Samuel H. Caldwell 20250605 raster digital data USGS Publications Warehouse U.S. Geological Survey Caldwell, S.H., 2024, Satellite imagery products from 2010, 2011, 2018 and soil data from 2021–22 on Jamestown Island, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13J32J4 https://doi.org/10.5066/P13J32J4 Samuel H. Caldwell 2025 publication Scientific Investigations Report 2025-5074 N/A U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255074 The U.S. Geological Survey, in partnership with the National Park Service's Colonial National Historic Park (COLO), used commercially available satellite data and soil samples from around Jamestown Island to evaluate vegetative health and soil conditions on the island to further understand the extent and severity of conditions that threaten archaeological sites and vegetation. 50 sites were initially selected for sampling, however, only 48 of the sites were accessible in either June 2021 or March 2022. The soil samples were collected from 2 depths at 48 different sites around the island. The first sample was collected just below the land surface in the O horizon, and the second sample was collected from a minimum of 0.34 ft below the land surface in the A horizon. Two soil sampling efforts were conducted, one in June 2021 and a second in March 2022 to represent drier and wetter times of the year. Measurements of temperature in degrees Celsius, moisture content in percent volume, and soil conductivity in millisiemens per centimeter, were made using a Dynamax WET-2 sensor. Soil pH was also measured using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 9045D method. Satellite imagery, multispectral and panchromatic images, used in the project come from the GeoEYE, QuickBird 2, WorldView 2, and WorldView 3 satellites operated by the European Space Agency and Digital Globe . USGS used panchromatic and multispectral images of Jamestown Island taken from 2010 – 2018 to create Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) and difference of NDVI rasters to evaluate vegetative stress across Jamestown Island over time. The images used were acquired using the USGS's Commercial Remote Sensing Space Policy (CRSSP) Imagery Derived Requirements (CIDR) tool. The search terms used for the CIDR request were for multispectral and panchromatic images of Jamestown Island, VA at a standard (2A) processing level with an image resolution of 1-4m, a max cloud cover of 20%, from 05/01/2008 - 07/28/2022. The search returned 12 images, or scenes, of which 4 were used for the associated publication. The collection dates, satellite platform and panchromatic and multispectral ground sample distances (GSD) respectively are as follows: - 11/28/2010 at 16:24 from WorldView 2; GSD 1.509 ft and 5.906 ft - 06/25/2011 at 15:56 by GeoEye; GSD 1.345ft and 5.413 ft - 10/10/2011 by QuickBird 2; GSD 2.001 ft and 7.874 ft - 2/12/2018 at 16:08 by WorldView 3; GSD 1.017 ft and 4.068 ft The multispectral images were pan-sharpened to increase the resolution for visual light rasters of Jamestown Island using ESRI ArcGIS Pro's Pan-Sharpen tool utilizing the Graham-Schmidt method. Additionally, the 4 multispectral images were used to create normalized difference vegetative index rasters using the ESRI ArcGIS Pro NDVI tool. For images with multiple near-infrared (NIR) bands, the first NIR band was used to create the NDVI rasters. A difference of NDVI raster was created using the Raster Calculator tool in ArcGIS Pro to show change in vegetative heath over time. The 11/28/2010 WorldView 2 and 12/12/2018 WorldView 3 NDVI rasters with water removed from the rasters were used to create the difference of NDVI raster. The GSD for the difference of NDVI raster is 5.906 ft. The original multispectral and panchromatic images could not be published in this data release as the rights for those images belong to European Space Agency or Digital Globe. As such only the derived products, the pan-sharpened image, NDVI rasters, and difference of NDVI raster have been published in this data release. The U.S. Geological Survey collected soil samples across Jamestown Island, VA used in combination with derived satellite imagery products to help the Colonial National Historic Park (COLO) locate areas of Jamestown Island that are experiencing increasing vegetative stress over time as well as areas of the island with poor soil conditions to help COLO understand were soil and water table conditions may be threatening vegetation and archeological sites. 20101128 20220316 ground condition Complete Irregular -76.79066 -76.73332 37.22131 37.18713 Jamestown Island ISO 19115 Topic Category farming Data Attributes Soil Data Soil Moisture Soil pH Soil Conductivity NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetative Index Difference of NDVI Vegetative Health Soil Health USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6660c50bd34e16b8573d16e5 Places Jamestown Island, VA Old Jamestowne Colonial National Historic Park Virginia None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Samuel H Caldwell USGS - Northeast Region Hydrologist mailing and physical

