Andrew P. Teeple 20250626 tabular digital data Denver, Colorado U.S. Geological Survey This dataset is a subset of Teeple, A.P., Lucena, Z., Payne, J.D., Fetkovich, E.J., Mashburn, S.L., and Dale, I.A., 2025, Data used for the characterization of the hydrogeologic framework, groundwater-flow system, geochemistry, and aquifer hydraulic properties of the shallow groundwater system in the Wilcox and Lorraine process areas of the Wilcox Oil Company Superfund site near Bristow, Oklahoma, 2022: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FR2ZF6. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FR2ZF6 Andrew P. Teeple Zulimar Lucena Christopher L. Braun Evin J. Fetkovich Isaac A. Dale Shana L. Mashburn 2025 publication n/a US Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255042 The Wilcox Oil Company Superfund site (hereinafter referred to as “the site”) was formerly an oil refinery in northeast of Bristow in Creek County, Oklahoma. Historical refinery operations contaminated the soil, surface water, streambed sediments, alluvium, and groundwater with refined and stored products at the site. The Wilcox and Lorraine process areas are where the highest concentrations of volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and trace elements (including metals) (collectively hereinafter referred to as “contaminants”) were measured in a local shallow perched groundwater system within the alluvium (hereinafter referred to as the “alluvial aquifer”) at the site during previous site assessments. In order to understand the potential migration of contaminants through the soil and groundwater in these areas, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, investigated aquifer characteristics of the alluvial aquifer in the Wilcox and Lorraine process areas of the site to (1) document hydraulic conductivity and other aquifer characteristics of the alluvial aquifer that govern contaminant fate and transport, (2) describe the geospatial extent and concentration of the contaminants in the alluvial aquifer in the Wilcox and Lorraine process areas, and (3) describe the geochemical controls pertaining to oxidation and reduction governing the fate and transport and the degradation potential of contaminants in the groundwater. This data release documents the data that were collected and briefly describes how they were used to characterize the hydrogeologic framework, groundwater-flow system, geochemistry, and aquifer hydraulic properties of the shallow groundwater system. Refer to the companion larger work citation (Teeple and others, 2025) for the complete description and data analyses. In November and December 2022, following groundwater monitoring well development and groundwater-quality sampling, slug tests were completed on each of the groundwater monitoring wells installed in 2022 to (1) determine if the wells were in good hydraulic connection with the aquifer and (2) estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer at each well. This dataset includes the pressure transducer data from the slug tests and the hydraulic conductivity values estimated by using the Bouwer-Rice method of analysis. The slug-test data were used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of the shallow groundwater system, specifically hydraulic conductivity, which is a measure of the ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it. 20221108 20221208 ground condition Complete None planned -96.386954 -96.382605 35.843136 35.839404 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus geospatial analysis field experiments scientific interpretation conceptual modeling geospatial datasets hydrogeology hydrology groundwater flow permeability unconsolidated deposits petroleum industrial pollution groundwater level None Superfund Wilcox Oil Company benzene aquifer characterization hydrogeologic framework slug test hydraulic conductivity hydraulic properties USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:64935ec2d34ef77fcb013921 Geographic Names Information System Bristow Oklahoma Creek County None. Please refer to the "Distribution Information" section for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center Public Information Officer U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

1505 Ferguson Lane

Austin TX 78754 USA 512-927-3500 otpublicinfo@usgs.gov Comma Separated Values (.csv) files are provided. These text files can be opened by any text editor. The operating system and software used to open, view, and manipulate the files are as follows: Microsoft Windows 10 Enterprise (Version 22H2 Build 19045.3086 Experience Pack 1000.19041.1000.0) Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 MSO (Version 2208 Build 16.0.15601.20698) 32-bit Win-Situ 5 Version: 5.7.8.0. All feature attribute values were peer reviewed. Refer to the "Methodology" and "Process Step" sections found within the "Lineage" part of the "Data Quality Information" section for a description of the quality-assurance and quality-control steps performed on the dataset. Values were checked for correct data types. All data match the information provided by their associated metadata and reported values fall within the expected ranges. The dataset was assessed for the presence or absence of relevant data. The dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Well locations were recorded from static real-time kinematic Global Positioning System occupations and processed by using rapid-static processing from the Online Positioning User Service (National Geodetic Survey, 2024) and Trimble's CenterPoint RTX post-processing (Trimble Inc., 2024) technology. The reported horizontal positional accuracies ranged between 0.02 to 0.73 feet. