Devendra Dahal Stephen P. Boyte Kory Postma Neal J. Pastick Logan J. Megard 20250715 raster digital data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GC5JVG Devendra Dahal Neal J. Pastick Stephen P. Boyte Sujan Parajuli Michael J. Oimoen Logan J. Megard 20220209 publication Remote Sensing vol. 14, issue 4 n/a MDPI AG pg. 807 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040807 This dataset release provides historical (2016 - 2023) estimates of fractional cover for Exotic Annual Grass (EAG) species and a native perennial bunch grass in the arid and semi-arid rangelands of the western United States. The dataset includes four (five for 2023) fractional cover maps per year, accompanied by corresponding confidence maps, for a group of 16 species of EAGs, Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum); Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae); and Sandberg Bluegrass (Poa secunda). Field Brome (Bromus arvensis) is added as individual map species in 2023. The data were generated using a combination of field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) plots; remotely sensed data from the Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) product (specifically Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)), and various environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers. Additionally, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were employed in the data generation process. It should be noted that the training of regression-tree models and the development of historical maps (2016-2020) utilized a total of 17,536 AIM plots from years 2016 – 2019. For the creation of 2021 maps, 19,415 AIM plots from years 2016 - 2021 were employed, and 2022 maps, 28,901 AIM plots from 2016-2022 were used. In the case of 2016 – 2020 maps, areas above 2250-m elevation and pixels classified other than grassland/herbaceous or shrub (likely rangelands) were masked based on the 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD). 2021 onward maps, areas above 2350-m elevation and pixels classified as other than grassland/herbaceous by the 2019 NLCD for 2021 and 2022 and 2021 NLCD for 2023 were masked. The seed source variable from the Rangeland Analysis Platform (RAP) [Jones et al., 2018]) was used as one of the drivers for modeling of 2016 – 2020 maps but was not utilized for modeling of 2021 and later maps. Additionally, HLS NDWI were not used after 2021 maps. All other predictor variables are identical for all sets of maps. For details, please check data quality information section. The purpose for these datasets is to provide historical context with spatially explicit exotic annual grasses abundance in the study area. Appropriate use of the data should be defined by the user; however, this data comes with caveats. First, these estimates should be viewed as relative abundances. Second, comparing this dataset to similar datasets with different spatial resolutions or different dates can lead to substantial differences between dataset values. This release includes percent cover maps for exotic annual grass, cheatgrass, Medusahead, and Poa secunda as well as associated confidence maps. The values for percent cover maps range from 0 to 100, However, values for confidence maps range from 0 to 10. A high value on the confidence map denotes high confidence with the mapped pixels. 2016 2023 publication date Complete Annually -124.9400 -109.0000 49.0000 31.1700 Exotic species Annual grass Annual herbaceous Cheatgrass exotic Harmonized Landsat Sentinel Texas brome Medusahead NDVI noxious red brome sagebrush rye brome soft brome Poa secunda perennial bunch grass USGS Thesaurus nonindigenous species invasive species remote sensing USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:66a167bad34ec831f2c2c34e Common geographic areas Arizona California Colorado Great Basin Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota Texas Utah Washington Wyoming United States western United States None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Devendra Dahal (CTR) U.S. Geological Survey, LAND RESOURCES mailing address

47914 252nd Street

Sioux Falls SD 57198 US 605-594-2716 ddahal@contractor.usgs.gov The creation and analysis of the datasets were facilitated by employing the Denali and Tallgrass High Performance Computing (HPC) systems, which operate on the Linux operating system. To generate these datasets, open-source Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL version 2.4.2), along with NumPy, pandas, and sci-kit learn were utilized. The data generation process was carried out using Anaconda Python version 3.6. It is worth noting that the resulting datasets can also be accessed and read using proprietary software tools such as ArcGIS and ERDAS Imagine. Files names are: ExoticAnnualGrass_2016_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2016_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2016_PercentCover.tif PoaSecunda_2016_PercentCover.tif --------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2017_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2017_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2017_PercentCover.tif PoaSecunda_2017_PercentCover.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2018_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2018_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2018_PercentCover.tif PoaSecunda_2018_PercentCover.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2019_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2019_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2019_PercentCover.tif PoaSecunda_2019_PercentCover.