Allison R. Trcka Brian V. Twining 20250611 tabular digital data, pdf https://doi.org/10.5066/P145WFII In 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Research Drilling Program, based in Nevada, subcontracted with WOOD PLC to drill and construct borehole USGS 150 (USGS site 433521112581801). The borehole was continuously cored from approximately 18.3 to 1399 feet below land surface, with the primary objective of gathering geological, geophysical, and seismic data to enhance models for understanding geologic hazards near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex within the Idaho National Lab (INL). On August 8, 2019, after reaching the completion depth, the USGS INL Project Office collected multiple geophysical logs. Key geophysical data included natural gamma, caliper, neutron, neutron porosity, and gamma-gamma density. These data were analyzed synergistically with the available core material to identify contacts between basalt flows and to determine the location and thickness of sediment layers. Additionally, a gyroscopic deviation survey was conducted to assess the projected well bore path. The geophysical data were collected using Century™ multi-parameter logging probes, with selected logs displayed in a well log figure that includes the natural gamma and neutron probe (9057A), caliper probe (9074 and 8074A1), gamma-gamma density probe (0024C), and gyroscopic deviation probe (9095C1). All geophysical data, except for the caliper log, were collected through the drill rod, and the logs were run from the bottom up after reaching total unobstructed depth. Geophysical log data not represented in the figures can be accessed by downloading the attached LAS files or by visiting the USGS GeoLog Locator. After the removal of the rods, the borehole did not remain open. Despite attempts to re-open the well, efforts to grout and stabilize challenging sections were unsuccessful. Consequently, borehole USGS 150 was capped after data collection but remained open until July 10, 2023, when the decision was made to abandon it. The USGS collected specific geophysical data, daily drilling notes, and detailed core descriptions from the core collected to 1399 feet below land surface, which are included in this data release. Drilling field notes from the INL subcontractor WOOD PLC are also provided. The USGS Research Drilling Program (RDP) conducted the core drilling operations and well construction from June to October 2019. The borehole core from USGS 150 was transported to the USGS Lithologic Core Storage Library at the Central Facilities Area on the INL for storage and permanent archiving. The drill core was photographed and described using standardized methods, employing commercially available software and a procedure developed by the USGS INL Project Office. This standardized approach ensures comprehensive descriptions while minimizing interpretation. The purpose of this dataset is to provide geologic core, geophysical data, and drilling records for borehole USGS 150 (433521112581801), drilled approximately 1,399 ft below land surface. This borehole penetrates approximately 921 ft into the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, and the aquifer is located approximately 478 ft below land surface at this location. 2019 ground condition Complete None planned Idaho National Laboratory -112.98889 -112.93808 43.60277 43.57044 ISO 19115 Topic Category boundaries geoscientificInformation None lithologic core log USGS 150 INLPO natural gamma caliper log neutron gamma-gamma LAS Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer Gyro Log INL Lithologic Core Storage Library geophysics 433521112581801 USGS Thesaurus geophysics water quality stratigraphy hydrology drilling and coring rotary drilling well drilling USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:67853160d34ec3ce63796974 None Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Eastern Snake River Plain Butte County None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Brian V Twining U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REG Hydrologist mailing address

Mail Stop 1160, 1955 N. Fremont Ave.

