Stephanie G. Yelenik Christopher Warneke 20230824 tabular digital data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FEN91Q Christopher Warneke Lars A. Brudvig Makani Gregg Sierra McDaniel Stephanie Yelenik 20231023 publication Ecological Solutions and Evidence vol. 4, issue 4 n/a Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12280 This data includes plot location, elevation, canopy density, canopy species, and char height for each plot that was surveyed for this study. All plots were located in the burn scar of the 2018 Keauhou Fire in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, in the area known as the "Mauna Loa strip", located on the south flank of Mauna Loa. Post-fire restoration efforts, like tree planting and seeding have shown mixed success, though the causes of the variation in restoration outcomes remain unclear. Abiotic factors such as elevation and fire severity, as well as biotic factors, such as residual canopy cover and abundance of competitive understory grasses, can vary across a burned area and may all influence the success of restoration efforts to re-establish trees following forest fires. We examined the effect of these factors on early seedling establishment of a tree species – māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) – in a subtropical montane woodland in Hawaiʻi. Following a human-caused wildfire, we sowed seeds of māmane as part of a restoration effort. We co-designed a project to examine māmane seedling establishment after the 2018 Keauhou Fire in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. 20190611 20201110 observed Complete None planned Hawaii Volcanoes National Park -155.40436 -155.27802 19.48860 19.43033 None tropical forest dynamics forest restoration seedling recruitment plant ecology avian diet exotic grass plant competition seed limitation USGS Thesaurus ecology botany forest resources land use change USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:64defb3ad34e5f6cd553ac1f None Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii None Metrosideros polymorpha Acacia koa Coprosma rhynchocarpa Sophora chrysophylla Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Viridiplantae Infrakingdom Streptophyta Superdivision Embryophyta Division Tracheophyta Subdivision Spermatophytina Class Magnoliopsida Superorder Rosanae Order Myrtales Family Myrtaceae Genus Metrosideros Species Metrosideros polymorpha TSN: 27259 Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Genus Acacia Species Acacia koa TSN: 182079 Genus Sophora Species Sophora chrysophylla TSN: 505293 Superorder Asteranae Order Gentianales Family Rubiaceae Genus Coprosma Species Coprosma rhynchocarpa TSN: 34975 None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the data set's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Stephanie Yelenik US Forest Service Rangeland Scientist mailing

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Reno NV 89503 USA 805-451-5910 stephanie.yelenik@usda.gov National Science Foundation for funding, U.S. Geological Survey salary support and field/lab equipment Windows 7, Excel 2013 No formal attribute accuracy tests were calculated No formal logical accuracy tests were performed, and the data was visually reviewed for logical consistency Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details Study Site We conducted this study within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) on the Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi. An accidentally human-ignited fire took place in August of 2018, burning approximately 1500 hectares of land, mostly within the national park (on the southeast flank of Mauna Loa). This area contains mostly native upland forest and is dominated at lower elevations by koa (Acacia koa A. Gray), and at higher elevations by māmane (Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem.) and ʻaʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.), with koa being less abundant. The study site is located on a mountain slope, in which elevation correlates with climate, with lower elevations being relatively warmer and wetter than higher elevations. The fire resulted in large-scale mortality of trees and understory plants. The heavy mortality of native species, in conjunction with the abundance of invasive grasses, led the National Park Service to engage in a restoration effort to reestablish the native plant community, with goals of promoting more fire-tolerant native species, which in turn might help reduce the abundance of invasive grasses. Seed Sowing Between November of 2018 and March of 2019, within the burned area, members of the HAVO Natural Resources Management team and from the University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit seeded ~700 plots (of a planned 1180 plots) with seeds of native species, including māmane, to promote forest regrowth. Our research team consisted of members of the Natural Resources Management team as well as governmental and academic restoration ecologists that have worked together to study the outcomes of this restoration effort with a goal of improving future restoration efforts. The species that were seeded were chosen as a part of an overarching management effort to shift the community composition in these habitats to native species that are fire tolerant, focusing on native species that have some resilience to fire via resprouting and/or having seeds that can withstand fire. Seeded plots were circular (5 m radius) and located 50 m apart along transects, with transects being 200 m apart, from 1340–1710 m asl in elevation. Plots with >50% cover of invasive grasses were not selected for restoration.In preparation for seeding, plots were raked to disturb the soil surface. Seeds were sown along raking lines within the plot and loosely covered with soil. Data Collection In late October to early November 2019 (7–11 months following seeding and 14–15 months post-fire), we randomly selected 15 plots, within each of the three elevational bands (n=45 total plots). The fire