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2020_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2020_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2020_PercentCover.tif PoaSecunda_2020_PercentCover.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2021_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2021_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2021_PercentCover.tif PoaSecunda_2021_PercentCover.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2022_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2022_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2022_PercentCover.tif SandbergBluegrass_2022_PercentCover.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2023Hist_PercentCover.tif Cheatgrass_2023Hist_PercentCover.tif Medusahead_2023Hist_PercentCover.tif SandbergBluegrass_2023Hist_PercentCover.tif FieldBrome_2023Hist_PercentCover.tif ========================== ExoticAnnualGrass_2016_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2016_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2016_Confidence.tif PoaSecunda_2016_Confidence.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2017_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2017_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2017_Confidence.tif PoaSecunda_2017_Confidence.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2018_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2018_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2018_Confidence.tif PoaSecunda_2018_Confidence.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2019_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2019_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2019_Confidence.tif PoaSecunda_2019_Confidence.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2020_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2020_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2020_Confidence.tif PoaSecunda_2020_Confidence.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2021_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2021_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2021_Confidence.tif PoaSecunda_2021_Confidence.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2022_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2022_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2022_Confidence.tif SandbergBluegrass_2022_Confidence.tif ---------- ExoticAnnualGrass_2023Hist_Confidence.tif Cheatgrass_2023Hist_Confidence.tif Medusahead_2023Hist_Confidence.tif SandbergBluegrass_2023Hist_Confidence.tif FieldBrome_2023Hist_Confidence.tif Individual files are smaller than 1GB. The entire data size that includes 56 raster files is approximately 26 GB. Stephen P. Boyte 2019 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P96PVZIF Stephen P. Boyte Bruce K. Wylie 2018 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RIV03D Devendra Dahal Bruce K. Wylie Neal J. Pastick Sujan Parajuli 2020 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZZSX5Q Devendra Dahal Neal J Pastick Sujan Parajuli Bruce K Wylie 2020 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P91NJ2PD Devendra Dahal Neal J. Pastick Stephen P. Boyte Sujan Parajuli Michael J. Oimoen 2021 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p9avgrh8 Devendra Dahal Stephen P Boyte Sujan Parajuli Neal J Pastick Michael J Oimoen Dinesh Shrestha 2022 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p9fvyogd Devendra Dahal Stephen Boyte Sujan Parajuli Neal J Pastick Logan J Megard Kory Postma Dinesh Shrestha 2023 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p9351ztz Below is the modelling accuracy for each mapped species for 2016-2020: Name Training Test | MAE | RAE | r | MAE | RAE | r Exotic Annual Grass | 2.06 | 0.17 | 0.98 | 3.22 | 0.46 | 0.82 Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) |1.77 | 0.19 | 0.97 | 2.72 | 0.47 | 0.81 Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.73 Sandberg Bluegrass (Poa Secunda) | 1.6 | 0.35 | 0.93 | 2.5 | 0.56 | 0.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Below is the modelling accuracy for each mapped species for 2021: Name Training Test | MAE | RAE | r | MAE | RAE | r Exotic Annual Grass |1.64 | 0.24 | 0.94 | 3.89 | 0.54 | 0.76 Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) |1.33 | 0.24 | 0.94 | 3.13 | 0.54 | 0.76 Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) |0.12 | 0.23 | 0.93 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.70 Sandberg Bluegrass (Poa Secunda) |1.05 | 0.26 | 0.94 | 2.33 | 0.56 | 0.73 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Below is the modelling accuracy for each mapped species for 2022: Name Training Test | MAE | RAE | r | MAE | RAE | r Exotic Annual Grass |1.63 | 0.3 |0.93 | 3.27 | 0.57 | 0.74 Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) |1.36 | 0.3 | 0.93 | 2.69 | 0.58 | 0.73 Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.93 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.67 Sandberg Bluegrass (Poa Secunda) | 1.02 | 0.32 | 0.92 | 1.98 | 0.59 | 0.