Mark E. Reid Hirotaka Ochiai 20250121 csv files, png and jpeg images Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P18XMZPC Mark E. Reid Hirotaka Ochiai 20250716 publication n/a Springer Science and Business Media LLC https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-025-02539-2 This data release contains displacement and pore-water pressure data from a field experiment performed November 14, 2003, at Mount Kaba-san, Japan. This experiment generated a shallow landslide, induced by water infiltration from overhead sprinkling, that mobilized into a debris flow. More information about this experiment can be found in Ochiai and others (2004). Extensometer data recorded the ground-surface locations (displacement) and pressure transducers recorded dynamic pore-water pressures within the hillslope leading up to and through rapid failure. Data were recorded at a 100-Hz sampling frequency on a National Instruments data-acquisition system. The accompanying cross-sectional diagram (Japan_exp_cross-section.png) illustrates the general instrument configuration at the start of the experiment. Extensometers (linear position transducers) were attached to the overhead sprinkling structure and their wire cables (that extend with displacement) were attached to ground anchors downslope of the instruments. These instruments with retractable wire rope cables were manufactured by UniMeasure. Extensometer 4 had a longer wire length to better record the transition from slow sliding motion to rapid debris flow. Extensometer Model Approx. wire length range (m) 3 JX-PA-80-N11-11S-111 2 4 HX-PA-400 8 5 JX-PA-80-N11-11S-111 2 Piezometers were directly buried pressure transducers encased in custom-built cylindrical housings (43 mm in diameter, 93 mm long) with sintered filters at their bases (refer to Japan_exp_piezometer_images.jpg). The transducers within the enclosures were manufactured by Druk, model PDCR800, with a range of 70 kiloPascals (kPa) gauge pressure. Each enclosure had two sealable tubes that extended to the ground surface after burial. These tubes allowed water to be injected into the enclosure through one tube and air to escape out the other tube. This configuration enabled full water saturation of the enclosed transducer sensors, rapid pressure transmission to the sensor diaphragms, and better recording of dynamic responses during rapid failure. This data release contains the following files: (1) Metadata for this data release. (2) Data (in csv format) from the entire experiment (until about six minutes after rapid failure) downsampled to 1-Hz for ease of viewing and plotting. Time in seconds denotes time after overhead sprinkling commenced. (3) Data (in csv format) from the rapid-failure period (24620-24640 seconds) at 100-Hz to portray dynamic responses during rapid failure. (4) Image of experiment cross section showing instrument locations and landslide failure mass. (5) Images of piezometers consisting of pressure transducers and enclosures. Extensometer data is presented as raw recorded position (m) and corrected position (m) to reflect downslope, rather than oblique, displacement. Refer to Processing Steps in the metadata for more information on extensometer data corrections. Pore-pressure data is presented in recorded centimeters of head and converted to kPa. Reference cited Ochiai, H., Okada, Y., Furuya, G., Okura, Y., Matsui, T., Sammori, T., Terajima, T. and Sassa, K., 2004, A fluidized landslide on a natural slope by artificial rainfall: Landslides, v. 1, p. 211-219. These data were collected as part of an experiment designed to trigger a shallow landslide by overhead sprinkling (artificial rainfall). High-quality displacement and pore-pressure data from this experiment document the behavior of a landslide mobilizing into a debris flow. This experiment was part of the APERIF (Areal Prediction of Earthquake and Rainfall Induced Rapid and Long-travelling Flow Phenomena) project, funded by the Special Coordinating Fund for Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. 20031114 ground condition Complete None planned Near Mount Kaba-san, Japan 140.139100 140.140300 36.315900 36.314700 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus landslides ground failure field experiments hazards USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:66ae6bffd34e20d4a035c564 GEONet Names Server Japan None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Mark E Reid USGS - ALASKA REGION Research Hydrologist mailing and physical

