Paul C Banko Robert W Peck Mark A Schmaedick 20240111 tabular digital data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V5Y7KT Paul C. Banko Robert W. Peck Mark M. Schmaedick Niela Leifi Adam C. Miles Unknown publication Surveys for immature life stages of Papilio godeffroyi were conducted on 117 individually marked host trees (Micromelum minutum) in eight forest stands on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, at approximately monthly intervals during 2013-2014. The eight sites were mostly in or adjacent to the National Park of American Samoa (NPSA), but one stand was located near the western tip of Tutuila, outside NPSA. Specimens of immature Papilio (eggs, eggshells, larvae, pupae) and exuviae were collected during surveys and taken to the laboratory at American Samoa Community College for analysis, and in the case of living specimens, rearing. Sampling effort was measured in terms of number, area, and dry weight of host plant leaves examined during each survey. These methods allowed the frequency of specimen encounter to be compared in a standardized way according to the amount of host plant foliage examined on each host tree and in each host plant stand. Data were collected to assist NPSA and the American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources develop conservation strategies by filling in gaps in our knowledge of swallowtail reproduction and life history. Sampling effort was calibrated to the amount of host plant foliage surveyed to allow for comparisons between host tree stands and individual host trees, which vary greatly in size. This sampling frame also provides standard procedures with which to compare future surveys. 20130606 20140807 ground condition Complete None planned American Samoa -170.8274 -170.6441 -14.2388 -14.3406 None biota host plant sampling USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:65965e05d34e3265ab155fe3 None American Samoa Tutuila National Park of American Samoa None Papilio Ooencyrtus Micromelum minutum Kingdom Animalia animals Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda arthropods Subphylum Hexapoda hexapods Class Insecta insects Subclass Pterygota winged insects Infraclass Neoptera modern, wing-folding insects Superorder Holometabola Order Lepidoptera butterflies moths Superfamily Papilionoidea butterflies Family Papilionidae swallowtail butterflies Swallowtails Subfamily Papilioninae Swallowtails Tribe Papilionini Genus Papilio swallowtails TSN: 188542 Order Hymenoptera ants bees wasps Suborder Apocrita narrow-waisted hymenopterans ants bees true wasps Infraorder Terebrantes Superfamily Chalcidoidea chalcidoid wasps chalcidoids Family Encyrtidae encyrtid wasps encyrtids Genus Ooencyrtus TSN: 153948 None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Paul C Banko U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REGION Research Wildlife Biologist physical

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Hawaii National Park HI 96718 USA 808-985-6402 808-967-8568 pbanko@usgs.gov Niela Leifi, American Samoa Community College, assisted in designing the field survey protocols, collecting specimens and data from the field, and conducting laboratory studies. Adam C. Miles, American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, contributed to the project design and collection of specimens and data from the field. Lofi Avele Lalogafu‘afu‘ and Salefu Tuvalu, American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, assisted with field surveys. Neil Gurr, American Samoa Community College, facilitated access to family lands and shared his knowledge of host plant and butterfly distributions. Funding was provided through the Natural Resource Protection Program, jointly sponsored by the National Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Additional support was provided by the USGS Wildlife Program and the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Program. Windows 10 Enterprise (version 1909), MS 365 Excel (version 2102) Paul C Banko Robert W Peck Mark A Schmaedick 2022 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/p9a6cxqx Surveys of host plants were conducted by expert observers acting individually and without checks for accuracy. All data is logical, consistent, and falls within expected ranges. All data was checked for duplications and omissions. Data represent measurements and observations only within the study area. NA NA We located eight stands of Micromelum minutum on Tutuila Island mostly within or adjacent to the National Park of American Samoa in which to conduct surveys and collect specimens of Papilio godeffroyi (also see https://doi.org/10.5066/P9A6CXQX). Stands were named for the village closest to them. One stand was located near Maloata Village at the western tip of Tutuila Island. Micromelum stands were functionally defined as clusters of ≥10 trees, each separated by <50 meters from its nearest neighbor. However, trees at Afono and Maloata villages were more diffuse, with 4 trees at Afono 50–100 meters apart and 7 trees or small clusters of trees at Maloata 100–250 m apart. The stands were similar in terms of elevation and vegetation structure regardless of stand size. The stand at Sauma consisted of a single large tree. Two stands each at Amalau and Maloata were originally identified as being separate but were later combined for analysis due to being <100 meters apart. These consolidated stands were subsequently designated as Amalau 1&2 and Maloata 1&2. We searched for immature Papilio specimens on 117 individually marked Micromelum host trees and saplings in the eight stands at approximately monthly intervals from 6 June 2013 to 7 August 2014. 20141103 Paul C Banko U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REGION Research Wildlife Biologist physical

