Tracie R. Jackson 2022 Version 1.0 groundwater model Reston, VA, USA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P98YZC5P This data release documents a modified version of the Death Valley version 3 steady-state (DV3-SS) model described in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1863 (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863). The DV3-SS model was modified by conversion into a superposition model with initial heads of 0 ft (0 m). Simulated water-level changes are relative to modern, predevelopment (pre-1950) conditions, where modern levels have a reference datum of 0 ft (0 m). The modified DV3-SS model is a three-dimensional, groundwater model (MODFLOW-2005) that was used to estimate paleo-recharge in the Ash Meadows groundwater basin, southwest Nevada, using the Devils Hole (cave 2) water-table record that spans the last 350,000 years. Two steady-state (paleo-recharge) scenarios were developed. Scenario 1 simulates paleo-recharge during peak glaciation when the Devils Hole water-table elevation was +31.2 ft (+9.5 m) above the modern level. Scenario 2 simulates the peak interglacial when the Devils Hole water-table elevation was below the modern level but above -5.25 ft (-1.6 m). Two transient (future recharge) scenarios were developed by running the modified DV3-SS model as a transient model. Transient scenarios 1 and 2 simulate 10 and 20 percent decreases in modern recharge, respectively. Transient scenarios are used to estimate future water-level declines in Devils Hole and the time period for equilibration to changes in future recharge. Input and output files for the paleo-recharge and future scenarios are in the model and output directories, respectively. The modified DV3-SS model and transient model used the calibrated hydraulic properties and recharge distribution from the original DV3-SS model (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863). The ancillary directory includes (1) 151 MODFLOW-2005 recharge files used to simulate 151 paleo-recharge scenarios (Appendix A); (2) batch files, executables, and post-processing utilities to sequentially run the 151 paleo-recharge scenarios and process results (Appendix B); and (3) a transient version of the modified DV3-SS model to determine the timescale for equilibration to steady-state conditions assuming modern recharge is reduced by 10 or 20 percent (Appendix C). The modified DV3-SS groundwater model was developed to estimate paleo-recharge volumes in the Ash Meadows groundwater basin, southwest Nevada, using the Devils Hole (cave 2) water-table record that spans the last 350,000 years. The transient model was developed by converting the modified DV3-SS model into a transient model with minor modifications to the discretization file. The transient model was used to estimate the timescale for equilibration to steady-state conditions assuming modern recharge is reduced by 10 or 20 percent in future scenarios. Support is provided for correcting errors in the data release and clarification of the modeling conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Users are encouraged to review the model documentation reports (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863 to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. The models and post-processing tools will run successfully only if the original directory structure is correctly restored. The model archive is broken into several pieces to reduce the likelihood of download timeouts. Instructions for reconstructing the original directory structure and running the models included in this data release and described in the model documentation paper can be found in the readme.txt ASCII file which can be downloaded as part of this data release. 19130101 20200101 publication date Complete Not planned -117.0662759 -115.0770292 37.72674773 35.64430616 USGS Thesaurus usgsgroundwatermodel MODFLOW MODFLOW-2005 Groundwater Groundwater Model Paleo recharge ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation inlandWaters environment USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:670229ac-8134-4c3c-8db3-9c72f4fdb01f Geographic Names Information System Nevada California Devils Hole Inyo County Clark County Lincoln County Nye County Ash Meadows Yucca Flat Frenchman Flat Amargosa Desert Death Valley Furnace Creek Furnace Creek Ranch Amargosa River None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from this data release. none Tracie R. Jackson U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

