Saalem T. Adera Ayman H. Alzraiee Richard G. Niswonger John A. Engott Derek W. Ryter 20251231 surface-groundwater-operations model https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P149F9SB Saalem T. Adera Ayman H. Alzraiee Richard G. Niswonger John A. Engott Derek W. Ryter 2026 Journal article Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 63 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581825008456#sec0160 Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103016 The Russian River watershed, situated in coastal, northern California, experiences hydrologic extremes, including periodic droughts and flooding. Water managers are working to maintain sustainable water supplies and environmental flows, while mitigating flood risks. This data release documents an integrated hydrology and river operations model for the Russian River watershed. This model is distinct from models in previous studies because it represents surface-groundwater interactions and uses climate forcings to estimate dynamic water use demands that are superimposed onto both reservoir operations and water supply constraints. The model was used to examine six historical (1990-2015) and eight future (2016-2099) water use and climate change scenarios. This USGS model application data release contains all of the input and output files for the scenarios described in the associated journal article. The Russian River Integrated Hydrologic Model was used to examine six historical (1990-2015) and eight future (2016-2099) water use and climate change scenarios in the Russian River watershed. The scenarios were evaluated by comparing simulated water use, reservoir stages, groundwater storage, streamflow, and stream-aquifer exchange. The development of model input files and simulation of model output files included in this data release is documented in the Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies publication. Support is provided for correcting errors in the data release and clarification of the modeling conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Users are encouraged to review the model documentation journal article to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. The model will run successfully only if the original directory structure is correctly restored. The model archive is broken into several pieces to reduce the likelihood of download timeouts. Instructions for reconstructing the original directory structure and running the model included in this data release and described in the model documentation report can be found in the readme.txt ASCII file which can be downloaded as part of this data release. Files in this data release include: -readme.txt: ASCII text file that describes the model data release. This file also includes instructions on how to run the models contained in this data release. -modelgeoref.txt: ASCII text file that defines the four corners of the model domain in decimal degrees. -ancillary.zip: ZIP file containing ancillary data including the ZoneBudget program used to post-process the MODFLOW cell-by-cell output and scripts that can be used to generate calibration plots and tables. -bin.zip: ZIP file containing the executables for GSFLOW and MODSIM used to run the simulations documented in this data release. -georef.zip: ZIP file containing a shapefile which defines the extent of the model domain and active portions of the model. -model.zip: ZIP file containing the input files for the Russian River Integrated Hydrologic Model. -output.zip: ZIP file containing the readme.txt file that describes output files from the Russian River Integrated Hydrologic Model. -output.model01.hist_baseline.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the hist_baseline scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model02.hist_unimpaired.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the hist_unimpaired scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model03.hist_frost.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the hist_frost scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model04.hist_baseline_modsim.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the hist_baseline_modsim scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model05.hist_pv1_modsim.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the hist_pv1_modsim scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model06.hist_pv2_modsim.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the hist_pv2_modsim scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model07.CanESM2_rcp45.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the CanESM2_rcp45 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model08.CanESM2_rcp85.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the CanESM2_rcp85 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model09.CNRM-CM5_rcp45.zip:ZIP file containing the output files for the CNRM-CM5_rcp45 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model10.CNRM-CM5_rcp85.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the CNRM-CM5_rcp85 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model11.HadGEM2-ES_rcp45.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the HadGEM2-ES_rcp45 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model12.HadGEM2-ES_rcp85.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the HadGEM2-ES_rcp85 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model13.MIROC5_rcp45.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the MIROC5_rcp45 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -output.model14.MIROC5_rcp85.zip: ZIP file containing the output files for the MIROC5_rcp85 scenario of the Russian River model documented in this data release. -source.zip: ZIP file containing references for the source code for the versions of GSFLOW and MODSIM used to run the simulations documented in this data release. 19900101 20151231 publication date Complete Not planned -123.3961 -122.5220 38.2927 39.4041 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation inlandWaters environment USGS Thesaurus groundwater surface water (non-marine) streamflow water resources groundwater and surface-water interaction none usgsgroundwatermodel InlandWaters Groundwater Model Watershed Model Operations Model GSFLOW MODSIM integrated operations-hydrology model climate change water use water availability stream-aquifer exchange hydrologic extremes USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6622a431d34e7eb9eb7f991c Geographic Names Information System California Sonoma County Mendocino County Russian River none Russian River watershed Alexander Valley Ukiah Valley Lower Russian River Valley Potter Valley Santa Rosa Valley Wilson Grove Formation Highlands None. Please see 'Distribution Information' section for more details. