Dee-Ann E. Crozier Elizabeth A. Ahearn 20240927 tabular digital data Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P90PDI34 Elizabeth A. Ahearn Dee-Ann E. Crozier 2024 publication https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245080 This data release contains extended estimates of daily groundwater levels and monthly percentiles at 27 short-term monitoring wells in Massachusetts. The Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 (MOVE.1) regression method was used to extend short-term groundwater levels at wells with less than 10 years of continuous data. This method uses groundwater level data from a correlated long-term monitoring well (index well) to estimate the groundwater level record for the short-term monitoring well. MOVE.1 regressions are used widely throughout the hydrologic community to extend flow records from streamgaging stations but are less commonly used to extend groundwater records at wells. The data in this data release document the results of the MOVE.1 regressions to estimate groundwater levels and compute updated monthly percentiles for select wells used in the groundwater index in the Massachusetts Drought Management Plan (2019). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) groundwater identification site numbers and groundwater level data are available via the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database (available at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). Groundwater levels provided are in depth to water level, in feet below land surface datum. This data release accompanies a USGS scientific investigations report that describes the methods and results in detail (Ahearn and Crozier, 2024). Reference: Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs and Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency, 2019, Massachusetts drought management plan: Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, 115 p., accessed September 2022, at https://www.mass.gov/doc/massachusetts-drought-management-plan The following are included in the data release: (1) R input file that lists the final site pairings (R_Input_MOVE1_Site_List.csv) (2) R script that performs the MOVE.1 and produces outputs for evaluation purposes (MOVE1_R_code.R) (3) MOVE.1 model outputs (MOVE1_Models.zip) (4) Estimates of daily groundwater levels using the MOVE.1 regression technique (MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Tables.zip) (5) Plots showing time series of estimated daily groundwater levels from the MOVE.1 technique (MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Plots.zip) (6) Plots showing time series of estimated daily groundwater levels from the MOVE.1 technique zoomed into the period of observed daily groundwater levels for the short-term site (Zoomed_MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Plots.zip) (7) Plots showing residuals (Residuals_WL_Plots.zip) (8) Monthly percentile table for 27 study wells (GWL_Percentiles_All_Study_Wells.csv) The purpose of this work is to improve the groundwater index of the Massachusetts Drought Management Plan by extending the record at select short-term groundwater wells in Massachusetts. This work develops code to conduct MOVE.1 regression analyses used to estimate long-term groundwater levels at short-term record sites and compute monthly percentiles at those wells. The newly computed monthly percentiles are intended to be a more robust estimate of long-term groundwater conditions that can be used in the groundwater index for drought management. The time period for purposes of the data release and R code starts on 10/31/1939 which represents the start date of available groundwater data from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) for the 27 sites. Each groundwater site has a different period of record and all start on or after 10/31/1939. USGS site identification numbers for monitoring wells may be shown in scientific notation in a comma separated value file (.csv). To see these as 15 digit identification numbers users can either (1) click on them and see the full cell entry in the formula box or (2) select and right click on the site identification numbers, choose Format Cells, choose number, and choose 0 Decimal places. This data release contains 2 csv files, 1 R file, 1 zipped folder of text files, 1 zipped folder of csv files, and 3 zipped folders of plots. A total of 5 compressed (zip) folders are included in this data release which represent the output of the R code (MOVE1_R_code_Final.R). These zipped folders hold 27 files for each correlated monitoring well pair and one Readme.txt file describing the files within the compressed folder. The contents of these folders are viewed by downloading the zipped file, unzipping the folder and extracting files, then double-clicking on a filename to open. 19391031 20211231 See Supplemental Info Complete None planned -74.1370 -69.8740 43.2880 41.1850 ISO 19115 Topic Category biota None Groundwater MOVE.1 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6501b656d34ed30c20589ffe None Massachusetts New England None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Dee-Ann E Crozier USGS - Northeast Region Physical Scientist mailing and physical

