Paul D. Henne Susann Stolze Natalie M. Kehrwald Rebecca Brice Craig D. Allen 20260128 spreadsheet Denver, Colorado, USA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GDOLI1 Paul D. Henne 2026 publication Oxford, United Kingdom Quaternary Science Reviews Volume 376, Article 109821 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109821 This data release contains paleoecological records from Santa Fe Lake, NM USA. Santa Fe Lake is a small (1.4 ha), subalpine lake in the Sangre de Cristo Mountain Range of the Southern Rocky Mountains (35.79°N, 105.78°W, 3532 m a.s.l). Overlapping sediment cores were taken from Santa Fe Lake in September, 2020 in 5.4 m of water from a coring platform with a Livingstone square-rod piston corer, five cm in diameter, in one-m sections to produce a continuous 510 cm record. A 75-cm surface core that includes the sediment-water interface was taken with a freeze coring device through the ice in April, 2022. The multiproxy data included here were gained from analysis of lake sediments. The data sets include age-depth models, pollen counts, stomate counts, microscopic charcoal counts, fluorescence (XRF) counts, and magnetic susceptibility. These data document environmental change in the catchment and region surrounding Santa Fe Lake during the last 14,000 years. XRF and magnetic susceptibility data are indicative of glacier activity in the catchment during the Late Glacial, and erosion during the Holocene. Pollen and stomate data document postglacial vegetation succession and agricultural land use (maize pollen). Microscopic charcoal data record changes in regional fire activity, including both natural variations and human use of fire to clear land for agriculture during the last 2000 years. List of 10 file names included in this data release: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_data_release_data_dictionary.csv Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_data_release_metadata.txt Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_data_release_metadata.xml Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_XRF.csv Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_radiocarbon_ages.csv Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_lead210.csv Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_surface_core_ages.csv Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_long_core_ages.csv Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_pollen.csv Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_microscopic_charcoal.csv 20200918 20260120 ground condition Complete None planned -105.788 -105.788 35.789 35.789 None Pollen Charcoal X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Holocene radiocarbon USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:65145471d34e469cabfcb17d None New Mexico Santa Fe Lake Rocky Mountains Sangre de Cristo Mountain Range None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Paul Henne U.S. Geological Survey Research Ecologist Mailing

