algorithm of the Propeller Correction network to get corrected positions. The data were exported in NAD83(2011) (EPSG:6318) to produce latitude, longitude, and ellipsoid heights, and then NAD83(2011)/UTM zone 19N (EPSG:6348) and NAVD88 (EPSP:5703) with GEOID 18 to produce easting and northing and orthometric heights. These were exported to a CSV file and named 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_AeroPoints.csv. Step processed by S. Brosnahan, J. Over, and C. Sherwood. 20240925 UAS FLIGHTS: The Skydio X10 is a small UAS with an integrated VT300-L camera system. The radiometric thermal camera is a FLIR Boson+ with less than 30 millikelvin sensitivity and takes a 0.3 megapixel (MP) image. The Skydio X10 also has two RGB cameras, one has a 50-degree field of view (narrow) that takes a 64 MP image and the second has a 93-degree field of view (wide) that takes a 50 MP image. A flight in auto mapping mode was flown at 5 m/s at 60 meters above ground level (AGL) with 70% desired sidelap and overlap and 1.21 cm ground sampling distance using only the wide camera. A second flight was flown manually between 55-65 meters AGL with the wide camera tilted to look at the bluff obliquely, the speed varied between 2-7 m/s. Note, the SX10 geotagged positions embedded in the imagery Exif information were in native WGS84 (EPSG:4326) and GEOID EGM96 (EPSG:5773). The positions were converted to EPSG:6348 and EPSG:5703 in the processing software and the converted positions are reported in the imagery locations file (2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_ImageLocations.csv) and represented in the final SfM products. Step processed by S. Brosnahan. 20240925 RAW IMAGERY: All images were processed to add additional information required by the USGS to the EXIF headers using ExifTools (https://exiftool.org/, version: 12.06), and the files were renamed to a unique identifier using Namexif (http://www.digicamsoft.com/softnamexif.html, version 2.1) to avoid any possibility of duplicate names. 1. ExifTools was used to tag each photo headers following the Imagery Data System Exif Guidance. Attributes (e.g. Credit, Copyright, UsageTerms, ImageDescription, Artist, etc) were stored in a csv file and written to each image with the command:' exiftool -csv="C:\directory\name\EXIF.csv" C:\directory\name\of\photos *.JPG ' To read out the photo information to a csv when in the directory with the photos the command is: exiftool -csv *.JPG > directory/name/allheaders_out.csv 2. All the images were renamed with Namexif (https://us.digicamsoft.com/softnamexif.html v 2.2 accessed April 2020) to ensure unique filenames and compliance with the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program's best practices for image naming convention. Images were renamed with the field survey ID prefix; flight number, and ID that distinguishes USGS cameras by make/camera number, the image acquisition date, coordinated universal time (UTC) in ISO8601 format, and a suffix with the original image name. For example, image name '2024024FA_f01SX10c_20240925T165822Z_IMG_####_#', 2024024FA is the field activity ID; f01 is the flight number; SX10c are the Skydio RGB images; 20240925 is the UTC date in the format YYYYMMDD, and a 'T' is used to separate UTC date from UTC time in format HHMMSS followed by a Z. The IMG_#### is the original raw photo name appended to the end of the new filename. 3. Images are validated and uploaded onto the Imagery Data System. 4. The 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_ImageLocations.csv was created with the exif command: exiftool –ImageName –GPSDateTime –csv *.JPG > .\2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_ImageLocations.csv Step processed by J. Over. 20250104 PHOTOGRAMMETRY: The SfM products were created in Agisoft Metashape v. 2.1.4 using the following general steps (see Over and others, 2021 for a more detailed SfM methodology explanation) 1. A project was created and imagery, geotagged from UAS FLIGHTS, was imported and assigned the WGS84 (EPSG:4326) and GEOID EGM96 (EPSG:5773) reference systems and then were immediately converted to EPSG: 6318 and then EPSG:6348 and EPSG:5703. These converted positions were added to the 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_ImageryLocations.csv. 2. Photos were aligned at a low accuracy and then GCPs were automatically detected in the point cloud. GCP positions (2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_AeroPoints.csv) were added to the project in the reference systems EPSG:6348 and EPSG:5703 using GEOID 18. The horizontal and vertical accuracies for the GCPs were set to 0.01/0.02 m, respectively, and the camera positions for the images were turned off. The photos were then re-aligned with high accuracy (the pixels were not subsampled) using a keypoint limit of 60,000 and unlimited tie points. 