Idaho Falls ID 83415 US 208-526-2540 208-526-6002 btwining@usgs.gov Geophysical data include Log ASCII standard (LAS) files for each log, processed in standard industry file format. Geophysical data are collected using propriety software and post-processed as raw instrument files (LAS files) depending on the specific geophysical log type. Each log has an associated LAS file name, for example USGS150_08-08-19_13-41_0024C_.10_-4.60_1382.80_PROC.LAS. The LAS file name represents well name (USGS150), date (08-08-19), time stamp (13-41), tool number (0024C), collection interval in feet (.10), depth range in feet (-4.60_1382.80), and noted processed LAS file (PROC.LAS). Geophysical data are also made available through the USGS GeoLog Locator. Core descriptions and core depths were made based on recovered core and labeled in the field during drilling. Adjustments to core depths were made based on geophysical data and driller communication. Details for each method are described in the corresponding metadata and/or references sections Data were reviewed for consistency. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. The USGS Research Drilling Program (RDP) conducted drilling operations from June to October 2019, reaching a completion depth of 1399.6 feet below land surface (BLS). However, efforts to construct the borehole were hindered by ongoing stability issues, preventing the borehole from remaining open after the removal of the core rods. Although geophysical data was collected through the core rods, attempts to re-open the well after rod removal were unsuccessful, as efforts to grout and stabilize the challenging sections did not yield positive results. During the drilling process, detailed driller's notes were taken, including records from WOOD PLC. The WOOD PLC documentation comprises scanned versions of the field file checklists, original geologic logs, field reviewed geologic logs, field photo logs, grouting field logs, field book notes, daily site checklists, weekly summary reports, and daily safety and quality briefing notes. On August 8, 2019, after reaching the completion depth of 1399.6 feet BLS, the USGS INL Project Office collected geophysical data while the drill rods were held stationary near 1389 feet BLS. The USGS INL Project Office collected gyroscopic deviation (tool 9095C), neutron and natural gamma (tool 9057A), and gamma- gamma (tool 0024A) logs through drill casing on August 8, 2019. Due to the borehole's instability, two caliper logs were obtained at different depths and dates, necessitating the use of different equipment for accurate open hole measurements. The first caliper log was collected using tool 8074A on August 26, 2019, followed by a second log using tool 9074C on October 1, 2019. The need for redrilling and subsequent logging arose from the borehole's inability to remain open, which prompted these separate logging efforts to ensure the reliability of the measurements. Continuous drilling fluid was pumped to wash the drill rods to total depth during this logging phase. A neutron log was utilized to estimate the depth to water at 478 feet BLS; however, actual measurements were not taken due to the presence of drilling fluid in the drill pipe and the instability of the borehole. After logging, the geophysical log files were converted to Log ASCII Standard (LAS) format. The geophysical data included in the geophysical log encompass natural gamma, caliper, neutron, neutron porosity, and gamma-gamma long and short spaced density. Additionally, a separate figure illustrates the plan view of processed gyroscopic deviation data, which includes down and up logs collected in sequence, noted as 3a and 3b. The geophysical logging LAS files are as follows: 1. Gamma-gamma (tool 0024C) - long and short spaced density file: USGS150_08-08-19_13-41_0024C_.10_-4.60_1382.80_PROC.LAS 2. Neutron (tool 9057A) - natural gamma, neutron, neutron porosity file: USGS150_08-08-19_12-30_9057A_.10_-4.50_1382.30_PROC.LAS 3. Gyroscopic deviation (tool 9095C) file: USGS150_08-08-19_10-49_9095C_.20_-3.80_1360.40_PROC.LAS 3a. Gyroscopic deviation (tool 9095C) down file: USGS150_08-08-19_10-49_9095C_.20_-3.80_1360.40_PROC_DOWN.LAS 3b. Gyroscopic deviation (tool 9095C) up file: USGS150_08-08-19_11-26_9095C_.20_-5.40_1360.60_PROC_UP.LAS 3c. Final deviation file: USGS150_9095LogValues_1ft.asc 4. Mechanical caliper (tool 8074A) file: USGS150_09-26-19_11-39_8074A1_.10_-2.20_923.30_PROC.LAS 5. Mechanical caliper (tool 9074C) file: USGS150_10-01-19_09-30_9074C1_.10_567.90_1153.30_PROC.LAS 20250219 Geophysical data are displayed synergistically to include natural gamma, caliper, neutron, neutron porosity, and gamma-gamma short and long spaced density logs using commercially available software, WellCAD®. Gyroscopic deviation data include a plan view figure using vendor software Century Display™. Geophysical log data not represented in figure displays can be obtained by downloading attached LAS files or by visiting USGS - GeoLog Locator (USGS, 2022). Description of geophysical data provided as part of this data release: Natural Gamma: Natural gamma is included with most Century™ multi-parameter logging probes, including the neutron (9055C), gamma-gamma (0024C), and gyroscopic deviation (9095C). The natural gamma selected for figure display in this data release is from the neutron tool, or 9055C probe. In general, the natural gamma sensor is used to confirm the location and thickness of sediment and basalt layers and can be compared against core logs. Natural gamma emissions reference