New Eng CT Office-Goodwin,New Eng CT Office-Goodwin

East Hartford CT 06118-0000 860-291-6762 dcrozier@usgs.gov Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection R version 4.2.3 used within RStudio 2023.09.01. A Windows 10 computer operating system was used. The R code requires the following R packages to be installed: dataRetrieval, dplyr, smwrStats, ggplot2, readr, stringr. No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract and supplementary information. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. No formal positional vertical accuracy tests were conducted. U.S. Geological Survey 2023 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/f7p55kjn Digital and/or Hardcopy 19000101 20211231 See Supplemental Info NWIS Groundwater levels for MOVE.1 regressions 29 short-term monitoring wells in Massachusetts and 37 long-term monitoring wells in or near Massachusetts were identified as potential sites to compare groundwater levels. 20230401 Groundwater monitoring well information, discrete (monthly) groundwater levels, and continuous (daily mean) groundwater level data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS) were accessed using the dataRetrieval R package (DeCicco and others, 2023; R core Team, 2021) for all short-term and long-term monitoring wells. Discrete groundwater levels and continuous groundwater levels for each site were combined into one record. Discrete groundwater levels were only used when continuous data was unavailable. DeCicco L, Hirsch R, Lorenz D, Watkins D, Johnson M., 2023, dataRetrieval: R packages for discovering and retrieving water data available from U.S. federal hydrologic web services, version 2.7.12, doi:10.5066/P9X4L3GE, https://code.usgs.gov/water/dataRetrieval. R Core Team., 2021, R—A language and environment for statistical computing, version 4.2.3: R Foundation for Statistical Computing software release, https://www.R-project.org/. NWIS 20230415 An R script was developed to loop through all long-term index wells for each short-term monitoring well and perform a MOVE.1 regression (Hirsch, 1982) using functions from the smwrStats R package (Lorenz, 2015) which produced a model output for each potential pairing. The MOVE.1 model outputs for the final site pairings are included in the folder MOVE1_Models.zip as part of this data release. Hirsch, R.M., 1982, A comparison of four streamflow record extension techniques: Water Resources Research, v. 18, p. 1081–1088.https://rdrr.io/github/USGS-R/smwrStats/man/move.1.html Lorenz, D.L., 2015, smwrStats-an R package for analyzing hydrologic data, version 0.7.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015; https://rdrr.io/github/USGS-R/smwrStats/src/R/move.1.R 20230501 Final correlated monitoring well pairs, including one short-term monitoring well and one long-term monitoring well (index well), were selected. This was based on criteria including a correlation coefficient greater than or equal to 0.80, similar aquifer types, distance from one another, and evaluation of the MOVE.1 models. The csv table R_input_MOVE1_Site_List.csv included in this data release includes the final site pairs and is also used as input to the R code. 20230601 A section of code was added to the R script to estimate daily groundwater levels using the smwrStats R package (Lorenz, 2015) function predict.move.1 to extend the short-term monitoring well record based on the selected MOVE.1 regression. The record is extended based on the available record period of the long-term monitoring well. Lorenz, D.L., 2015, smwrStats-an R package for analyzing hydrologic data, version 0.7.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015; https://rdrr.io/github/USGS-R/smwrStats/src/R/move.1.R 20230701 Another section of code was added to the R script to use the new MOVE.1 estimated groundwater level data and observed groundwater level data, when available, to calculate monthly statistics ranging from the 2nd percentile to the 50th percentile. The monthly statistics for the observed record was also calculated for comparison purposes. The estimated and observed groundwater level records for the final site pairings are included in the csv file ‘MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Tables’ as part of this data release. The percentiles comparing the extended record (Estimated) and observed record for all 27 study wells are included as a csv file 'GWL_Percentiles_All_Study_Wells'. 