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Well locations were recorded from static real-time kinematic Global Positioning System occupations and processed by using rapid-static processing from the Online Positioning User Service (National Geodetic Survey, 2024) and Trimble's CenterPoint RTX post-processing (Trimble Inc., 2024) technology. The reported vertical positional accuracies ranged between 0.1 to 1.1 feet. National Geodetic Survey 2024 website https://geodesy.noaa.gov/OPUS/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 20241121 date website was accessed National Geodetic Survey (2024) Online tool that was used to post-process the real-time kinematic Global Positioning System data. Trimble Inc. 2024 website https://trimblertx.com/UploadForm.aspx Digital and/or Hardcopy 20241121 date website was accessed Trimble Inc. (2024) Online tool that was used to post-process the real-time kinematic Global Positioning System data. Heath, R.C. 1983 publication U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220 Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey 86 p., accessed May 25, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2220 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1983 publication date Heath (1983) Provides definitions and basic information on hydraulic conductivity method and values. Cunningham, W.L. Schalk, C.W. 2011 publication U.S. Geological Survey Technique and Methods book 1, chap. A1 Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey 151 p., accessed March 11, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3133/tm1A1 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2011 publication date Cunningham and Schalk (2011) Provided the U.S. Geological Survey standards for the slug-test data collection method. In-Situ Inc. 2023 website https://in-situ.com/us/level-troll-500-data-logger Digital and/or Hardcopy 20230526 date website was accessed In-Situ Inc. (2023) Provides specifications for the pressure logger used for data collection. Bouwer, H. Rice, R.C. 1976 publication Water Resources Research v. 12, no. 3 p. 423-428, accessed May 25, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR012i003p00423 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1976 publication date Bouwer and Rice (1976) The data processing method outlined in this publication was used to estimate hydraulic conductivity data at the site. Domenico, P.A. Schwartz, F.W. 1990 publication New York Wiley 848 p. Digital and/or Hardcopy 1990 publication date Domenico and Schwartz (1990) Hydraulic conductivity values for common sediment types for comparison to the measured hydraulic conductivity values. Halford, K.J. Kuniansky, E.L. 2002 publication U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-197 Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey Publication includes Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for data analysis. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02197 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2002 publication date Halford and Kuniansky (2002) The Slug_Bouwer-Rice.xls spreadsheet was used to analyze the data. American GeoServices, LLC. 2016 website https://americangeoservices.com/fat-clays.html#:~:text=What%20are%20Fat%20Clays%3F,are%20especially%20attractive%20to%20water Digital and/or Hardcopy 20240710 date website was accessed American GeoServices, LLC. (2016) Provided the definition and information on “fat clays.” In November and December 2022, following groundwater monitoring well development and groundwater-quality sampling, slug tests were completed on each of the groundwater monitoring wells installed in 2022 to (1) determine if the wells were in good hydraulic connection with the aquifer and (2) estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer at each well (table 4). Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of the ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it. Higher hydraulic conductivity values correlate with higher yields and less drawdown in a well (Heath, 1983). A slug test requires a rapid change in groundwater level, usually as a result of adding or removing a known volume, or “slug,” into or from the well and then measuring the rate at which the groundwater level returns to static conditions (Cunningham and Schalk, 2011). Because of the slow recharge observed in the wells during groundwater-quality sampling, slug tests were determined to be the ideal method for testing the groundwater monitoring wells; the alternative of completing pump tests may have resulted in pumping the groundwater monitoring wells dry. The slug-test procedures were modified from Cunningham and Schalk (2011). Ideally, a slug test is performed when the groundwater-level altitude is above the top of the screened interval (Cunningham and Schalk, 2011). For almost all of the groundwater monitoring wells installed in 2022, this was not the case. A localized “static” groundwater level was estimated by filling the groundwater monitoring well with water and observing the change until a stationary level was reached and was above the screened interval. A Level TROLL 500 pressure transducer (In-Situ Inc., 2023b) was used to continuously log the groundwater level within the groundwater monitoring well at a 0.5-second interval. Prior to each slug test, the pressure transducer was lowered to the bottom