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Below is the modelling accuracy for each mapped species for 2023: Name Training Test | MAE | RAE | r | MAE | RAE | r Exotic Annual Grass |1.05 | 0.16 | 0.99 | 3.39 | 0.55 | 0.76 Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) |0.86 | 0.16 | 0.99 | 2.81 | 0.54 | 0.77 Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) |0.05 | 0.24 | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.77 | 0.65 Sandberg Bluegrass (Poa Secunda) |0.69 | 0.19 | 0.98 | 2.08 | 0.58 | 0.73 Field Brome (Bromus arvensis) |0.08 | 0.15 | 0.99 | 0.12 | 0.59 | 0.67 MAE = median absolute error RAE = relative absolute error r = correlation coefficient Seed source, a variable utilized in the development of historical maps from 2016-2020, was identified as the most influential drive in the modeling process. However, it was observed that the inclusion of seed source led to overgeneralization of the model. As a result, the seed source variable was excluded in the development of the 2021 and 2022 mapping models. Consequently, this exclusion likely resulted in lower model accuracies in the 2021 and 2022 maps when compared to the historical maps from 2016 to 2020. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has either not been conducted or is not applicable. N. W. Chaney E. F. Wood A. B. McBratney J. W. Hempel T. W. Nauman C. W. Brungard N. P. Odgers 201607 publication Geoderma vol. 274 n/a Elsevier BV pgs. 54-67 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.03.025 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2016 publication date POLARIS Soil Data Input variable to model D. B. Gesch G. A. Evans M. J. Oimoen S. Arundel 2018 tabular digital data pgs. 83–110 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2018 publication date The National Elevation Dataset Input variable to model C. Homer J. Dewitz S. Jin G. Xian C. Costello P. Danielson L. Gass M. Funk J. Wickham S. Stehman R. Auch K. Riitters 202004 publication ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing vol. 162 n/a Elsevier BV pgs. 184-199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.02.019 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2016 publication date National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2016 Shrub Component products Input variable to model M. O. Jones B. W. Allred D. E. Naugle J. D. Maestas P. Donnelly L. J. Metz J. Karl R. Smith B. Bestelmeyer C. Boyd J. D. Kerby J. D. McIver 20180919 publication Ecosphere vol. 9, issue 9 n/a Wiley pgs. e02430 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2430 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2012 2019 publication date Seed source forbs and grasses: Rangeland Analysis Platform (RAP) Calculated mean absolute error of annual forbs and grasses from years 2012 to 2019 and used as input variable to model M. M. Thornton R. Shrestha Y. Wei P. E. Thornton S. Kao B. E. Wilson 2020 publication n/a ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center https://doi.org/10.3334/ornldaac/1852 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1989 2019 publication date Climatic variables Calculated climate normals from 30 years of annual climate data and used as input variable to model B. McCune D. Keon 20020224 publication Journal of Vegetation Science vol. 13, issue 4 n/a Wiley pgs. 603-606 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02087.x Digital and/or Hardcopy 2002 publication date potential annual direct incident radiation (PADR) Input variable to model G. R.Toevs J. J. Taylor C. S. Spurrier W. C. MacKinnon M. R. Bobo 2019 tabular digital data Denver, CO. Bureau of Land Management, National Operations Center, Denver https://doimspp.sharepoint.com/sites/blm-oc/drs/SitePages/BLM Terrestrial AIM Data (TerrADat and LMF).aspx Digital and/or Hardcopy 2016 2019 observed BLM AIM Used for training models The training of regression-tree models and the development of historical maps (2016-2020) utilized a total of 17,536 AIM plots from years 2016 – 2019. For the creation of 2021 maps, 19,415 AIM plots from years 2016 - 2021 were employed, for 2022 maps, 28,901 AIM plots from 2016-2022 were used, and for 2023 total 38,242 from 2016 - 2023 AIM plots were used. We compiled first hit (FH) percent cover values of Exotic Annual Grass (16 individual exotic species), Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), and Sandberg Bluegrass (Poa secunda) (native perennial bunch grass) species from Terrestrial AIM Database (TerrADat) and Landscape Monitoring Framework (LMF) databases of BLM AIM to make the training dataset. For 2023, we added Field Brome (Bromus arvensis) as separate mapping species. The training dataset used in this study were divided into five random subsets. Each subset was used as independent test sample once and remaining four subsets were used as training the corresponding model. 20240409 Independent variables used in the modeling process include: Biophysical (i.e. soil texture fraction, available water capacity and organic matter content in the first 30 cm of the soil from POLARIS Soil Data [Chaney et al., 2016]); National Elevation Dataset [Gesch et al. 2018]; National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 Shrub Component products [Dewitz, J. (2021)]; climatic variables (annual precipitation normal, annual mean temperature normal, summer precipitation normal, summer maximum temperature normal, winter precipitation normal, and winter mean temperature normal of 1989 – 2023 from Daymet [Thornton et al. 2020]); potential annual direct incident radiation (PADR) [McCune and Dylan 2002]; and phenocurves (HLS based cloud free weekly NDVI composites [Dahal et al. 2022]) were extracted at each field site. Spectral data were extracted coincident with the year of the field observations because annual grass cover can vary substantially year-to-year based on local weather and site conditions. 