P.O Box 60127

Boulder City NV 89006 USA 702-294-6036 tjackson@usgs.gov http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/jackson2022_CEEThumbnail.jpg Image of the model domain and active area of the model. jpg Grant P327510 of the Austrian Science Fund None Unclassified None Keith J. Halford Tracie R. Jackson 2020 Publication Professional Paper 1863 Reston, VA, USA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863 Tracie R. Jackson Keith J. Halford 2020 groundwater model U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 Reston, VA, USA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HIYVG2 The models in this data release uses the calibrated hydraulic properties and recharge distribution from the original DV3-SS model (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863). The DV3-SS model was calibrated to water-level altitudes, differences in water-level altitudes between sites, transmissivities, selected flow rates, and regularization observations. Recharge and hydraulic-conductivity distributions were estimated using pilot points with parameter estimation (PEST; Doherty, 2010). Predevelopment (steady-state) water levels were available for 881 wells and 162 spring pools. Transmissivities were estimated from aquifer tests and specific capacities in 271 wells. Tikhonov regularization was used to guide hydraulic-property estimates toward a preferred condition of homogeneity within hydrogeologic units. Ratios of conceptual annual average recharge was the preferred relationship for recharge. Regularization observations were weighted so that preferred relationships were emphasized where measurement observations were few. See U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1863 (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863) for calibration details. No additional calibration was done for this study. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record, journal paper describing modifications to the DV3-SS model (https://doi.org/10.1029/XXXXXX), and U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1863 (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863) for construction details of the original DV3-SS model. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted The process used to develop, calibrate, and apply the groundwater flow model is fully described in the model documentation reports (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1863 and https://doi.org/10.1029/XXXXXX). 2022 raster pixel Transverse Mercator 0.99960000 -117.00000000 0.00000000 500000.00000000 0.00000000 row and column 820.21 820.21 feet North American Vertical Datum of 1983 1.0 feet Attribute values jackson2022_CEE.shp ESRI Polygon shapefile U.S. Geological Survey Area Text string indicating polygon area is active or inactive in the model. https://doi.org/10.1029/XXXXXX usgsgroundwatermodel Delineation of active and inactive areas in the model. https://doi.org/10.1029/XXXXXX Jackson, T.R., 2022, MODFLOW-2005 model used to estimate paleo-recharge volumes and project future water-level changes in Ash Meadows groundwater basin, southwest Nevada, based on Devils Hole paleo-water-table record: U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P98YZC5P U.S. Geological Survey Michael Ierardi IT Specialist mailing

445 National Center

Reston VA 20192 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) mierardi@usgs.gov The data have been approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although the data, software, and related material have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. readme.txt 1.0 ASCII text file This ASCII text file describes the model data release. This file includes descriptions of model input and output files, and batch files used to run the models included in this data release. 0.026 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/readme.txt modelgeoref.txt 1.0 ASCII text file This ASCII text file defines the four corners, in decimal degrees, of the model domain included in this data release. 0.001 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/modelgeoref.txt ancillary.zip 1.0 ZIP This ZIP file contains supplementary model runs described in the journal paper (https://doi.org/10.1029/XXXXXX). Appendix A contains 151 MODFLOW-2005 recharge files used to simulate 151 paleo-recharge scenarios. Appendix B contains batch files, executables, and post-processing utilities used to sequentially run the 151 paleo-recharge scenarios and process results to develop a relation between recharge and Devils Hole water-table change. Appendix C contains a transient version of the modified DV3-SS model used to determine the timescale for equilibration to steady-state conditions assuming modern recharge is reduced by 10 or 20 percent. 48.858 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/ancillary.zip bin.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing the MODFLOW-2005 (version 1.12.00) executable used to run the two paleo-recharge scenarios and two future recharge scenarios. 3.375 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/bin.zip georef.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing a shapefile which defines the extent of the model domain and active part of the models included in the data release. 0.014 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/georef.zip model.zip 1.0 ZIP file This ZIP file contains the MODFLOW-2005 input files for the two paleo-recharge scenarios and two future recharge scenarios included in the data release. 3.698 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/model.zip output.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing MODFLOW-2005 output files (results) from the two paleo-recharge and two future recharge scenarios included in the data release. 1665.100 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/output.zip source.zip 1.0 ZIP file ZIP file containing MODFLOW-2005 (version 1.12.00), ZONEBUDGET, and MOD2OBS groundwater utility source code used to run the models included in the data release. Descriptions of FORTRAN executables are provided in ZZ_Manifest.xlsx in Appendix B of the ancillary directory 17.369 https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/gwmodels/jackson2022_CEE/source.zip None 20220217 U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing

445 National Center

Reston VA 20192 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) mierardi@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998