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Hawaii National Park HI 96718 USA 808-985-6402 808-967-8568 pbanko@usgs.gov We calculated the area and mass of the leaves searched on a particular Papilio survey as a proportion of the total area and mass of leaves on each tree, which was determined once during 28 October to 3 November 2014. During this six-day period, we counted the number of leaves on each main stem or branch of trees surveyed for Papilio according to leaf length class (centimeters): <10, 10–25, 25–50, 50–75, >75. Foliage surface area and mass were then estimated using regression equations associating leaf length to leaf area and mass, as described below. The length, surface area, and dry mass of leaves, ranging from the smallest to the largest leaves available, were determined to allow an estimate of total leaf area and leaf mass of each tree. On 30 October 2014, 11 leaves spanning the size range of leaves found in any forest stand were collected from trees at Amalau 3. The stand at Amalau 3 was selected because it contained a typical number of trees (n = 23) and was generally representative of other stands. In the laboratory, the length of each leaf was measured to the nearest millimeter and individual leaflets (n = 116) were removed, labeled, scanned on a flatbed scanner, oven-dried at 50 degrees centigrade for 48 hours, and weighed to the nearest 0.01 gram. The area (millimeters squared) of each leaflet was calculated from scanned images using ImageJ software (version 1.48, Rasband 1997–2015). Leaflet area and mass were totaled for each leaf. We also collected 43 leaves spanning the full range of leaf sizes from Amalau 2, Sauma, Vatia 2, and Vatia 3 during 3 November 2014 to supplement the sample of leaves from Amalau 3 and to include variation in leaf and leaflet characteristics potentially occurring in other stands. The 363 leaflets from these 43 leaves were pooled, dried, and weighed for each leaf length class, as described above, but they were not scanned to estimate leaf area. Regression equations were used to identify relationships between leaf length, area, and mass from the 54 leaves collected from these five stands. The number of leaves surveyed on each tree during a particular survey was transformed to a percentage of the total number of leaves on the tree during October and November 2014. This percentage was then multiplied by the total area and mass of the tree's leaves to estimate the area and mass of leaves examined during a particular survey. 20141103 Paul C. Banko U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REGION Research Wildlife Biologist physical

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Hawaii National Park HI 96718 USA 808-985-6402 808-967-8568 pbanko@usgs.gov Samoan Swallowtail, Life History, Sampling Effort_Data Release.xlsx (Sheet1) Excel Worksheet Producer Defined Stand Forest stands were functionally defined as clusters of ≥10 host trees (M. minutum), each separated by <50 meters from its nearest neighbor. Exceptions to this rule are noted in Process Step 1. Producer Defined Afono Forest stand near Afono Village. Producer defined Amalau 1 First forest stand near Amalau Village. Amalau 1 was later consolidated with Amalau 2 to establish Amalau 1&2. Producer defined Amalau 2 Second forest stand near Amalau Village. Amalau 2 was later consolidated with Amalau 1 to establish Amalau 1&2. Producer defined Amalau 3 Third forest stand near Amalau Village. Producer defined Maloata 1 First forest stand near Maloata Village. Maloata 1 was later consolidated with Maloata 2 to establish Maloata 1&2. Producer defined Maloata 2 Second forest stand near Maloata Village. Maloata 2 was later consolidated with Maloata 1 to establish Maloata 1&2. Producer defined Sauma Forest stand near Sauma Village. Producer defined Vatia 1 First forest stand near Vatia Village. Producer defined Vatia 2 Second forest stand near Vatia Village. Producer defined Vatia 3 Third forest stand near Vatia Village. Producer defined Tree ID Number assigned to each host tree in a stand. Note that in the consolidated stands of Amalau 1&2 and Maloata 1&2 trees were assigned numbers before the stands were consolidated; therefore, some tree ID numbers overlap Producer Defined 1 26 tree 1 Date Date when each Papilio survey was conducted Producer Defined 2013-06-06 2014-08-07 day 1 Leaves Surveyed Count or estimate of the number of leaves surveyed for Papilio on a host tree on a particular date Producer Defined 2 1559 leaf 1 Leaf Area Surveyed (m2) Estimate of the surface area of leaves surveyed for Papilio on a particular date. Surface area was calculated as described in Process Step 2. Producer Defined 0.0455 13.4722 meter squared 0.0001 Leaf Mass Surveyed (g) Estimate of the dry mass of leaves surveyed for Papilio on a particular date. Leaf mass was calculated as described in Process, Step 2. Producer Defined 2.27 738.53 gram 0.0001 Egg Count of intact Papilio egg that was collected from a single host plant on a particular date Producer Defined blank cell zero specimens Producer defined 1 11 egg 1 Egg - lost Count of intact Papilio egg that was collected during the survey of a host plant on a particular date but that was lost after receiving a specimen number Producer Defined 1 1 egg 1 Eggshell Count of partially intact (e.g., emergence hole), damaged, or fragmentary Papilio egg that was collected during the survey of a host plant on a particular date Producer Defined 1 18 eggshell 1 Eggshell - lost Count of partially intact (e.g., emergence hole), damaged, or fragmentary Papilio egg that was collected from a single host plant on a particular date but that was lost after receiving a specimen number Producer Defined 2 2 eggshell 1 Larva - live Count of living Papilio larva (caterpillar) that was collected from a single host plant on a particular date Producer Defined 1 6 larva 1 Larva - dead Count of dead Papilio larva (caterpillar) that was collected from a single host plant on a particular date Producer Defined 1 1 larva 1 Pupa - live Count of live Papilio pupa (life stage between larva and adult) that was collected from a single host plant on a particular date Producer Defined 1 2 pupa 1 Pupa - dead Count of dead Papilio pupa (life stage between larva and adult) that was collected from a single host plant on a particular date Producer Defined 1 2 pupa 1 Exuviae Count of Papilio exuviae (pupal exoskeleton remaining after emergence of adult butterfly from pupa) that was collected from a single host plant on a particular date Producer Defined 1 5 exuviae 1 Total Specimens Sum of all Papilio specimens collected from a single host plant on a particular date Producer Defined 0 24 specimen 1 The entity and attribute information provided here describes the tabular data associated with the data set. Please review the detailed descriptions that are provided (the individual attribute descriptions) for information on the values that appear as fields/table entries of the data set. The entity and attribute information was generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the data set. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V5Y7KT None 20240111 U.S. Geological Survey, NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REGION Data Steward physical

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Hawaii National Park HI 96718 USA 808-985-6420 pierc-datasteward@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999