NASA AMES-Moffett Field, Moffett Field - Building 19

Moffett Field CA 94035 650-439-2891 mreid@usgs.gov Described in Purpose section. No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical consistency accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Extensometers were installed with their wire cables running at an oblique angle to the ground surface (see Japan_exp_cross-section.png), so raw displacement recorded was slightly larger than corresponding displacement projected parallel to the ground surface. The overall ground surface slope was about 33º (theta). We used field installation measurements and the properties of right-angle triangles to correct raw displacement measurements to slope-parallel displacements. In addition, initial signals recorded by the data-acquisition system and initial slope lengths were removed from the corrected values, so that position values start at zero. The process can be divided into three phases: (1) Field measurements for each extensometer [VH = vertical height of instrument above ground anchor attachment; ISL = initial slope length from downslope ground anchor to beneath instrument] Extensometer VH (m) ISL (m) 3 2.15 8.1 4 2.12 7.6 5 2.45 6.7 (2) Fixed computed values for each extensometer [NH = slope normal height of extensometer above ground anchor (VH*cos(theta); TISL = total initial slope length (VH*sin(theta) + ISL); IWL = initial extensometer wire length, normalized to zero (SQRT (TISL^2 + NH^2) – initial sensor reading)] Extensometer NH (m) TISL (m) IWL (m) 3 1.807 9.274 9.390 4 1.777 8.754 8.889 5 2.053 8.033 8.225 (3) Formula to compute dynamic corrected values to reflect motion parallel to ground slope, for raw data from each extensometer (removing initial slope length, TISL) Corrected slope-parallel displacements from initial raw positions (m) = SQRT ((raw data + IWL)^2 – NH^2) - TISL 2004 Japan_exp_complete_period_data.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined TIMER_(sec) Time since start of overhead sprinkling, in seconds Producer Defined 4 25000 seconds Ext.3_raw_(m) Raw extensometer 3 data, in meters Producer Defined 0.05764 1.64259 meters 0.00012 Ext.4_raw_(m) Raw extensometer 4 data, in meters Producer Defined -0.01808 7.86379 meters 0.00063 Ext.5_raw_(m) Raw extensometer 5 data, in meters Producer Defined -0.01152 1.26547 meters 0.00013 Ext.3_corr_(m) Corrected extensometer 3 values reflecting slope parallel displacement, in meters Producer Defined -0.00026 1.60867 meters Ext.4_corr_(m) Corrected extensometer 4 values reflecting slope parallel displacement, in meters Producer Defined -0.0624 7.90003 meters Ext.5_corr_(m) Corrected extensometer 5 values reflecting slope parallel displacement, in meters Producer Defined -0.07958 1.23122 meters Piezo.4_(cm_head) Pressure head at piezometer 4, in centimeters of water head Producer Defined -55.03588 75.16108 centimeters of water head 0.155 Piezo.6_(cm_head) Pressure head at piezometer 6, in centimeters of water head Producer Defined -144.84375 44.84375 centimeters of water head 0.156 Piezo.7_(cm_head) Pressure head at piezometer 7, in centimeters of water head Producer Defined -42.91214 59.64183 centimters of water head 0.146 Piezo.4_(kPa) Pore pressure at piezometer 4, in kPa Producer Defined -5.39582 7.36893 kiloPascals Piezo.6_(kPa) Pore pressure at piezometer 6, in kPa Producer Defined -14.20074 4.39656 kiloPascals Piezo.7_(kPa) Pore pressure at piezometer 7, in kPa Producer Defined -4.20718 5.84739 kiloPascals Data files Japan_exp_complete_period_data and Japan_exp_failure_period_data are both in csv format and contain the same column headers. The attribute ranges provided cover the possible ranges across both files. This study. GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P18XMZPC None 20250725 Mark E Reid USGS - ALASKA REGION Research Hydrologist mailing and physical

NASA AMES-Moffett Field, Moffett Field - Building 19

Moffett Field CA 94035 650-439-2891 mreid@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999