Box 25046, MS 980

Denver Colorado 80225 USA 303-236-1262 phenne@usgs.gov Microsoft 365 No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented. gps accuracy +/-3m gps accuracy +/-3m Sediment cores were taken from Santa Fe Lake in September 2020 (long core) and April 2022 (surface core). The long core was split and scanned for elemental composition and magnetic susceptibility at the USGS Florence Bascom Science Center, Reston, VA with a GeoTek XRF scanner at a resolution of 0.5 cm. Subsamples for Pb-210 dating, terrestrial macrofossils for AMS radiocarbon dating, and subsamples for pollen analysis were taken from the sediment cores at the USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver CO. Alpha decays for Pb-210 dating were counted at the USGS Coastal and Marine Science Center in Saint Petersburg, FL. AMS radiocarbon dates were measured at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS). Subsamples for pollen and microscopic charcoal analysis were processed and counted by Susann Stolze, Grana Consulting, Golden CO. 20200918 point point 1 0.0001 0.0001 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257222101 Description of field names in files: FILE: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_XRF.csv [-9999 values in the data file = missing data] Depth = Depth in sediment core (cm) Core_Name = overlapping cores (SFB1 or SFB2) and drive number (1-5) Magnetic_Susceptibility = dimensionless quantity, reported as standard international (SI) units multiplied by 0.0001 Mg_Value = magnesium X-ray florescence (XRF) counts Mg_Error = magnesium analytical error Al_Value = aluminum XRF counts Al_Error = aluminum analytical error Si_Value = silicon XRF counts Si_Error = silicon analytical error P_Value = phosphorus XRF counts P_Error = phosphorus analytical error S_Value = sulfur XRF counts S_Error = sulfur analytical error K_Value = potassium XRF counts K_Error = potassium analytical error Ca_Value = calcium XRF counts Ca_Error = calcium analytical error Ti_Value = titanium XRF counts Ti_Error = titanium analytical error V_Value = vanadium XRF counts V_Error = vanadium analytical error Cr_Value = chromium XRF counts Cr_Error = chromium analytical error Mn_Value = manganese XRF counts Mn_Error = manganese analytical error Fe_Value = iron XRF counts Fe_Error = iron analytical error Co_Value = cobalt XRF counts Co_Error = cobalt analytical error Ni_Value = nickel XRF counts Ni_Error = nickel analytical error Cu_Value = copper XRF counts Cu_Error = copper analytical error Zn_Value = zinc XRF counts Zn_Error = zinc analytical error As_Value = arsenic XRF counts As_Error = arsenic analytical error Se_Value = selenium XRF counts Se_Error = selenium analytical error Rb_Value = rubidium XRF counts Rb_Error = rubidium analytical error Sr_Value = strontium XRF counts Sr_Error = strontium analytical error Y_Value = yttrium XRF counts Y_Error = yttrium analytical error Zr_Value = zirconium XRF counts Zr_Error = zirconium analytical error Nb_Value = niobium XRF counts Nb_Error = niobium analytical error Mo_Value = molybdenum XRF counts Mo_Error = molybdenum analytical error Ag_Value = silver XRF counts Ag_Error = silver analytical error Cd_Value = cadmium XRF counts Cd_Error = cadmium analytical error Sn_Value = tin XRF counts Sn_Error = tin analytical error Sb_Value = antimony XRF counts Sb_Error = antimony analytical error W_Value = tungsten XRF counts W_Error = tungsten analytical error Hg_Value = mercury XRF counts Hg_Error = mercury analytical error Pb_Value = lead XRF counts Pb_Error = lead analytical error Bi_Value = bismuth XRF counts Bi_Error = bismuth analytical error Th_Value = thorium XRF counts Th_Error = thorium analytical error U_Value = uranium XRF counts U_Error = uranium analytical error FILE: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_surface_core_ages.csv Depth = Depth in sediment core from sediment water interface (cm) Min = minimum value of modeled age range in calibrated years before 1950 CE (cal yr BP) Max = maximum value of modeled age range (cal yr BP) Median = median value of modeled age range (cal yr BP) Mean = mean value of modeled age range (cal yr BP) FILE: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_long_core_ages.csv Depth = depth in sediment core (cm) Min = minimum value of modeled age range (cal yr BP) Max = maximum value of modeled age range (cal yr BP) Median = median value of modeled age range (cal yr BP) Mean = mean value of modeled age range (cal yr BP) FILE: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_pollen.csv Core = sediment core that samples were taken from. S = surface core, L = long core. Depth = depth in sediment core (cm) Cal_yr_BP = modeled age for each depth in calibrated years before 1950 CE (cal yr BP). Cal_yr_CE = modeled age for each depth in calibrated common era years (CE), or calibrated years before the common era (BCE). CE years are negative, BCE years positive. Note = comments from analyst Volume = sample volume (cm^3) Lycopodium_tablet_batch_number = batch number of Lycopodium tablets added to sample Lycopodium_spores_per_tablet = number of Lycopodium spores in 1 tablet Number_of_Lycopodium_tablets_added = number of Lycopodium tablets added to sample Lycopodium_spores_added = number of Lycopodium spores added to sample Lycopodium_counted = number of Lycopodium spores counted in sample [For the remaining fields, the number in parentheses refers to the reference used to identify the pollen type. See references at the end of this list. Fields with a “+” denote the presence of immature or clumped pollen grains, which were not counted separately.] Abies (3) immature: Abies (3) Acer spp. (3) Alnus spp. (3) Betula spp. (3) Carya ssp. (3) Ceanothus americanus (3) cf. Ceanothus americanus (3) Celtis spp. (3) Fraxinus Juglans spp. (3) Juniperus-type (5) clump: Juniperus-type (5) Lonicera (1) Ostrya/Carpinus (3) Picea (3) clump: Picea (3) immature: Picea (3) Pinus undifferentiated clump: Pinus undifferentiated immature: Pinus undifferentiated Pinus subgenus Haploxylon (3) Pinus aristata (2) immature: Pinus aristata (2) Pinus