20230801 Several plots were generated from the R code to help evaluate the MOVE.1 regression model developed for each short-term monitoring well. These plots are included in the zip folders MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Plots, Zoomed_MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Plots, and Residuals_WL _Plots as part of this data release. See the associated Readme.txt files for more information on these output files. 20230802 R_Input_MOVE1_Site_List.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined STsite U.S. Geological Survey site identification number of the short-term monitoring well Producer Defined 15 digit numeric identifier assigned to a U.S. Geological Survey site in the USGS NWIS database. Represents a short-term USGS monitoring well STsite_name U.S. Geological Survey site name of the short-term monitoring well Producer Defined USGS site name used to identify sites in the USGS NWIS database. Represents a short-term USGS monitoring well STstartDate Start date of continuous data for short-term site (formatted yyyy-mm-dd) Producer Defined 2013-11-14 2021-02-25 LTsite U.S. Geological Survey site identification number of the long-term monitoring well used to extend the record of the short-term site Producer Defined 15 digit numeric identifier assigned to a U.S. Geological Survey site in the USGS NWIS database. Represents a long-term USGS monitoring well used to extend the record of the short-term site (index well) LTsite_name U.S. Geological Survey site name of the long-term monitoring well used to extend the record of the short-term site Producer Defined USGS site name used to identify sites in the USGS NWIS database. Represents the name of a long-term USGS monitoring well used to extend the record of the short-term site (index well) GWL_Percentiles_All_Study_Wells.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined STsite_name U.S. Geological Survey site name of the short-term monitoring well Producer Defined USGS site name used to identify sites in the USGS NWIS database. Represents a short-term USGS monitoring well month Month represented numerically Producer Defined 1 12 Ext_Perc2 MOVE.1 extended record 2nd percentile Producer Defined 1.72 175.9 feet below land surface Ext_Perc10 MOVE.1 extended record 10th percentile Producer Defined 1.53 174.2 feet below land surface Ext_Perc20 MOVE.1 extended record 20th percentile Producer Defined 1.4 173.5 feet below land surface Ext_Perc30 MOVE.1 extended record 30th percentile Producer Defined 1.17 172.2 feet below land surface Ext_Perc50 MOVE.1 extended record 50th percentile Producer Defined 1.05 170.7 feet below land surface Obs_Perc2 Observed Record 2nd Percentile Producer Defined 1.85 172.27 feet below land surface Obs_Perc10 Observed Record 10th Percentile Producer Defined 1.67 172.25 feet below land surface Obs_Perc20 Observed Record 20th Percentile Producer Defined 1.35 172.21 feet below land surface Obs_Perc30 Observed Record 30th Percentile Producer Defined 1.04 172.16 feet below land surface Obs_Perc50 Observed Record 50th Percentile Producer Defined 0.86 170.2 feet below land surface Diff_Perc2 Difference between the Obs_Perc2 (Observed record 2nd percentile) and the Ext_Perc2 (MOVE.1 extended record 2nd percentile) Producer Defined -8.79 1.54 feet Diff_Perc10 Difference between the Obs_Perc10 (Observed record 10th percentile) and the Ext_Perc10 (MOVE.1 extended record 10th percentile) Producer Defined -5.94 1.2 feet Diff_Perc20 Difference between the Obs_Perc20 (Observed record 20th percentile) and the Ext_Perc20 (MOVE.1 extended record 20th percentile) Producer Defined -3.72 1.74 feet Diff_Perc30 Difference between the Obs_Perc30 (Observed record 30th percentile) and the Ext_Perc30 (MOVE.1 extended record 30th percentile) Producer Defined -2.98 1.87 feet Diff_Perc50 Difference between the Obs_Perc50 (Observed record 50th percentile) and the Ext_Perc50 (MOVE.1 extended record 50th percentile) Producer Defined -2.25 5.2 feet U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P90PDI34 None 20240927 Dee-Ann E Crozier USGS - Northeast Region Physical Scientist mailing and physical

New Eng CT Office-Goodwin,New Eng CT Office-Goodwin

East Hartford CT 06118-0000 860-291-6762 dcrozier@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998