changes in sediment lithology and subtle changes in basalt lithology. Natural gamma logs record gamma radiation emitted by naturally occurring radioisotopes within the lithologic layers. Relative variations in gamma ray emissions throughout a borehole allow for the qualitative distinction of lithology with depth. Natural gamma ray emissions are be measured in counts per second (CPS). The vertical resolution of the gamma probe is 1 to 2 ft. Although a change in rock type or alteration associated with a fracture can be detected, the tool requires a thickness of 1 ft to obtain a full (maximum) response (Keys, 1990). Natural gamma logs were recorded coming up out of the borehole at a constant logging speed of approximately 30 feet per minute (ft/min) using 0.1 ft depth collection intervals. The gamma tools, which use various scintillation crystals of different size and sensitivity, are calibrated annually using a standard to American Petroleum Institute (API) units. The natural gamma detector measures total gamma radiation without distinguishing among individual contributions of the various isotopes. The USGS has used natural gamma logging at the INL to identify sedimentary layers in boreholes, but also to distinguish between basalt flows containing different amounts of potassium-40 (Anderson and others, 1997). Most logging tools used by the USGS include a natural gamma detector along with other sensors and detectors. Neutron Log: Neutron logs are a general indicator of changes in formation hydrogen content and are commonly used at the INL to display changes in lithology. Neutron logs reflect layering by recording changes in neutron response to dense media (higher neutron response) and fractured media and sediment (lower neutron response). Neutron porosity is computed using the relationship between the measured neutron (API-N) by the tool and the neutron porosity determined empirically using the Houston University of Petroleum Institute porosity test pit standards through tool manufacture software, Century Log™. In general, the neutron response correlates well with changes in fractured and dense media. The neutron detector continuously records induced radiation produced by bombarding surrounding material (casing, formation, and fluid) with fast neutrons (energies greater than 105 electron volts) from a sealed neutron source, which collide with surrounding atomic nuclei until they are captured (Keys, 1990, section 5, p. 95). The neutron probe used by the USGS INL Project Office has an americium/beryllium neutron source and a helium-3 detector that counts slow (thermal) neutrons (those that have energies less than 0.025 electron volts). Gamma-gamma Dual Density Logs: Gamma-gamma dual density logging detects Compton-scattered gamma rays that originate from a fully encapsulated, 0.2-curie cesium-137 source (Keys, 1990). The gamma tool uses a detachable radioactive source located on the bottom of the tool during operation. The intensity of the gamma radiation reflected back to the probe is related to the electron density of the medium after it is backscattered or absorbed in a drill hole, borehole fluid, or surrounding media. In the study, we used an omni-directional, dual detector sonde that responds to bulk density variation in CPS, registering higher CPS for lower-density material. Mechanical Caliper Log: The caliper tool collects a continuous log of the borehole diameter by using three extendable spring-loaded arms, capable of detecting changes in borehole diameter. Changes in borehole diameter, detected by the amount of deflection of the caliper arms, are recorded as the caliper tool is raised from the bottom of the borehole. Caliper data were used to delineate fracture openings and zones of relatively dense fracturing. Gyroscopic Deviation Log: A borehole gyroscopic deviation survey was completed for borehole USGS 150 to determine well offset and projected well bore path. The final deviation file (USGS150_9095LogValues_1ft.asc) reflects the final plan view projection in 1-foot increments, as shown in figure file: USGS150_PlanView_GyroLog.pdf. The gyroscopic deviation survey procedure and equations used to compute calculated offset, northing, easting, distance, and azimuth are described in Twining (2016). The gyroscopic survey includes a down log and up log with multiple station measurements collected at the top, middle, and bottom of the survey and post processed using an established procedure. Gyroscopic deviation data were continuously collected at regularly spaced intervals of 0.20 ft and processed using Century Log™ software. Citations: Anderson, S.R., and Liszewski, M.J., 1997, Stratigraphy of the unsaturated zone and the Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4183 (DOE/ID-22142), 65 p. [Also available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri974183.] U.S. Geological Survey, 2022, U.S. Geological Survey GeoLog Locator: U.S. Geological Survey web interface, accessed February 24, 2023, at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7X63KT0 Keys, W.S., 1990, Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 2, chap. E2, 150 p. Twining, B.V., 2016, Borehole deviation and correction factor data for selected wells in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5163 (DOE/ID-22241), 23 p., plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165163. 