of the groundwater monitoring well, and continuous logging was started. A known volume of water was immediately introduced into the groundwater monitoring well, and the groundwater level was recorded by the pressure transducer and simultaneously watched on a computer until the groundwater level had returned or almost returned to the localized “static” groundwater level. This process was repeated two times as separate test runs to evaluate the repeatability of the measurement. A third run was done if the groundwater level returned to the localized “static” groundwater level at a relatively quick time or if there were apparent recording issues from one of the first two runs. Data were downloaded from the pressure transducer by using Win-Situ software, version 5.7.8.0 (In-Situ Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado). Data from the slug tests were analyzed by using the Bouwer-Rice method (Bouwer and Rice, 1976) and by assuming that the base of aquifer was at the bottom of the groundwater monitoring well if a depth of refusal was noted when the borehole for the well was drilled. The depth of refusal was identified when the drill bit could not go any deeper in a reasonable amount of time and was determined by the crew operating the drill rig. The Slug_Bouwer-Rice.xls spreadsheet was used to analyze the slug-tests results (Halford and Kuniansky, 2002). The associated documentation from Halford and Kuniansky (2002) demonstrates the procedures used for analyzing the slug-tests results as well as any accompanying assumptions and limitations of the method. The last test run at each groundwater monitoring well was used for the final interpretation of the site. The last test run was used because it provided the longest interval for the localized “static” groundwater level to equilibrate in the aquifer and will provide the most accurate representation of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer where the groundwater monitoring well was drilled. The measured hydraulic conductivity values were compared to hydraulic conductivity values for unconsolidated sediments (3x10-6 to 8,500 ft/d), clean sands (0.06 to 1,700 ft/d), and fat clays (3x10-6 to 0.001 ft/d), which are cohesive and compressible clays of high plasticity, to verify that the measured values relate to expected values (Heath, 1983; Domenico and Schwartz, 1990; American GeoServices, LLC., 2016). A good hydraulic connection between a well and the surrounding aquifer is indicated when groundwater flows readily through the screened interval of the well; in such wells, the groundwater level rapidly returns to the localized “static” groundwater level after the complete slug has been poured. Wells where groundwater level did not readily return to the localized “static” groundwater level were noted, and because of this lack of return data, a hydraulic conductivity value was not calculated for those wells. Heath (1983) Cunningham and Schalk (2011) In-Situ Inc. (2023) Bouwer and Rice (1976) Halford and Kuniansky (2002) Domenico and Schwartz (1990) American GeoServices, LLC. (2016) 20230417 Andrew P. Teeple U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologist mailing and physical

10207-B East 61st Street

Tulsa OK 74133 USA 325-226-0601 apteeple@usgs.gov Point Point 20 Universal Transverse Mercator 14 0.9996 -99.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.01 0.01 meters North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) Geodetic Reference System 1980 6378137.000000 298.257222 North American Vertical Datum of 1988 0.1 feet Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Local surface 0.01 feet Explicit depth coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Wilcox_SlugTest_Raw_data.zip Zip folder containing the raw data files for the slug-test data. The Win-Situ Log (WSL) files are proprietary files that need the Win-Situ 5 software to open. The Comma Separated Value (CSV) files are comma-delimited American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) files that were exported from Win-Situ 5 and contain the same information as the corresponding WSL files. The first 73 rows of the CSV file contain header information providing user and device properties and logging settings. The remainder of the file contains five columns of data that are described in the "Attribute" section. The first six characters of the filename identifies the groundwater monitoring well where the slug-test data were collected. U.S. Geological Survey Date and Time The date and time stamp for each measured value in Central Standard Time. The format follows the MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM:SS format where MM is the numerical month, DD is the numerical day, YYYY is the numerical year, HH is the numerical hour, MM, is the numerical minute, and SS is the numerical second. Producer Defined 11/8/2022 08:46:32 12/8/2022 14:06:49 seconds 1 Seconds The cumulative seconds throughout the data collection record where the logging unit begins data collection at 0 seconds. Producer Defined 0 16211.503 seconds 0.001 Pressure (PSI) The measured pressure of the overlying water on the pressure sensor in pounds per square inch at the specified time stamp. Producer Defined -0.026 9.197 pounds per square inch 0.001 Temperature (C) The measured temperature in degrees Celsius at the specified time stamp. Producer Defined 3.959 28.105 degrees Celsius 0.001 Depth (ft) The calculated depth of the pressure sensor in feet below the water surface at the specified time stamp. Producer Defined -0.06 21.237 feet 0.001 Wilcox_SlugTest_ResultsSummary.