3. The alignment process matched pixels between images to create point clouds and put the imagery into a relative spatial context using the GCPs. The resultant point clouds were filtered using one iteration of the 'Reconstruction uncertainty' filter at a level of 13, one iteration of the 'Projection accuracy' filter at a level of 3, and three iterations of the 'Reprojection accuracy' filter to get to a level of 1. With each filter, iteration points are selected, deleted, and then the camera model was optimized to refine the focal length, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 camera model coefficients. 4. At this point, for each project multiple ‘chunks’ were created so that independent high quality dense clouds with a low-frequency filtering algorithm could be made. The dense point clouds were then edited by visual inspection to remove points with a low confidence near the edges and near water bodies. 5. The working region was resized to smaller area surrounding the focus area and AeroPoint2s. A interpolated DSM was built from the dense point cloud and then an orthomosaic was built from the DSM with refined seamlines. The SX10 orthomosaic is a 3-band orthomosaic exported at 5 cm resolution (2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_Ortho_5cm.tif). A non-interpolated DSM was built from the dense point cloud and exported at 5 cm resolution (2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_DSM_5cm.tif). Step processed by J. Over. 20250115 CLOUD OPTIMIZATION: All GeoTIFF products were Deflate compressed and turned into a cloud-optimized GeoTIFFs (COG) using gdal_translate with the following command: for %i in (.\*.tif) do gdal_translate %i .\cog\%~ni.tif -of COG -stats -co BLOCKSIZE=256 -co COMPRESS=DEFLATE -co PREDICTOR=YES -co NUM_THREADS=ALL_CPUS -co BIGTIFF=YES (v. 3.1.4 accessed October 20, 2020 https://gdal.org/). Where i is the name of each GeoTIFF section. Step processed by J. Over. 20250115 Jin-Si R. Over U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Geographer mailing and physical address

U.S. Geological Survey

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2297 jover@usgs.gov Edited the USGS Thesaurus term GPS measurements to the actual thesaurus term GPS measurement (20260323) 20260323 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA (508) 548-8700 x2251 (508) 457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Universal Transverse Mercator 19 0.999600 -69.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 row and column 0.001 0.001 meters North American Datum of 1983 (National Spatial Reference System 2011) GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 North American Vertical Datum of 1988 0.001 meters Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_ImageLocations.csv The CSV file contains the approximate position of the SX10 images at the moment of each capture. producer defined ImageName File names of individual images, see the Process Description for file naming convention. USGS Character string. GPSDateTime Date and UTC time in YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:ss Processor defined Character string. Latitude NAD83[2011] Latitude (x) of UAS based on time of each image capture. Positive values represent North coordinates. USGS 41.88827222 41.89761389 decimal degrees Longitude NAD83[2011] Longitude (y) of UAS based on time of each image capture. Negative values represent West coordinates. USGS -69.96526389 -69.96167778 decimal degrees Ellipsoid height NAD83[2011] Altitude of the UAS position at the time of each image capture relative to the NAD83(2011) reference ellipsoid GRS80. USGS -2.249 67.554 meters Easting 19N Post-processed X-coordinate of UAS position at the time of each image capture relative to NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 19N. USGS 419930.576 420216.670 meters Northing 19N Post-processed Y-coordinate of UAS position at the time of each image capture relative to NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 19N. USGS 4637819.069 4638858.295 meters Orthometric height NAVD88 Post-processed Z-coordinate of the UAS at the time of each image capture relative to NAVD88 with GEOID 18 applied. USGS 25.553 95.354 meters 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_AeroPoints.csv Ground control point positions, elevations, and attributes USGS FAN USGS Field Activity Number USGS 2024-024-FA Year, USGS ID, and Field Activity USGS Date Calendar date of collection USGS 20240925 YYYYMMDD USGS Point ID Unique point identification