burned land across a range of elevations from 1170–1710 m asl. The three elevational bands were low elevation (1338–1400 m asl), middle elevation (1427–1487 m asl) and upper elevation (1578–1652 m asl). The elevational bands were chosen to capture the breadth of elevational change that was present in the burned area. The elevation for each plot was determined using the Bulk Point Query tool at the United States Geological Survey’s The National Map project (USGS, 2019). At each plot, we took data on canopy cover (taken in June/July 2019) and fire severity. We measured canopy cover using densiometers (Robert E. Lemmon Forest Densiometers, Rapid City, South Dakota). For each plot, we took four readings (one for each of the cardinal directions) and summed them to obtain a reading for the plot. Each reading consisted of a count of the number of vertices of the densiometer that were covered by the canopy. We also noted the species in the canopy at each densiometer measurement. We measured fire severity using char height, which is the estimated average height, in meters, that char is left on the trees in or immediately adjacent to the plot using the methods in the USDI Fire Monitoring Handbook (2003). For shorter heights, a meter stick was used, and for taller heights, a range finder was used, which offered less precision. Literature Cited: USDI, N. (2003). Western Region Fire Monitoring Handbook. USDI National Park Service, Western Regional Office, San Francisco, CA. USGS. 2019. TNM Elevation. The National Map. Website https://apps.nationalmap.gov/elevation/ [accessed 15 July 2021]. 20200101 0.00001 0.00001 Decimal degrees North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) Geodetic Reference System 1980 6378137.000000 298.257222 plots.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined plot This is the unique identifier for each plot. There are 45 plots. Producer Defined Letter represents transect identifier used by Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) Resources Management staff. Number refers to plot number on that transect. lon longitude Producer Defined -155.3588 -155.3261 decimal degrees 0.0001 lat latitude Producer Defined 19.4392 19.4741 decimal degrees 0.0001 elev.meters This is the elevation of the plot, in meters above sea-level. The elevation for each plot was determined using the Bulk Point Query tool at the United States Geological Survey’s The National Map project (USGS, 2019)." USGS. 2019. TNM Elevation. The National Map. Website https://apps.nationalmap.gov/elevation/ [accessed 15 July 2021] Producer Defined 1338.06 1652.23 meters 0.01 band This is the elevational band that we assigned a plot to. There are three bands, which are “low”, “mid”, and “upper” Producer Defined low Lowest elevation band in study Producer defined mid Middle elevation band in study Producer defined upper Highest elevation band in study Producer defined densi.1 This is the first of four densiometer measurements that was taken with each plot. The number corresponds to the number of vertices out of 17 which were obscured by the canopy. Each densiometer reading was taken while facing one of the four cardinal directions. Which direction was read first, second, third etc was arbitrary. Producer Defined 0 16 individual points 1 densi.2 This is the second of four densiometer measurements that was taken with each plot. The number corresponds to the number of vertices out of 17 which were obscured by the canopy. Each densiometer reading was taken while facing one of the four cardinal directions. Which direction was read first, second, third etc was arbitrary. Producer Defined 0 16 individual points 1 densi.3 This is the third of four densiometer measurements that was taken with each plot. The number corresponds to the number of vertices out of 17 which were obscured by the canopy. Each densiometer reading was taken while facing one of the four cardinal directions. Which direction was read first, second, third etc was arbitrary. Producer Defined 0 14 individual points 1 densi.4 This is the fourth of four densiometer measurements that was taken with each plot. The number corresponds to the number of vertices out of 17 which were obscured by the canopy. Each densiometer reading was taken while facing one of the four cardinal directions. Which direction was read first, second, third etc was arbitrary. Producer Defined 0 16 individual points 1 canopy.spp This field contains the species code(s) of the species that made up the majority of the canopy at a given plot location. These codes are explained in the Species list for seed addition study, Hawaii Volcanoes NP file. Producer Defined SIx letter codes are listed in "Species list for seed addition study, Hawaii Volcanoes NP" file. OHIA = Metrosideros polymorpha ACAKOA = Acacia koa DODVIS = Dodonaea viscosa SOPCHR = Sophora chrysophylla NONE = no canopy canopy.alive.percent This field provides the percent of the canopy which was living at the time of observation. This value was estimated by the observer in the field. Producer Defined 0 90 percent 10 char.height This field notes the height (in meters) above the surface of the ground that was charred on the date of observation. Producer Defined 0.15 15.0 meters 0.01 total.canopy This field notes whether the char height was also the same as the total height of the canopy. Values of NTC indicate that at least some of the adjacent trees at that plot had some portion of the upper portion of their growth that was uncharred. Values of TC indicate that the entirety of trees was charred from the ground level all the way to the tips of all the branches. Producer Defined NTC Not Total Canopy: at least some of the adjacent trees at that plot had some portion of the upper portion of their growth that was uncharred. Producer defined TC Total Canopy: the entirety of trees was charred from the ground level all the way to the tips of all the branches Producer defined GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

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