Maxwel F. Schwid James S. White Mackenzie K. Keith 20250221 audio recording data data release doi.org/10.5066/P14FMJV8 https://doi.org/10.5066/P14FMJV8 Underwater passive acoustic monitoring was conducted at multiple sites on rivers in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon. Hydrophones were used to record the sound associated with coarse river-bed sediment (bedload) movement. Bedload supply and transport are key factors determining channel morphology in gravel-bed rivers and can affect reach-scale conditions such as aggradation and incision as well as the formation of smaller-scale channel landforms such as gravel bars and riffles. Bedload transport also has implications for aquatic species that depend upon river-bed sediment, such as macroinvertebrates that dwell in the riverbed and Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed salmonids that require suitable size substrates for spawning. Therefore, relating bedload transport to streamflow is important for understanding hydrogeomorphic and habitat responses to streamflows, and can be used to inform ecologically sustainable river management decisions (such as environmental flow and river restoration programs), particularly in reaches downstream of dams with altered streamflow and sediment regimes. This data release includes a subset of audio files, in Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) format, collected at three sites on the North Santiam River (Greens Bridge, Mehama, and above Stout Creek) and two sites on the McKenzie River (Walterville and Berggren Watershed Conservation Area). Audio files were recorded for 1 minute every 15 or 30 minutes from 2021 to 2024, generally between November and May of each year. These raw audio files are provided as-is and may contain channel-specific recording errors. Subject to additional quality assurance and control and analysis, these audio files may be useful as a bedload surrogate. Two sample hydrophone audio files recorded at the Greens Bridge site collocated with USGS streamgage 14184100 - North Santiam River at Greens Bridge, near Jefferson, Oregon are provided to illustrate the range of sound at different streamflows. File names denote site name and timestamp (in Pacific Standard Time) in Month, Day, Year-Hours, Minutes, Seconds format (SiteName_MMDDYY-HHMMSS.flac). Streamflows were at 3,460 cubic feet per second (cfs) during the December 12, 2022 recording and 11,400 cfs during the January 8, 2023 recording. Also included is a photograph depicting two hydrophones secured to rebar and installed at the Berggren Watershed Conservation Area site on the McKenzie River. Passive acoustic sampling with hydrophones was conducted to document the sound of bedload movement and identify the range of associated streamflows at multiple sites in Oregon. These acoustic data can be used in conjunction with publicly available streamflow and physical bedload data (USGS, 2024) to characterize the relation between bedload transport and streamflows (for example Marineau and others, 2015; Kohn and others, 2020). These data can inform river management decisions, such as adaptive refinement of environmental flow programs or informing river restoration projects. 20211216 20240506 ground condition Complete None planned -122.97289 -122.61846 44.78921 44.06089 ISO 19115 Topic Categories environment inlandWaters geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus hydrology geomorphology sedimentology sediment transport gravel deposits field monitoring stations None hydrophones bedload acoustic data fluvial geomorphology dam river processes sediment surrogate bed material passive acoustic sampler gravel regulated river Sustainable Rivers Program USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6675ae09d34e6f159fd10b7e Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Oregon Willamette River North Santiam River McKenzie River Marion County Linn County Lane County Big Cliff Reservoir Detroit Lake Blue River Lake Cougar Reservoir Jefferson Lyons Mehama Walterville Springfield none The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data retrieved from the system. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. James S. White U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologist Mailing and Physical

