Eric D. Morway Alden M. Provost Christian D. Langevin 20250224 groundwater model Reston, VA, USA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P13KJF3C Eric D. Morway Alden M. Provost Christian D. Langevin Joseph D. Hughes Martijn J. Russcher Chieh Y. Chen Yu-Feng Lin 2024 Publication Groundwater Hoboken, New Jersey Wiley and Sons https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13470 This data release contains two MODFLOW 6 simulations. Each simulation contains one groundwater flow (GWF) model and one groundwater energy (heat) (GWE) transport model. The GWF and GWE models are constructed to match the setup of the Barends analytical solution for two-dimensional heat transport. This allows the accuracy of the new GWE model to be verified so existing and prospective users of the MODFLOW 6 hydrologic simulator interested in simulating heat transport can do so within the MODFLOW 6 framework. However, only the one-dimensional barends model included in this archive was evaluated against the analytical solution. The second MODFLOW 6 simulation, found in a subdirectory titled "barends_2d" within the "model" subdirectory, goes beyond the analytical solution and therefore could not be confirmed against a known answer. The GWE model simulates the movement of heat in the subsurface, including both the saturated and variably-saturated zones. This USGS data release contains all of the input and output files for the simulations described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13470). The new GWE model written within the MODFLOW 6 hydrologic simulator framework provides MODFLOW users the ability to simulate heat transport in native heat transport units. This eliminates the need to calculate parameter-equivalents for use in a solute transport model, an approach that was previously required for simulating heat movement in the MODFLOW suite of software (MT3DMS and MT3D-USGS). Simulating heat transport allows MODFLOW 6 users to investigate groundwater temperatures in streamflow, for example. Additionally, the GWE model opens the door for geothermal investigations within MODFLOW 6. Finally, temperature observations are relatively easy and inexpensive to collect and are sometimes used to help calibrate flow models. Users may identify other uses for the GWE model. The development of the model input and output files included in this data release are documented in a Groundwater journal Methods Note manuscript (https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13470). Support is provided for correcting errors in the data release and clarification of the modeling conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Users are encouraged to review the model documentation report (https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13470) to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. Instructions for reconstructing the original directory structure and running the model included in this data release and described in the associated journal article can be found in the readme.txt ASCII file which can be downloaded as part of this data release. Detailed descriptions of the model input and output files can be found in the MODFLOW 6 model documentation (https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A55) and online at: https://modflow6.readthedocs.io/en/stable/ accessed September 30, 2024. Files in this data release include: -readme.txt: ASCII text file that describes the model data release. This file also includes instructions on how to run the models contained in this data release. -morway2024_groundwater.zip: A ZIP file containing ancillary data including python notebooks used to create the model input, 64-bit executable of MODFLOW 6 (version 6.6.0) used to run the simulations in this data release, the input files for the 2-dimensional simulations documented in this data release, the output files for the Barends model simulations documented in this data release, and finally the source files for MODFLOW 6 (version 6.6.0) used to run the simulations in this data release. 19000101 20991231 publication date Complete Not planned -119.699486 -119.697922 39.184008 39.182563 USGS Thesaurus groundwater heat flow (earth) none usgsgroundwatermodel MODFLOW6 heat transport model Barends analytical solution geothermal systems groundwater aquifers connected stream-aquifer systems groundwater heat transport aquifer thermal energy storage ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation inlandWaters environment USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6733f585d34ee3976592e60b None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from this data release. These groundwater model input and output files are provided to support the analyses documented in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13470). Although the information contained in the model files may be useful for other purposes, it is incumbent on the user to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. Data have been checked to ensure consistency with the accompanying report. If any errors are detected, please notify the originating office. Eric D. Morway U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

2730 Deer Run Road, Suite 3

Carson City NV 89701-1484 USA 775-887-7668 emorway@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Nevada Water Science Center None Unclassified None Christian D. Langevin Joseph D. Hughes Edward R. Banta Richard G. Niswonger Sorab Panday Alden M. Provost 2017 Publication Techniques and Methods 6-A55 Reston, VA, USA U.S. Geological Survey Detailed description of the model input and output files included in this data release can be found in this model code documentation report. https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A55 F.B.J. Barends 2010 Publication Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition SPE-134670-MS Florence, Italy Society of Petroleum Engineers Detailed description of the analytical solution used to guide specification of the model input and output files included in this data release can be found in the Barends documentation report. https://doi.org/10.2118/134670-MS The simulations included in this data release are from hypothetical models and were not calibrated No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record and the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13470) for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted The process used to develop and apply the models is fully described in the journal article (https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13470) 2024 GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although the data, software, and related material have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), reviewed for accuracy and completeness, and approved for release by the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digital datasets None 341.261 https://doi.org/10.5066/P13KJF3C None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the dataset. 20250224 Eric Morway U.S. Geological Survey, SOUTHWEST REGION Hydrologist mailing

2730 North Deer Run Road

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Carson City NV 89701 United States 775-887-7668 emorway@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998