20240409 An ensemble of five regression models was developed and optimized using a rigorous testing methodology. Each model was trained on a unique randomized subset of the dataset, while withholding another subset as a test set. The ensemble of models was constructed using scikit-learn xgboost machine learning algorithm, incorporating GridsearchCV hyperparameters optimization and multioutput variable wrapper. To evaluate the performance of the regression models, an independent test set comprising 20% of the total samples was utilized. The validation process involved calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), median absolute errors, and relative absolute errors. These metrics were employed to assess the accuracy and predictive capacity of the regression models in comparison to the test samples. 20240409 The optimized models were then used to predict multiple grass cover maps (EAG, Cheatgrass, Medusahead, Sandberg Bluegrass, and Field Brome) for each permutation. The final annual grass cover maps were the median of the five predicted maps for the species and the median absolute error (MAE) of these five maps serves as an associated confidence map. The final percent cover maps are comparable to first hit values of AIM plots. 20230625 While generating maps for the period of 2016-2020, a specific masking approach was implemented to ensure data accuracy and reliability. Areas with elevations above 2,250 meters were masked, along with pixels classified as other than grassland/herbaceous or shrub, as determined by the 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD). This masking procedure aimed to focus the analysis on rangelands, where the presence of grassland/herbaceous and shrub vegetation types was more prevalent. Similarly, for the 2021 and after maps, a revised masking strategy was implemented. Areas with elevations above 2,350 meters were masked, along with pixels classified as other than grassland/herbaceous or shrub, as determined by the 2019 NLCD for 2021 and 2022 and the 2021 NLCD for 2023. This adjustment aimed to account for potential changes in land cover classifications and elevation thresholds, ensuring the mapping process aligned with updated data sources. By applying these spatial masking criteria, the accuracy and relevance of the generated maps were enhanced, enabling a more precise estimates of fractional cover for exotic annual grass species and a native perennial bunch grass. 20240626 Raster Grid Cell 80862 65613 1 Albers Conical Equal Area 29.5 45.5 -96.0 23.0 0.0 0.0 row and column 30.0 30.0 meters North_American_Datum_1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 Exotic Annual Grass Percent Cover 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Exotic Annual Grasses for 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 3.0 3191319766.0 Exotic Annual Grass Confidence 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Exotic Annual Grasses percent cover 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 10.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Percent Cover 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Cheatgrass 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 6.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Confidence 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Cheatgrass percent cover 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 12.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Percent Cover 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Medusahead 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Confidence 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Medusahead percent cover 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Percent Cover 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Sandberg Bluegrass for 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 3.0 3191319766.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Confidence 2016 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Sandberg Bluegrass percent cover 2016 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Percent Cover 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Exotic Annual Grass 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Confidence 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Exotic Annual Grass percent cover 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Percent Cover 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Cheatgrass 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Confidence 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Cheatgrass percent cover 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Percent Cover 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Medusahead 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Confidence 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Medusahead percent cover 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Percent Cover 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Sandberg Bluegrass 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Confidence 2017 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Sandberg Bluegrass percent cover 2017 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Percent Cover 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Exotic Annual Grasses 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Confidence 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Exotic Annual Grasses percent cover 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Percent Cover 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Cheatgrass 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Confidence 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Cheatgrass