number. Processor defined 1 5 Attributes Unique identifier for ground control points. Prefix AP-### refers to AeroPoint and the last 3 digits of its identifying code. producer defined Character string. Latitude NAD83[2011] Post-processed latitude of AeroPoint position (NAD83[2011]). USGS 41.89114597 41.89330016 decimal degrees Longitude NAD83[2011] Post-processed longitude of AeroPoint position (NAD83[2011]). USGS -69.96358921 -69.96282441 decimal degrees Ellipsoid height NAD83[2011] Post-processed height in meters of AeroPoint in relation to the NAD83(2011) reference ellipsoid GRS80. USGS -14.466 -10.877 meters Easting 19N Post-processed interpolated X-coordinate of AeroPoint in NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 19N. USGS 420063.602 420125.004 meters Northing 19N Post-processed interpolated Y-coordinate of AeroPoint in NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 19N. USGS 4638138.548 4638378.294 meters Orthometric height NAVD88 Post-processed Z-coordinate of AeroPoint using NAVD88 with GEOID 18 applied. USGS 13.235 16.922 meters Xvar mm Variance in the X-coordinate from post-processing producer defined 2.4 5.7 millimeters Yvar mm Variance in the Y-coordinate from post-processing producer defined 3.4 6.0 millimeters Zvar mm Variance in the Z-coordinate from post-processing producer defined 6.9 13.1 millimeters Baseline distance km Distance of AeroPoint from nearest Propellor network base station Propeller 0.06 11.80 kilometers 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_DSM_5cm.tif Cloud-optimized digital surface model created using SfM. Pixel resolution is 5 cm. No-data value is –999. USGS Value Surface elevation in EPSG:5703 using GEOID 18. producer defined -0.016 23.667 meters 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_Ortho_5cm.tif Cloud-optimized true-color (RGB) orthomosaic. USGS Band_1 Red wavelength band Agisoft Metashape 0 255 Band_2 Green wavelength band Agisoft Metashape 0 255 Band_3 Blue wavelength band Agisoft Metashape 0 255 The filenames are formatted as "2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_sensor/product_resolution.*** ", where 2024024 is the USGS Field activity ID, location is Marconi Beach (Marconi), Sep is month of data collection, sensors are Skydio (SX10) and AeroPoints and products include orthomosaic and DSM. USGS Field Activity 2024-024-FA U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Aerial imaging and mapping of Marconi Beach includes the imagery, SfM products, and AeroPoint2 ground control points. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Not for navigational use. GeoTIFF 1.0.0 Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format Adobe deflate compressed 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_DSM_5cm.tif (103 MB) and 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_SX10_Ortho_5cm.tif (89 MB). 192 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Z9NCQX The first link in the list above is to the child page where files can be downloaded individually, the second link is to directly download all the data on the page, and third link is to the doi to the main publication. CSV Exported from Excel Office 365 16.01 The CSV file 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_AeroPoints.csv contains ground control data and 2024024FA_Marconi_Sep_ImageLocations.csv contains a list of the images and their positions. 0.1 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Z9NCQX The first link in the list above is to the child page where files can be downloaded individually, the second link is to directly download all the data on the page, and third link is to the doi to the main publication. JPEG 1.0.0 The SX10 RGB nadir and oblique images. 5440 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/67854ebad34ec3ce63796a29 https://doi.org/10.5066/P13T9TTH https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Z9NCQX The first link in the list above is to the child page where files can be downloaded individually, the second link is to directly download all the data (imagery location file and metadata) on the page, and the third link is to the Imagery Data System where the photos can be viewed and downloaded individually (filter by FA, date, and sensor type), and the fourth link is to the doi to the main publication. The transfer size is the total, in MB, if you downloaded all images from the IDS, images are not hosted on sciencebase. None. 20260323 Jin-Si R. Over U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Geographer mailing and physical

U.S. Geological Survey

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2297 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 None None