flexilis-type (2) Pinus edulis-type (2) Pinus subgenus Diploxylon (3) Pinus ponderosa (2) immature: Pinus ponderosa (2) clump: Pinus ponderosa (2) Pinus contorta (2) bisaccate Pinaceae undifferentiated clump: bisaccate Pinaceae undifferentiated immature: bisaccate Pinaceae undifferentiated Populus spp. (3) Prunus (3) Pseudotsuga menziesii (3) cf. Pseudotsuga menziesii (3) Quercus spp. (3) clump: Quercus spp. (3) Cercocarpus (3) Quercus spp. (3)/Cercocarpus (3) clump: Quercus spp. (3)/Cercocarpus Ribes (3) Rhus spp. (3) Rhus/Euphorbia (3) Rosaceae <=15 µm Rosaceae >15 µm Salix (1) Sambucus (4) Shepherdia canadensis (4) Ulmus spp. (3) Arceutobium (4) Amorpha canescens (4) Ericaceae-Empetrum-group (1) Cyperaceae (4) Wild grasses <= 40 µm (3) Cereals and Wild Grasses > 40 µm (3) clump: wild grasses <= 40 µm /wild grasses and cereals > 40 µm (3) Zea mays (3) Ambrosia-group (4) clump: Ambrosia-group (4) Anthemis type (5) clump: Anthemis-type (5) Apiaceae (1) Aquilegia coerulea Artemisia (4) clump: Artemisa (4) immature: Artemisa (4) Aster type (5) Subfamily Liguliflorae (4) Subfamily Tubuliflorae (4) clump: Subfamily Tubuliflorae (4) Brassicaceae (1) cf. Brassicaceae (1) Campanulaceae (3) Caryophyllaceae (4) / Caryophyllaceae p.p. (1) Amaranthaceae (3) clump: Amaranthaceae (3) Cirsium (5) Ephedra (1) Eriogonum (3) Fabaceae p.p. (1) Rubiaceae (1) Geranium (3) Geum-Type (1) cf. Geum-Type (1) Polemoniaceae (Gilia, Polemonium) (6) Helianthemum (5) Helianthus-type (3) Humulus-Cannabis (3) Veratrum tenuipetalum (HN) Monocolpate, reticulate Linum (3) Mahonia (1) cf. Mahonia (1) Mentha type (5) Onagraceae (cf. 3) Onobrychis (1) Oxyria type (5) Pentstemon (cf. 3) cf. Penstemon (cf. 3) Phacelia tanaecetifolia (1) clump: Phacelia tanaecetifolia (1) Plantago lanceolata (4) Polygala (3) cf. Polygonaceae Potentilla-type (5) Primula (3) Ranunculaceae (3) Rumex acetosella-type (3) Rumex aquaticus-type (1) cf. Rumex Sarcobatus (4) Saxifraga aizoides-group (1) Solanum (3) Thalictrum (1) Thymelaceae Urtica procera (3) Vitis riparia (4) Botrychium (3) / B. multifidum or dissectum (4) Equisetum (5) cf. Ophioglossum (3) Polypodiaceae (without perine) clump: Polypodiaceae (without perine) Polypodium vulgare-type (5) Pteridium aquilinum (4) cf. Pteridium aquilinum (4) Thelypteris palustris (5) clump: Thelypteris palustris (5) Selaginella rupestris (4) trilete spore without perine trilete spore with perine Sparganium-Typ (1) Typha latifolia-type (1) cf. Typha latifolia-type (1) Indet. / crumpled, covered etc. Unknown clump: Indeterminant Pseudotsuga/Zea (analyst could not differentiate between these two large poorly preserved grains with no pore evident) References: (1) Beug, H.-J. (2004) Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete. Pfeil, München. (2) Hansen, B.S., Cushing, E.J. (1973) Identification of Pine pollen of Late Quaternary age from the Chuska Mountains, New Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 1181-1200. (3) Kapp, R.O., Davis, O.K., King, J.E. (2000) Ronald O. Kapp’s Pollen and Spores. Amer. Assoc. Stratigr. Palynol., Dallas, Texas. (4) McAndrews, J.H., Berti, A.A., Norris, G. (1973) Key to the Quaternary Pollen and Spores of the Great Lakes Region. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publication, Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. (5) Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A., Collinson, M.E., 1991. Pollen Analysis. Blackwell, Oxford. (6) PalDat - Palynological Database (https://www.paldat.org/). FILE: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_microscopic_charcoal.csv Core = Sediment core that samples were taken from. S = surface core, L = long core. Depth = depth in sediment core (cm) Cal_yr_BP = modeled age for each depth in calibrated years before 1950 CE (cal yr BP). Cal_yr_CE = modeled age for each depth in calibrated common era years (CE), or calibrated years before the common era (BCE). CE years are negative, BCE years positive. Volume = volume of sediment processed (cm^3) Sediment_accumulation_rate = sediment accumulation rate (years × cm^-1) Lycopodium_tablet_batch_number = batch number of Lycopodium tablets added to sample Lycopodium_spores_per_tablet = number of Lycopodium spores in 1 tablet Number_of_Lycopodium_tablets_added = total number of Lycopodium tablets added to sample Lycopodium_spores_added = total number of Lycopodium spores added to sample Lycopodium_counted = number of Lycopodium spores counted in sample Charcoal_particles = number of microscopic charcoal particles counted in sample Concentration = concentration of microscopic charcoal particles (particles × cm^-3) Influx = influx rate of microscopic charcoal particles (particles × cm^-2 × year^-1) FILE: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_radiocarbon_ages.csv Lab code = laboratory code from National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) Depth = depth in sediment core (cm) Core = sediment core that samples were taken from. (S = surface core. L = long core) Material = material dated Radiocarbon age BP = radiocarbon years before 1950 (BP) Standard Deviation in age = Standard Deviation of radiocarbon age Cal BP maximum (2 sigma) = maximum age in calibrated years before 1950 (cal yr BP). 2 sigma calibration range Cal BP minimum (2 sigma) = minimum age in calibrated years before 1950 (cal yr BP). 2 sigma calibration range Modeled age = age in Bacon model for each depth in calibrated years before 1950 (cal yr BP) FILE: Henne_and_others_2026_santa_fe_lake_lead210.csv Depth = depth in sediment core (cm) Bulk density = bulk density of sample (g × cm^-3) 210Pb activity = lead-210 activity (dpm × g^-1) 210Pb error = analytical error of lead-210 activity (dpm × g^-1) None GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey Mailing

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Denver Colorado 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GDOLI1 None 20260128 Paul Henne U.S. Geological Survey Research Ecologist Mailing

Box 25046, MS 980

Denver Colorado 80225 USA +1-303-236-1262 phenne@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998