Daniel R. Schlaepfer John B. Bradford 20241112 spreadsheet Additional information about Originators: Schlaepfer, Daniel R., https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9973-2065; Bradford, John B., https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303 https://doi.org/10.5066/P14DXMBP Bradley J. Butterfield Daniel R. Schlaepfer Robert K. Al‐Chokhachy Jason B. Dunham Jeremiah D. Groom Clint C. Muhlfeld Christian E. Torgersen John B. Bradford 20251118 publication Ecosphere vol. 16, issue 11 n/a Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70413 The objectives for these data are to characterize seasonal and spatial patterns of drought propagation across a set of seven watersheds in the western United States. These watersheds vary in aridity, contain extensive elevation gradients, and support river systems with long-term gage data. We used a soil water balance model SOILWAT2 with soil physical structure from POLARIS and daily weather data from gridMET as well as DayMet as the inputs. Using gridMET inputs, we simulated daily timestep soil moisture and water balance for dozens to hundreds of 1/24th-degree pixels within each watershed. Using DayMet inputs, we simulated daily timestep soil moisture and water balance for hundreds of 1-km pixels within one watershed. We provide daily potential evapotranspiration, daily transpiration, daily total evaporation, daily diffuse recharge and runoff, daily available soil moisture at different soil depths, and long-term daily frozen soil conditions for each pixel. The purpose of these data is to characterize patterns in seasonal terrestrial drought patterns within seven watersheds in the western USA that vary substantially in aridity using simulated soil moisture at a daily timestep for the period 1979-2020 across numerous locations within each watershed. These data could be used to prioritize land management actions, including restoration, rehabilitation, conservation, preservation in the context of changing climate conditions. 19790101 20201231 ground condition Complete None planned -118.9389 -109.1891 48.9794 42.4795 Seven watersheds in northwestern USA ISO 19115 Topic Category biota climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere environment USGS Thesaurus datasets ecological processes ecosystems geospatial datasets terrestrial ecosystems None watershed ecological drought available soil water SOILWAT2 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:66d8f277d34eef5af66cb32f None northwestern USA Upper Donner und Blitzen River North Fork Flathead St. Marys Two Medicine Shields North Fork Shoshone Snake Headwaters Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Idaho Oregon Washington Montana Wyoming None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. John B Bradford U.S. Geological Survey, ECOSYSTEMS Research Ecologist mailing and physical