20200915 The core logs were created and photographed using a standardized method (Johnson and others, 2005). Core was logged with commercial logging software (Logplot™), using a procedure developed by USGS INL Project Office for use at the Lithologic Core Storage Library. The method deliberately maximizes description and minimizes interpretation. Photographs for logging are taken using a specially designed jig to control the depth of field, light intensity, angle, and position of core boxes, assuring consistent photographs. Well name, depth intervals, and color charts are photographed with the core, to assist in photo editing. Core photographs are then color corrected, if necessary, and stacked for presentation using Adobe Photoshop™. The collected data, along with photographs, includes the following: depth below land surface, descriptions of igneous, soil, and sedimentary structures, a lithologic description, a numeric value for fracture frequency presented as a histogram, a line graph showing the mean vesicle size for a specific interval, and a color curve representing the percentage of vesicle volume. Data is then inserted into the logging software to create the lithologic log. Description of the data columns in the lithologic log from left to right: The left-most column of every core log is depth, in feet BLS. The second contains a photograph of the core. The third contains igneous, soil, or sedimentary symbols to call attention to structures of particular interest. Sediment is classified by the Unified Soil Classification System based on particle size and soil texture (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1985). Sediment particle size is estimated by comparison to a chart based on the Wentworth scale (Wentworth, 1922). The fourth contains a colored lithology symbols. The fifth is for miscellaneous text, such as where drilling fractures occurred. The sixth is for written lithologic descriptions. Lithology is described in standard geological terms for color, texture, composition (minerals), xenoliths, alteration, sediment particle size, and structures of interest. The seventh column is a histogram representation for fracture frequency, a numeric value based on number of fractures per interval. Fracture frequency numeric values are 0 for intervals of unfractured core, 1 for very slightly fractured core (pieces averaged 3 to 5 ft), 2 for slightly fractured core (pieces averaged 1 to 3 ft), 3 for moderately fractured core (pieces averaged .33 to 1.0 ft), 4 for intensely fractured core (pieces averaged .0875 to 0.33 ft), and 5 for extremely fractured core (pieces averaged less than .0875 ft). The eighth column contains a line graph of estimated mean vesicle size in 0.1 inches, and a yellow-filled curve that describes the estimated volume percent of vesicles per interval of basalt. Vesicle size and volume percent are visually estimated using charts adapted from Compton, 1962. Citations: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1985, D 2487-83, Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes: Annual Book of ASTM Standards v. 04.08, pp. 395–408. Wentworth, C.K., 1922, A scale of grade and class terms of clastic sediments: Journal of Geology, v. 30, pp. 377–392 Compton, R.R., 1962, Manual of Field Geology, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 378 p. Johnson, R.S., Hodges, M.K.V., and Davis, L.C., 2005, The Corelogger Program: A Standardized Digital Method for Logging Core Drilled at the Idaho National Laboratory, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 284. 20250215 USGS150_Lithologic_Logs.pdf PDF containing depth, core photographs, igneous, soil and sedimentary structures, lithology, lithologic descriptions, and fracture frequency based on procedures developed by the USGS INL Project Office. Producer Defined USGS150_Geophysical_Logs.pdf PDF containing a summary of the geophysical logs, including borehole information and log history Producer Defined USGS150_PlanView_GyroLog.pdf PDF showing horizontal and vertical displacement for USGS 150 in plan view. Producer Defined LAS_Files.zip Zip file containing geophysical logs which are provided in Log ASCII Standard (.LAS) files. Folder names represent the geophysical data representing. The number at the end of each folder represents the folder number mentioned in processing step one. Each LAS file contains metadata information at the beginning of the files that include the tool used, the depth range, a list of the geophysical logs collected, and measurement units. Each LAS file represents a different tool used to log the well. Producer Defined USGS150_WOOD_PLC_Drilling_Field_Reports.pdf PDF from WOOD PLC that includes scanned versions of the field file checklists, original geologic logs, field reviewed geologic logs, field photo logs, grouting field logs, field book notes, daily site checklists, weekly summary reports, and daily safety and quality briefing notes. WOOD PLC USGS150_DrillRig_Core.JPG Picture in JPG format showing the drilling drig and some core from USGS 150 Producer Defined This data release contains 18 files: -1 PDF files providing the drillers notes -1 PDF files providing the lithologic logs -7 LAS files providing the geophysical logs raw data -1 ASC file providing the final deviation data -1 PDF file providing the geophysical logs -1 PDF file providing the plan view deviation figure -1 JPG file proving a picture of the drill site This Study U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P145WFII None 20250611 Allison R Trcka U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REG Hydrologist mailing address

1955 N. Fremont Ave.

Idaho Falls ID 83415 US 208-526-0796 atrcka@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999