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from this data release. These groundwater model input and output files are provided to support the analyses documented in the associated journal article. Although the information contained in the model files may be useful for other purposes, it is incumbent on the user to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. Data have been checked to ensure consistency with the accompanying report. If any errors are detected, please notify the originating office. The data included here are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. It is requested that the suggested citation for this USGS data release be included in any publications that reference or utilize these data. Saalem T. Adera U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

6000 J Street, Placer Hall

Sacramento CA 95819 USA 916-278-3000 sadera@usgs.gov California State Water Resources Control Board, Sonoma Water None Unclassified None The model was run on a Windows Server 2019 Standard Edition (64-bit) operating system with a 3 GHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6154 CPU and 384 GB RAM. The model simulations were run with GSFLOW version 2.3.0 and MODSIM version 8.6. The complete model archive requires about 5.16 TB of storage space (once unzipped). The modified model archive included in this data release (with large files removed, further described in the readme file) requires about 206 GB of storage space (once unzipped). Geoffrey Cromwell Donald S. Sweetkind Victoria E. Langenheim Christopher Palumbo Ely 2024 Publication Scientific Investigations Report 2024-5083 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245083 Ayman H. Alzraiee Andrew Rich Linda R. Woolfenden Derek W. Ryter Enrique Triana Richard G. Niswonger 2025 Publication Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5121 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245121 Linda R. Woolfenden Tracy Nishikawa 2014 Publication Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5052 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145052 Ayman H. Alzraiee Saalem T. Adera 2023 tabular data, shapefiles of geospatial data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P96BN9ZF Ayman H. Alzraiee Saalem T. Adera 2023 tabular data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I2TBDT Ayman H. Alzraiee Whitney A. Seymour 2024 shapefile of geospatial data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DIECEZ Ayman H. Alzraiee Sandra Bond Christopher P. Ely Saalem T. Adera Whitney A. Seymour 2024 tabular data, shapefiles of geospatial data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P95BFU08 John A. Engott Ayman H. Alzraiee Sarah E. Ogle Saalem T. Adera 2023 shapefiles of geospatial data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WQVKSS Whitney A. Seymour Ayman H. Alzraiee 2022 shapefiles of geospatial data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DG0RQN Whitney A. Seymour John A. Engott 2023 shapefiles of geospatial data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PLR5H1 Whitney A. Seymour Meghan C. Dick Saalem T. Adera Ayman H. Alzraiee John A. Engott 2022 shapefiles of geospatial data U.S. Geological Survey data release 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CBBCE6 Steven L. Markstrom Richard G. Niswonger Steven R. Regan David E. Prudic Paul M. Barlow 2008 Publication Techniques and Methods 6-D1 Reston, Va. U.S. Geological Survey Detailed description of the model input and output files included in this data release can be found in this model code documentation report. https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6D1 John W. Labadie 2010 Publication User Manual and Documentation 1 Fort Collins, CO Colorado State University Detailed description of the model input and output files included in this data release can be found in the MODSIM model code documentation report. http://modsim.engr.colostate.edu/modsim.php A.W. Harbaugh 1990 Publication Open-File Report 90-392 Reston, Va. U.S. Geological Survey Detailed description of the model input and output files included in this data release can be found in the Zone Budget model code documentation report. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90392 Following initial model parameterization, a subset of uncertain parameters were modified during model calibration to improve representation of important simulated values like groundwater heads, streamflow, reservoir stages, and other water balance components. The calibration process consisted of three stages. In stages 1 and 2, the watershed model (PRMS) and the steady state groundwater model (MODFLOW) were calibrated separately. Then, in stage 3, the transient integrated GSFLOW model was calibrated. All stages involved a combination of automated calibration using PEST and manual calibration. During model calibration, parameters controlling evapotranspiration, the spatial distribution of rainfall, and hydraulic properties of the saturated zone, unsaturated zone, streambed, lakebed, general head boundaries, and PRMS soil zone were all adjusted. The calibration targets for stage 1 of the calibration included monthly average reference ET, monthly solar radiation, along with annual, monthly, and daily streamflow. In stage 2 of the calibration, mean baseflow, mean streamflow, mean groundwater heads, and pumping reduction were used as calibration targets. In stage 3, daily streamflow, daily groundwater heads, drawdown, reservoir stages, pumping reduction, and mean agricultural water use were all used as calibration targets. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record and the associated model documentation report for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted The process used to develop, calibrate, and apply the model is fully described in the journal article documenting the model. 2024 Raster Grid Cell 411 253 NAD_1983_UTM_Zone_10N 0.9996 -123.