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing pertinent well information and slug-test data for computing estimates of hydraulic conductivity by using the Bouwer-Rice method at each groundwater monitoring well. Producer Defined Well_ID Unique identifier used to specify the well where the test was done. Producer Defined Unique identifier. Latitude The latitude of the specified well in decimal degrees based on the World Geodetic System 1984 datum. Producer Defined 35.839404 35.843136 decimal degrees 0.000001 Longitude The longitude of the specified well in decimal degrees based on the World Geodetic System 1984 datum. Producer Defined -96.386954 -96.382605 decimal degrees 0.000001 Easting The easting of the specified well in meters based on the North American Datum of 1983 and the Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 14 projection. Producer Defined 736002.91 736396.43 meters 0.01 Northing The northing of the specified well in meters based on the North American Datum of 1983 and the Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 14 projection. Producer Defined 3969298.87 3969703.74 meters 0.01 Altitude The altitude of the specified well in feet above North American Vertical Datum of 1988. Producer Defined 783.9 807.7 feet 0.1 Casing_diameter The casing diameter of the specified well in inches. Producer Defined 1.5 The casing diameter of the specified well is 1.5 inches. Producer defined Annulus_diameter The annulus (coring) diameter of the specified well in inches. Producer Defined 2.25 The annulus (coring) diameter of the specified well is 2.25 inches. Producer defined Well_bottom_depth The total depth of the specified well in feet. Producer Defined 6.0 20.0 feet 0.5 Screen_top_depth The depth to the top of the screened interval in the specified well in feet. Producer Defined 1.0 10.0 feet 0.5 Screen_bottom_depth The depth to the bottom of the screened interval in the specified well in feet. Producer Defined 6.0 20.0 feet 0.5 Aquifer_base_depth Estimated depth to the base of the aquifer in the shallow groundwater system at the specified well in feet; values that exceed "Well_bottom_depth" represent locations where historical reports were used to estimate the depth. Producer Defined 6.0 30.0 feet 0.5 Date Date that the slug test was done for the specified well, in MM/DD/YYYY format where MM is the numerical month, DD is the numerical day, and YYYY is the numerical year. Producer Defined 11/8/2022 12/8/2022 days 1 WL_depth The depth to groundwater in feet below land surface measured prior to (and on the same date as) the slug test for the specified well. Producer Defined -999 No groundwater level was measured because the well was dry. Producer defined 4.60 17.22 feet 0.01 Time_start_1 The 24-hour Central Standard Time at which the first slug test started at the specified well in HH:MM format where HH is the numerical hour and MM is the numerical minute. Producer Defined 8:21 16:14 minutes 1 Time_end_1 The 24-hour Central Standard Time at which the first slug test ended at the specified well in HH:MM format where HH is the numerical hour and MM is the numerical minute. Producer Defined 8:41 16:25 minutes 1 Volume_input_1 The approximate volume of water in liters added to the specified well to initiate the first slug test. The volume added in the first slug test includes the volume needed to induce a localized “static” groundwater level to raise the groundwater level above the top of the screened interval. Producer Defined -999 The volume was not recorded because the well was a preliminary site to see the response of poured slug tests on wells at the study location. Producer defined 1 7 liters 1 Volume_adj_1 The hypothetical volume of water in liters that would need to be added to the specified well to cause the abrupt increase in groundwater level from the localized “static” groundwater level as observed by the transducer data associated with the first slug test. This volume is calculated in the Slug_Bouwer-Rice.xls spreadsheet from Halford and Kuniansky (2002) and is compared to and should be similar to the actual input volume; although, for the first slug test the input volume includes the volume to induce the “static” groundwater level so differences will be observed for the first slug test. Producer Defined 0.06 2.85 liters 0.01 WL_static_depth_1 The "static" groundwater level in feet below land surface measured at the conclusion of the first slug test the specified well. Producer Defined -0.64 9.23 foot 0.01 K_1 The hydraulic conductivity in feet per day of the screened portion of the aquifer of the shallow groundwater system estimated by using the Bouwer-Rice method based on input data associated with the first slug test at the specified well. Producer Defined 0.01 1 feet per day 0.01 Time_start_2 The 24-hour Central Standard Time at which the second slug test started at the specified well in HH:MM format where HH is the numerical hour and MM is the numerical minute. Producer Defined 8:43 16:25 minutes 1 Time_end_2 The 24-hour Central Standard Time at which the second slug test ended at the specified well in HH:MM format where HH is the numerical hour and MM is the numerical minute. Producer Defined 9:08 16:43 minutes 1 Volume_input_2 The approximate volume of water in liters added to the specified well to initiate the second slug test. Producer Defined -999 The volume was not recorded because the well was a preliminary site to see the response of poured slug tests on wells at