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Portland OR 97204 United States 503-758-4623 gs-w-or_sciencebase@usgs.gov This study was supported by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers through the Sustainable Rivers Program. All sites were accessed, and instrumentation installed, with property owner permission. None Unclassified None Audio recorded as Waveform Audio File (WAV) files using RaspberryPi operating system 2022-04-04-raspios-bullseye-armhf; WAV files were converted to Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) format using flac 1.3.3. Audio data were reviewed after each site visit to screen for recording errors by examining recording logs, timestamps, and file size, and confirm audio clarity by listening to a temporally random selection of files. Audio files with recording errors were omitted. All audio data were collected and handled in a consistent manner. Monitoring locations consisted of a single-thread channel in relatively straight reaches with gravel or cobble dominated beds; sites were either collocated or within three to nine river kilometers of a USGS streamgage. Hydrophones were installed on the right-bank, oriented perpendicular to streamflow. The lower hydrophones recorded to the preamplifiers’ right audio channel and the upper hydrophones recorded to the left audio channel. For repeat monitoring sites, hydrophones were installed in the same general location as the previous year, but their positions may have varied up to several meters horizontally and/or vertically. Audio data were collected for 1 minute at 15-minute or 30-minute intervals, typically from November through May, with intermittent recording disruptions (days to weeks) between site visits during battery power loss. Audio files were filtered from the full collection of sound recordings based on a minimum streamflow threshold at the nearest USGS streamgage (USGS, 2024). The minimum streamflow threshold for each site was selected as a streamflow well below that needed to move bedload. These streamflow values were determined through a combination of hydrophone placement relative to the water surface, field observations, physical bedload samples, and reviewing a selection of audio files (see the “Process Step” section for additional details). Audio files with streamflow values below the filtering streamflow were excluded from this publication. The number of filtered and total acquired audio files for each site are listed in the process steps below. No formal horizontal accuracy tests were performed. The spatial coordinates for each site were determined using a combination of hand-held GPS and aerial imagery, thus have an overall horizontal accuracy of about 10 meters or less. Marineau, M. Minear, J. Wright, S. 2015 Proceedings of the SEDHYD2015 Joint 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference and the 5th Federal Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 19–23, 2015 N/A Reno, Nevada SEDHYD2015 12 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70148579 online 2015 publication date Marineau and others, 2015 This conference paper describes the methodology, theory, and results of stationary hydrophone monitoring on the San Joaquin River, California and the Gunnison River, Colorado in 2014. ART ProAudio 2018 publication online ART ProAudio https://artproaudio.com/framework/uploads/2018/06/om_usbdualpreps.pdf Digital and/or Hardcopy 2018 publication date ART ProAudio, 2018 Preamplifier technical specifications. Kohn, M.D. Marineau, M. Hempel, L.A McDonald, R.R 2020 U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5069 Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey 39 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5069/sir20205069.pdf online 2020 publication date Kohn and others, 2020 This report describes the methodology, theory, and results of stationary and longitudinal hydrophone monitoring on the Colorado River, Colorado in 2019. Aquarian 2024 publication online Aquarian https://www.aquarianaudio.com/AqAudDocs/H2a_XLR_manual.pdf Digital and/or Hardcopy 2024 publication date Aquarian, 2024 Hydrophone technical specifications. U.S. Geological Survey 2024 tabular digital data online U.S. Geological Survey https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis Digital and/or Hardcopy 2024 publication date USGS, 2024 Streamflow and physical bedload sampling data. Raspberry Pi 2024 publication online Raspberry Pi https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/raspberry-pi.html Digital and/or Hardcopy 2024 publication date Raspberry Pi, 2024 Technical specifications for recording computer hardware. UUGear 2024 publication online UUGear https://www.uugear.com/doc/WittyPi4_UserManual.pdf Digital and/or Hardcopy 2024 publication date UUGear, 2024 Technical specifications for real-time clock microcontroller used with recording computer. The hydrophone monitoring locations were identified through a combination of field reconnaissance and review of publicly available aerial imagery. Sites were selected on the basis of several criteria with a focus on selecting sites in predominantly gravel-bedded, single-thread channels that are located near USGS streamflow gaging stations. All monitoring sites were within the SRP program area and located in reaches with stakeholder-identified environmental flow targets. 2022 A recording computer consisting of a Raspberry Pi Zero W and a UUGear Witty Pi 4 real-time clock microcontroller microcontroller was assembled and programmed to receive audio input from an ART ProAudio Dual Pre Project Series preamplifier (gain set to 14 decibels) through USB and record 1-minute, 44.1 kilohertz, 16-bit stereo (2-channel), Waveform Audio File (WAV) format audio files at 15-minute intervals, then convert them to Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) format (ART ProAudio, 2018; Raspberry Pi, 2024; UUGear, 2024). Two H2a-XLR hydrophones were installed in 0.75-inch 90-degree PVC street elbows connected to 0.75-inch non-metallic conduit to protect the microphone and submerged length of the hydrophone wire, respectively (Aquarian, 2024). The hydrophones were then connected to the preamplifier, which was connected to recording computer powered by a 12-volt (V) battery, all housed in a protective case. 2022 Two 0.5-inch by 4-foot steel rebar were driven approximately 2 feet vertically into the streambed at the monitoring site; the PVC and conduit were secured to the rebar using a combination of metal hose clamps and nylon cable ties. An additional 0.25-inch by 3-foot steel rebar was installed at a downstream angle, approximately 1 foot upstream of each vertical rebar to provide horizontal stability and deflect debris. The primary, in-water hydrophone was installed approximately 5 to 10 feet from the edge the bank with the microphone at or below the water surface and was connected to the right channel of the preamplifier. The secondary, exposed hydrophone was installed on or within a few feet of the bank approximately 1 to 3 feet above the water surface and was connected to the left channel of the preamplifier. Both hydrophones were oriented with their microphones facing away from the bank, generally perpendicular to streamflow. Power was connected to the recording computer to begin collection of audio data. 2022 Site visits were conducted approximately monthly during the monitoring period for each year to download audio data, replace the used battery with a charged battery, and remove debris from the hydrophones when conditions permitted. Audio data were reviewed after each site visit to screen for and recording errors by examining recording logs, timestamps, and file size, and confirm audio clarity by listening to a temporally random selection of files. Audio files with recording errors were omitted. 2023 All hydrophone instrumentation and infrastructure were removed from the monitoring site at the conclusion of the monitoring period for each water year (typically in spring). 2023 Hydrophone instrumentation and infrastructure were reinstalled at the monitoring site at the beginning of each monitoring year, typically in the fall, following the processes described above. The only exception was that hydrophones installed in 2023 were setup to record at 30-minute intervals. 2023 Site visits were conducted approximately monthly to download audio data, replace the used battery with a charged battery, and remove debris from the hydrophones when conditions permitted. Audio data were reviewed after each site visit to screen for recording errors by examining recording logs, timestamps, and file size, and confirm audio clarity by listening to a random selection of files. Audio files with recording errors were omitted. 2024 All hydrophone instrumentation and infrastructure were removed from the sites at the conclusion of monitoring period (typically spring). 2024 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 10N 0.9996 -123.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.000000002220024164500956 0.000000002220024164500956 meter D North American 1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 GreensBridge_121222-114600.flac An audio file in Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) format recorded at the Greens Bridge site on December 12, 2022, at 11:46:00 AM PST. USGS GreensBridge_010823-120400.flac An audio file in Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) format recorded at the Greens Bridge site on January 08, 2023, at 12:04:00 PM PST. USGS StationaryHydrophones.JPG An image in JPG format taken at the Berggren Watershed Conservation Area site with the two hydrophones indicated by yellow circles. USGS U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Mailing and Physical

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data, software, or related materials. The use of firm, trade, or brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. The names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners. Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC); JPG https://doi.org/10.5066/P14FMJV8 None. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service. 20250221 White, James S. U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologist mailing and physical address

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Portland Oregon 97204 United States 503-758-4623 gs-w-or_sciencebase@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time