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 row and column 300 300 meters North American Vertical Datum of 1988 1.0 feet Attribute values rr_model_grid.shp ESRI Polygon shapefile U.S. Geological Survey area_km_sq Provides the area of active and inactive zones within the model grid. Units of kilometers squared. Producer Defined Provides the area of active and inactive zones within the model grid. Units of kilometers squared. active Identifies active zones within model grid with a 1 and inactive zones within model grid with a 0. Producer Defined Identifies active zones within model grid with a 1 and inactive zones within model grid with a 0. gw_resid_jan1990_dec2015_all_wells.shp, gw_resid_jan1990_dec2015_key_wells.shp, gw_resid_jan1990_dec2015_nonkey_wells Groundwater head residuals at all wells, key wells, and non-key wells. Producer Defined FID Feature identification Producer Defined 0 170 Shape Feature shape Producer Defined Describes the geometry of each feature index Feature index Producer Defined 0 170 obsnme Observation name Producer Defined Observation name for each groundwater observation well nobs Number of observations Producer Defined 1 2366 layer Model layer If layer is less than zero, hydraulic heads from multiple layers are combined to calculate a simulated value. The number of layers equals the absolute value of layer, or |layer|. Producer Defined -2 3 row Model row Producer Defined 29 387 col Model column Producer Defined 47 206 roff Row offset Producer Defined -0.4976 0.4943 coff Column offset Producer Defined -0.4943 0.4999 sim_mean Mean simulated values, units are in meters Producer Defined 1.108277 539.202881 obs_mean Mean observed values, units are in meters Producer Defined 1.175455 535.27478 error_mean Mean error, units are in meters Producer Defined -170.076391 50.840293 rmse Root mean squared error, units are in meters Producer Defined 0.351945 170.076877 mse Mean squared error, units are in meters squared Producer Defined 0.351945 170.076877 mae Mean absolute error, units are in meters Producer Defined 0.306231 170.076391 streamflow_error_metrics.csv Streamflow error metrics Producer Defined error_metric Error metric Producer Defined Error metric 1-22 Subbasin 1 through Subbasin 22 (note that these are 22 separate columns) Producer Defined [blank] Blank space indicates no data Producer defined -14.3 207135.2 gw_summary_stats.csv Groundwater observation well summary statistics Producer Defined well_id Well identification number Producer Defined Well identification number resid_mean Mean groundwater head residual Producer Defined -170.1 50.8 resid_median Median groundwater head residual Producer Defined -170.1 54.0 resid_min Minimum groundwater head residual Producer Defined -170.6 49.8 resid_max Maximum groundwater head residual Producer Defined -169.6 61.3 rmse Root mean squared error Producer Defined 0.4 170.1 bias Bias Producer Defined 0 1 num_obs Number of observations Producer Defined 1 2366 hobs_df.csv Groundwater head observations Producer Defined totim Total simulation time - represents the cumulative time from the beginning of the simulation to a specific time step. Producer Defined 101 9495 irefsp The stress period to which the observation time is referenced. Producer Defined 3 311 toffset Time offset - the time from the beginning of the stress period IREFSP to the time of the observation. Producer Defined 0 30 hobs Groundwater head observations Producer Defined -13.22 535.28 obsname Observation name Producer Defined Observation name for groundwater well. Each observation name is in this format: HO_[well_id].[observation_id]. date Date Producer Defined Date of groundwater well observation hobs_out_df.csv Groundwater head observations, simulated values, and residuals Producer Defined obsname Groundwater head observation name Producer Defined Groundwater head observation name well_id Groundwater well identification number Producer Defined Groundwater well identification number well_time Groundwater head observation identification number at each well Producer Defined [blank] blank value is NoData Producer defined 1 2367 irefsp The stress period to which the observation time is referenced. Producer Defined 3 311 toffset Time offset - the time from the beginning of the stress period IREFSP to the time of the observation. Producer Defined 0 30 totim Total simulation time - represents the cumulative time from the beginning of the simulation to a specific time step. Producer Defined 101 9495 date Date Producer Defined Date simulated Simulated groundwater heads Producer Defined 0.30 539.20 observed Observed groundwater heads Producer Defined -13.2 535.3 residual Groundwater head residuals Producer Defined -170.6 61.4 This model application data release contains all the model input and output files needed to replicate the simulations described in the associated model documentation journal article. Model input and output files are described in the model documentation (and references therein) for GSFLOW (integrated surface-groundwater model), MODSIM (river operations model), and ZoneBudget (software that extracts information from GSFLOW output). Model documentation references are provided below. Markstrom, S.L., Niswonger, R.G., Regan, R.S., Prudic, D.E., Barlow, P.M., 2008. GSFLOW - Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model Based on the Integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005) (No. 6-D1). U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods. Labadie, J.W., 2010. MODSIM 8.1: River Basin Management Decision Support System, User Manual and Documentation. Harbaugh, A.W., 1990. A computer program for calculating subregional water budgets using results from the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Three-Dimensional Finite- Difference Ground-Water Flow Model (Open-File Report No. 90–392), Open-File Report. U.S. Geological Survey ; Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90392 GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although the data, software, and related material have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), reviewed for accuracy and completeness, and approved for release by the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digital datasets None 206000 https://doi.org/10.5066/P149F9SB None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the dataset. 20260107 Saalem T. Adera U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center Hydrologist mailing

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Sacramento CA 95819 United States 916-278-3000 sadera@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998