the study location. Producer defined 1 5 liters 1 Volume_adj_2 The hypothetical volume of water in liters that would need to be added to the specified well to cause the abrupt increase in groundwater level from the localized “static” groundwater level as observed by the transducer data associated with the second slug test. This volume is calculated in the Slug_Bouwer-Rice.xls spreadsheet from Halford and Kuniansky (2002) and is compared to and should be similar to the actual input volume. Producer Defined 0.03 3.30 liters 0.01 WL_static_depth_2 The "static" groundwater level in feet below land surface measured at the conclusion of the second slug test at the specified well. Producer Defined -2.66 9.41 feet 0.01 K_2 The hydraulic conductivity in feet per day of the screened portion of the aquifer of the shallow groundwater system estimated by using the Bouwer-Rice method based on input data associated with the second slug test at the specified well. Producer Defined 0.009 3 feet per day 0.001 Time_start_3 The 24-hour Central Standard Time at which the third slug test started at the specified well in HH:MM format where HH is the numerical hour and MM is the numerical minute. Producer Defined -999 A third slug test was not done. Producer defined 9:09 16:44 minutes 1 Time_end_3 The 24-hour Central Standard Time at which the third slug test ended at the specified well in HH:MM format where HH is the numerical hour and MM is the numerical minute. Producer Defined -999 A third slug test was not done. Producer defined 9:24 16:58 minutes 1 Volume_input_3 The approximate volume of water in liters added to the specified well to initiate the third slug test. Producer Defined -999 A third slug test was not done. Producer defined 1 6 liters 1 Volume_adj_3 The hypothetical volume of water in liters that would need to be added to the specified well to cause the abrupt increase in groundwater level from the localized “static” groundwater level as observed by the transducer data associated with the third slug test. This volume is calculated in the Slug_Bouwer-Rice.xls spreadsheet from Halford and Kuniansky (2002) and is compared to and should be similar to the actual input volume. Producer Defined -999 A third slug test was not done. Producer defined 0.45 2.40 liters 0.01 WL_static_depth_3 The "static" groundwater level in feet below land surface measured at the conclusion of the third slug test at the specified well. Producer Defined -999 A third slug test was not done. Producer defined 0.28 6.88 feet 0.01 K_3 The hydraulic conductivity in feet per day of the screened portion of the aquifer of the shallow groundwater system estimated by using the Bouwer-Rice method based on input data associated with the third slug test at the specified well. Producer Defined -999 A third slug test was not done. Producer defined 0.1 2 feet per day 0.1 WL_static_convergence Identifies whether the groundwater levels observed in the specified well were able to stabilize following the induction of a localized “static” groundwater level created by filling the well with water above the screened interval. Unstable wells showed no return to a “static” groundwater level when filled with water. Producer Defined No A "static" groundwater level was not observed in the specified well which means that the addition of water to the well did not result in a stable groundwater level; addition of water to the well continued to fill the well. Producer defined Yes A "static" groundwater level was observed in the specified well which means that the addition of water to the well resulted in a stable groundwater level; addition of water to the well would result in a return to a "static" groundwater level. Producer defined K_final The final hydraulic conductivity in feet per day of the screened portion of the aquifer of the shallow groundwater system as estimated from the Bouwer-Rice method based on input data associated with the last slug test at the specified well. The last test was used because it provided the longest interval for the localized “static” groundwater level to equilibrate in the aquifer which should provide the most accurate representation of the hydraulic conductivity in the specified well. A hydraulic conductivity value was not calculated for wells that did not have a good connection with the aquifer as indicated by the groundwater level not returning to the localized “static” groundwater level. Producer Defined -999 The hydraulic conductivity value was not calculated for the specified well because it did not have a good connection with the aquifer. Producer defined 0.01 0.5 feet per day 0.01 Files pertaining to this dataset are listed as follows: Wilcox_SlugTest_Raw_data.zip - Zip folder containing the raw data files for the slug-test data. Wilcox_SlugTest_ResultsSummary.csv - Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing pertinent well information and slug-test data for computation with the Bouwer-Rice method and the calculated hydraulic conductivity values from the tests done at each well. Wilcox_AquiferHydraulicProperties_meta.xml - Metadata file containing data quality information, processing steps, entity and attributes information, and other pertinent information. Wilcox_AquiferHydraulicProperties_meta.xml GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FR2ZF6 None 20250626 Andrew P. Teeple U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologist mailing

10207-B East 61st Street

Tulsa OK 74145 US 325-226-0601 apteeple@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998