Mail Stop 9394, 2255 North Gemini Drive

Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA 928-556-7300 (928) 556-9111 jbradford@usgs.gov We thank the USGS Ecosystems Mission Area for funding and the Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center for support. John T. Abatzoglou 2013 publication Royal Meteorological Society (online) International Journal of Climatology https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3413 Jeff T Falgout Janice Gordon 2023 application/service Sioux Falls, SD U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/F7D798MJ Daniel R. Schlaepfer 2020 publication zenodo (online) zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4392954 Thornton, P. E., R. Shrestha, M. Thornton, S.-C. Kao, Y. Wei, and B. E. Wilson 2021 publication Nature Publishing Scientific Data https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00973-0 The unique values for each attribute field were reviewed and checked for accuracy and completeness. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Attribute values are within expected ranges. See final process step for details on QAQC. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted John T. Abatzoglou 2023 netCDF UC Merced, Climatology Lab (online) University of California, Merced https://www.climatologylab.org/gridmet.html digital raster data 19790101 20201231 publication date gridMET These data were used to characterize daily meteorological conditions for ambient conditions. gridMET provides values of daily maximum air temperature, daily minimum air temperature, and daily precipitation amount for 1979-yesterday. Chaney, N. W., B. Minasny, J. D. Herman, T. W. Nauman, C. Brungard, C. L. S. Morgan, A. B. McBratney, E. F. Wood, and Y. T. Yimam 2019 publication Water Resources Research AGU https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR022797 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2019 publication date soil properties These data were used to characterize soil properties (sand, clay, silt, bulk density). M.M. Thornton R. Shrestha Y. Wei P.E. Thornton S-C. Kao 2020 publication n/a ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center https://doi.org/10.3334/ornldaac/1840 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19800101 20211231 publication date Daymet These data were used to characterize daily meteorological conditions for ambient conditions. DayMet provides values of daily maximum air temperature, daily minimum air temperature, and daily precipitation amount for 1980-2021. Daniel R Schlaepfer Brenden Bernal CaitlinA Nathan Payton- McCauslin Cjb643 Zachary Kramer ASHISH KUMAR TIWARI Ryan J Murphy Chandler Haukap Kyle Palmquist 2020 publication n/a Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4392954 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2020 publication date SOILWAT2 Step 2 of the data processing used SOILWAT2 to simulate daily potential evapotranspiration, daily available soil moisture at different soil depths, and long-term daily frozen soil conditions for each pixel. Source data acquisition: We acquired the following data: soil properties (sand, clay, silt, bulk density) from (Chaney et al. 2019: POLARIS); ambient climate data including daily maximum air temperature, daily minimum air temperature, and daily precipitation amount and pixels (Abatzoglou et al. 2021: gridMET; Thornton et al. 2021: DayMet). 2021 Data processing: We used SOILWAT2 (Schlaepfer et al. 2020) to simulate daily potential evapotranspiration, daily available soil moisture at different soil depths, and long-term daily frozen soil conditions for each pixel. 2021 Data Quality Assessment and Quality Control (QAQC): Checks were conducted by the authors of this data-release. Geographic patterns and summary statistics for these data were inspected for consistency and reasonableness during analysis in 2021 and 2024. We created and examined maps of values to evaluate the geographic patterns. We also examined the numeric distribution and range of resulting values to confirm the values fell within expected bounds and confirm absence of extreme outliers that would indicate a potential error. 2021 Vector Area point 1199 0.041666 0.041666 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) WGS_1984 6378137 298.257223563 Table1-simGM_Locations.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data with one row for each simulated grid cell produced by simulations based on gridMET inputs Producer defined Watershed Name Name of the watershed Producer defined Upper Donner und Blitzen River Watershed name Producer defined North Fork Flathead Watershed name Producer defined St. Marys Watershed name Producer defined Two Medicine Watershed name Producer defined Shields Watershed name Producer defined North Fork Shoshone Watershed name Producer defined Snake Headwaters Watershed name Producer defined Gridcell ID Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) Producer defined Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) from sw0001 to sw2035 Longitude Longitude of grid cell centroid in WGS84 Producer defined -118.93892157379 -109.189074536265 Latitude Latitude of grid cell centroid in WGS84 Producer defined 42.4794643807085 48.979362651093 Soil depth (cm) Depth of soil profile used for the simulation Producer defined 45 152 Lower soil depth for shallow SWA (cm) Shallow available soil water (SWA) was calculated across depths 0 - this value. Producer defined 20 20 Upper soil depth for deep SWA (cm) Deep available soil water (SWA) was calculated across depths upper - lower value. Producer defined 40 80 Lower soil depth for deep SWA (cm) Deep available soil water (SWA) was calculated across depths upper - lower value. Producer defined 45 100 Table1-simDM_Locations.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data with one row for each simulated grid cell produced by simulations based on DayMet inputs Producer defined Watershed Name Name of the watershed Producer defined Upper Donner und Blitzen River Watershed name Producer defined Gridcell ID Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) Producer defined Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) from sw001 to sw565 Longitude Longitude of grid cell centroid in WGS84 Producer defined -118.930537551317 -118.574632135183 Latitude Latitude of grid cell centroid in WGS84 Producer defined 42.4877879062182 42.8085668214504 Soil depth (cm) Depth of soil profile used for the simulation Producer defined 18 152 Lower soil depth for shallow SWA (cm) Shallow available soil water (SWA) was calculated across depths 0 - this value. Producer defined 18 20 Upper soil depth for deep SWA (cm) Deep available soil water (SWA) was calculated across depths upper - lower value. Producer defined NA No Data Producer defined 40 80 Lower soil depth for deep SWA (cm) Deep available soil water (SWA) was calculated across depths upper - lower value. Producer defined NA No Data Producer defined 41 100 Table2[a-g]-simGM_[WatershedName].csv One Comma Separated Value (CSV) file per watershed containing data with one row for each simulated grid cell and each simulated day based on gridMET inputs. The are seven files, one for each watershed: Table2a-simGM_UpperDonnerundBlitzenRiver.csv, Table2b-simGM_NorthForkFlathead.csv, Table2c-simGM_StMarys.csv, Table2d-simGM_TwoMedicine.csv, Table2e-simGM_Shields.csv, Table2f-simGM_NorthForkShoshone.csv, Table2g-simGM_SnakeHeadwaters.csv Producer defined Gridcell ID Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) Producer defined Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) from sw0001 to sw2035 Day of year Day of year Producer defined 1 366 Year Calendar year Producer defined 1979 2020 T_mm Transpiration [mm] Producer defined 0.0 3.97242410689592 E_mm Evaporation [mm] Producer defined 0 4.8758212921389 PET_mm Potential evapotranspiration [mm] Producer defined 0.1 6.17975101530308 DR_mm Diffuse recharge and runoff [mm] Producer defined 0.0 1455.79438726109 SWAat0to020cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 0-20 cm depth Producer defined 0.0 33.4565693550595 SWAat20to040cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 20-40 cm depth Producer defined 0.0 31.4594393647228 SWAat40to060cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 40-60 cm depth Producer defined 0.0 24.29625367 SWAat60to080cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 60-80 cm depth Producer defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 12.1918955499207 SWAat80to100cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 80-100 cm depth Producer defined NA No Data Producer defined nan nan FrozenSoil Long-term average daily air temperature <= -1 C Producer defined 0 1 Table2a-simDM_UpperDonnerundBlitzenRiver.csv One Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data with one row for each simulated grid cell and each simulated day based on DayMet inputs for the watershed Upper Donner und Blitzen River Producer defined Gridcell ID Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) Producer defined Unique identifying number for each simulated pixel (grid cell) from sw0001 to sw565 Day of year Day of year Producer defined 1 366 Year Calendar year Producer defined 1980 2019 T_mm Transpiration [mm] Producer defined 0.0 3.830169 E_mm Evaporation [mm] Producer defined 0.0 4.980713 PET_mm Potential evapotranspiration [mm] Producer defined 0.1 6.291215 DR_mm Diffuse recharge and runoff [mm] Producer defined 0.0 1510.778 SWAat0to020cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 0-20 cm depth Producer defined 0.0 43.12776 SWAat20to040cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 20-40 cm depth Producer defined 0.0 40.00175 SWAat40to060cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 40-60 cm depth Producer defined 0.0 33.18615 SWAat60to080cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 60-80 cm depth Producer defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 32.61863 SWAat80to100cm39bar_mm Amount of (available) water [mm] held at > -3.9 MPa at 80-100 cm depth Producer defined NA No Data Producer defined 0.0 30.64828 FrozenSoil Long-term average daily air temperature <= -1 C Producer defined 0 1 GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P14DXMBP None 20260224 John B Bradford U.S. Geological Survey, ECOSYSTEMS Research Ecologist mailing and physical

Mail Stop 9394, 2255 North Gemini Drive

Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA 928-556-7300 (928) 556-9111 jbradford@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999