1730 E Parham Rd

Richmond VA 23228 +18044049094x121 scaldwell@usgs.gov Colonial National Historic Park, Dorothy Geyer, and Veronica Mantha Data for the satellite imagery products were received pre-processed at a 2A, or standard processing level from the USGS CIDR tool. Data matches details provided and fall within expected ranges. Data is free of duplication and omissions. Topology tests were no necessary for these data. This dataset only represents data explicitly listed at the times given for the data on Jamestown Island, VA. NDVI rasters were made using the ESRI ArcGIS Pro NDVI tool. Rasters with more than one near infrared band used the NIR 1 band. The pansharpened image was produced using the ESRI Arc GIS Pro Pansharpen tool and the Graham-Schmidt method selected within that tool. The waterless versions of the 2010 and 2018 NDVI maps used to create the difference of NDVI map were created using the Set Null tool in Arc GIS Pro by setting all values in each raster less than 0 to null. The difference of NDVI image was created using the ESRI ArcGIS Pro Raster Calculator tool by subtracting the NDVI values from the waterless 2010 image from the NDVI values in the waterless 2018 image. Soil samples were collected using a Dynamax WET 2 sensor. A 2 inch auger was used to create holes just below the land surface and then deepen that hole into the A soil horizon for the deeper sample at each site. Soil samples from each depth at each site were taken to be used for measuring soil pH with the EPA's 9045D method. 20240925 Samuel H. Caldwell Virginia-West Virginia Water Science Center Hydrologist mailing and physical

1730 E Parham Rd

Richmond VA 23228 United States of America 804-381-8381 scaldwell@usgs.gov Raster Point 0.0003 0.0003 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257223563 PanSharpened_11282010.tif 8 band raster geospatial data file. Pansharpened multispectral image of Jamestown Island, VA from November 28, 2010 Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined 0.0 2347.0 Spectral Irradience 1 NDVI_06252011.tif Raster geospatial data file. NDVI raster of Jamestown Island, VA on June 25, 2011 Producer Defined Value Normalized difference vegetative index values Producer Defined -0.10412573814392 0.80952382087708 unitless 0.001 NDVI_10102011.tif Raster geospatial data file. NDVI raster of Jamestown Island, VA on October 10, 2010 Producer Defined Value Normalized difference vegetative index values Producer Defined -0.59782606363297 0.79251337051392 Unitless 0.001 NDVI_11282010.tif Raster geospatial data file. NDVI raster of Jamestown Island, VA on November 28, 2010 Producer Defined Value Normalized difference vegetative index values Producer Defined -0.63366335630417 0.81999999284744 Unitless 0.001 NDVI_12122018.tif Raster geospatial data file. NDVI raster of Jamestown Island, VA on December 12, 2018 Producer Defined Value Normalized difference vegetative index values Producer Defined -0.196911200881 0.62017333507538 Unitless 0.001 Diff_of_NDVI.tif Raster geospatial data file. Difference of NDVI raster image of Jamestown Island, VA from November 28, 2010 to December 12, 2018 Producer Defined Value Difference of normalized difference vegetative index values Producer Defined -0.68650114536285 0.50916880369186 Unitless 0.001 Jamestown Island Soil Data June 2021 March 2022.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Contains soil sample data from selected sites around Jamestown Island, VA in June 2021 and March 2022 Producer Defined Site_Number Number assigned to each site Producer Defined 1 50 none 1 Latitude Latitude in WGS84 Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 37.194126 37.212279 Decimal degree 0.0001 Longitude Longitude in WGS84 Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined -76.774445 -76.736211 Decimal degree 0.0001 Depth depth below land surface datum Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 0.0 1.3 feet 0.01 Up_Lowland is site in an upland or lowland part of the island Producer Defined Up Site is in an upland area of Jamestown Island Producer defined Low Site is in a lowland area of Jamestown Island Producer defined June2021_March2022 Sampling month Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined June sample collected in June 2021 Producer defined March Sample collected in March 2022 Producer defined Temperature Soil temperature in degrees Celsius Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 7.4 31.7 celcius 0.1 Moisture_content (% vol) Soil moisture content as percent volume Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 3.6 74.5 percent volume 0.1 Conductivity Soil conductivity in milliseimens per centimeter Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 14 4845 milliseimens per centimeter 1 pH Soil pH Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 3.84 7.86 none 0.01 Temperature_pH Soil slurry temperature during pH measurement Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined 19.1 30.3 degrees Celsuis 0.1 Context additional context provided by sample collector Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined information about soil type and time of sample Comments additional comments provided by sample collector Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Site not accessible Site not able to be accessed Producer defined NoH2O_11282010.tif Raster geospatial data file. NDVI Raster of November 11, 2010 image of Jamestown Island, VA with water removed Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined 0.0 0.8001549243927002 none 0.001 NoH20_12122018.tif Raster geospatial data file. NDVI Raster of December 12, 2010 image of Jamestown Island, VA with water removed Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined 0.0 0.62017333507538 GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/https://doi.org/10.5066/P13J32J4 None 20250916 Samuel H Caldwell USGS - Northeast Region Hydrologist mailing and physical

1730 E Parham Rd

Richmond VA 23228 +18044049094x121 scaldwell@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999