percent cover 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Percent Cover 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Medusahead 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Confidence 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Medusahead percent cover 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Percent Cover 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Sandberg Bluegrass 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Confidence 2018 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Sandberg Bluegrass percent cover 2018 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Percent Cover 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Exotic Annual Grasses 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Confidence 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Exotic Annual Grass percent cover 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Percent Cover 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Cheatgrass 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Confidence 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Cheatgrass percent cover 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Percent Cover 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Medusahead 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Confidence 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Medusahead percent cover 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Percent Cover 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Sandberg Bluegrass 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Confidence 2019 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Sandberg Bluegrass percent cover 2019 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Percent Cover 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Exotic Annual Grasses 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Confidence 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Exotic Annual Grasses percent cover 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Percent Cover 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Cheatgrass 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Cheatgrass Confidence 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Cheatgrass percent cover 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Percent Cover 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Medusahead 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Medusahead Confidence 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Medusahead percent cover 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Percent Cover 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Sandberg Bluegrass 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Confidence 2020 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Sandberg Bluegrass percent cover 2020 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2016 and elevation above 2250 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3191319765.0 Exotic Annual Grass Confidence 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Exotic Annual Grasses percent cover 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3163954941.0 Exotic Annual Grass Percent Cover 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Exotic Annual Grasses for 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3163954941.0 Cheatgrass Confidence 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Cheatgrass percent cover 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 4.0 3163954941.0 Cheatgrass Percent Cover 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Cheatgrass 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3163954941.0 Medusahead Confidence 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Medusahead percent cover 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 13.0 3163954941.0 Medusahead Percent Cover 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Medusahead 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 2.0 3163954941.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Confidence 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Confidence on predicted Sandberg Bluegrass percent cover 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 10 unitless Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 3.0 3163954941.0 Sandberg Bluegrass Percent Cover 2021 and 2022 Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined OID Internal object identifier. Producer Defined Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Per pixel percent cover of Sandberg Bluegrass for 2021 and 2022 Producer Defined 255 Areas that are not grassland/herbaceous or shrub defined by NLCD 2019 and elevation above 2350 meters. Producer defined 0 100 Percentage Count Number of raster cells with this value. Producer Defined 1.0 3163954941.0 This metadata represents datasets for all listed species, i.e., Exotic Annual Grasses, Cheatgrass, Medusahead, Sandberg Bluegrass, and Field Brome for years 2016 – 2023. Dahal, D., Boyte, S.P., Postma, K., Pastick, N.J., and Megard, L., 2021, Fractional Estimates of Multiple Exotic Annual Grass (EAG) Species in the Sagebrush Biome, USA, 2016 - 2023 (ver. 4.0, July 2024): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GC5JVG GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GC5JVG None 20250716 Audra Griebel (CTR) U.S. Geological Survey, LAND RESOURCES mailing address

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Sioux Falls SD 57198 US 605-594-6151 custserv@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998