Maximum horizontal stress orientation and relative stress magnitude (faulting regime) data throughout North America

Jens-Erik Lundstern (ORCiD 0000-0003-0000-8013) Mark D. Zoback (ORCiD 0000-0002-8851-2099) 20240101 Maximum horizontal stress orientation and relative stress magnitude (faulting regime) data throughout North America tabular CSV, Shapefile, raster TIFF https://doi.org/10.5066/P90LS6QF Jens-Erik Lund Snee Mark D. Zoback 202202 State of stress in areas of active unconventional oil and gas development in North America publication AAPG Bulletin vol. 106, issue 2 n/a American Association of Petroleum Geologists AAPG/Datapages pp. 355-385 https://doi.org/10.1306/08102120151 This Data Release accompanies the publication "State of stress in areas of active unconventional oil and gas development in North America" by J.-E. Lund Snee (now J.-E. Lundstern) and M.D. Zoback (2022) in the AAPG Bulletin. This dataset provides maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation and relative stress magnitude (faulting regime) information that comprise a new-generation crustal stress map for North America. Relative stress magnitudes are presented using the Aϕ (A_phi) parameter, a single scalar that represents the ratio of the three principal stress magnitudes. Data were collected between 2015 and 2022. Data points for SHmax orientations, relative stress magnitudes, and the earthquake focal mechanisms used to determine some of the stress information are included in tabular format. A raster file is included that shows Aϕ as interpolated across the continent from the included relative stress magnitude data points. The data were collected to characterize the state of stress across North America. This Data Release contains the following files: NA_stress_SHmax_orientations.csv: Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing measured orientations of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax). NA_stress_SHmax_orientations.shp (including files by the same name with extensions .shp, .cpg, .dbf, .prj, .sbn, .sbx, .xml, and .shx): Shapefile that provides the same data as in the NA_stress_SHmax_orientations.csv file, but its field names are truncated. NA_stress_relative_stress_magnitude_points.csv: Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing estimated relative stress magnitudes parameterized by A_phi value (Simpson, 1997). NA_stress_focal_mechanism_catalog.csv: Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing earthquake focal mechanism catalog employed to estimate relative stress magnitudes and conducting focal mechanism stress inversions. NA_Aphi_NAAP40_sm_cl.tif (including files by the same name with extensions .tif, .tfw, .xml, and .ovr): Geospatially referenced TIFF file containing numeric values of relative stress magnitudes (parameterized using A_phi of Simpson, 1997). 20220121 publication date Complete As needed -169.9080 -46.8900 82.1800 9.6480 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus maps and atlases tectonic processes engineering geology Quaternary Holocene earthquakes hazards induced seismicity USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:6469516bd34e3a6027e2f527 Common geographic areas North America United States Canada Caribbean Sea Caribbean Islands None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from this Data Release. Jens-Erik Lundstern U.S. Geological Survey Research Geologist mailing address

Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center

Denver CO 80225 US 720-289-8972 303-236-5349 jlundstern@usgs.gov Stanford University Center for Induced and Triggered Seismicity Jens-Erik Lund Snee 2020 State of stress in North America: Seismicity, tectonics, and unconventional energy development publication Stanford, CA Stanford University Ph.D. thesis https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.27217.07523/1 Jens-Erik Lundstern Mark D. Zoback 20200423 Multiscale variations of the crustal stress field throughout North America publication Nature Communications vol. 11, issue 1 n/a Springer Science and Business Media LLC https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15841-5 Jens-Erik Lund Snee Mark D. Zoback 201802 State of stress in the Permian Basin, Texas and New Mexico: Implications for induced seismicity publication The Leading Edge vol. 37, issue 2 n/a Society of Exploration Geophysicists pp. 127-134 https://doi.org/10.1190/tle37020127.1 Jens‐Erik Lundstern Mark D. Zoback 20161015 State of stress in Texas: Implications for induced seismicity publication Geophysical Research Letters vol. 43, issue 19 n/a American Geophysical Union (AGU) https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070974 Attribute uncertainty ranges are listed in the accompanying data tables. Additionally, the reported quality ratings for SHmax orientations were based in part on orientation accuracy and precision. Uncertainties were estimated using the methods described by Lund Snee (2020) and Lundstern and Zoback (2020). Data were reviewed for consistency and accuracy. Dataset is considered complete. All data published by Lund Snee and Zoback (2022) and sources therein are included. Locations of data points were determined in two ways. Some were obtained from earthquake locations or from the approximate centerpoint of groups of multiple earthquakes or other indicators of active deformation used for the analysis. Earthquake location accuracies vary, as reported by the source catalogs, and their precisions range from 0.1 degrees to 0.0000001 degrees. Other data point locations were obtained from reported oil, gas, or geothermal well locations. Some locations were truncated in previous publications to 0.01 degrees to preserve confidentiality of proprietary information. Therefore, locations for SHmax orientations reported in this Data Release are valid to within 0.01 degrees latitude and longitude, or more precise. Locations of relative stress magnitude control points (Aϕ) are rounded to 0.001 degrees, but some are less precise. No formal depth accuracy tests were conducted. Jens-Erik Lund Snee Mark D. 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Shri Krishna Singh José Francisco Pacheco Xyoli Pérez-Campos Mario Ordaz Eduardo Reinoso 201504 The 6 September 1997 (Mw 4.5) Coatzacoalcos-Minatitlan, Veracruz, Mexico earthquake: implications for tectonics and seismic hazard of the region publication Geofísica Internacional vol. 54, issue 2 n/a Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ppg. e1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gi.2015.04.014 Digital and/or Hardcopy 201504 publication date Singh et al. (2015) Data source. Stephane Mazzotti John Townend 201004 State of stress in central and eastern North American seismic zones publication Lithosphere vol. 2, issue 2 n/a GeoScienceWorld pp. 76-83 https://doi.org/10.1130/L65.1 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2010 publication date Mazzotti and Townend (2010) Data source. A. M. Dziewonski T.-A. Chou J. H. Woodhouse 20120920 Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity publication Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth vol. 86, issue B4 n/a American Geophysical Union (AGU) ppg. 2825-2852 https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02825 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1981 publication date Dziewonski et al. (1981) Data source. Alexandros Savvaidis Bissett Young Guo-chin Dino Huang Anthony Lomax 20190605 TexNet: A Statewide Seismological Network in Texas publication n/a Seismological Society of America (SSA) https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180350 Digital and/or Hardcopy 20190605 publication date Savvaidis et al. (2019) Data source. W. Yang E. Hauksson P. M. Shearer 20120605 Computing a Large Refined Catalog of Focal Mechanisms for Southern California (1981-2010): Temporal Stability of the Style of Faulting publication Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America vol. 102, issue 3 n/a Seismological Society of America (SSA) pp. 1179-1194 https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110311 Digital and/or Hardcopy 20120605 publication date Yang et al. (2012) Data source. J. Ristau 20051001 Moment Magnitude-Local Magnitude Calibration for Earthquakes in Western Canada publication Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America vol. 95, issue 5 n/a Seismological Society of America (SSA) ppg. 1994-2000 https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050028 Digital and/or Hardcopy 20051001 publication date Ristau et al. (2005) Data source. Robert W. Simpson 19970810 Quantifying Anderson's fault types publication Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth vol. 102, issue B8 n/a American Geophysical Union (AGU) pp. 17909-17919 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01274 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19970810 publication date Simpson (1997) Definition of Aϕ (A_phi) parameter for relative stress magnitudes. Anthony J. Crone Russell L. Wheeler 2000 Data for Quaternary faults, liquefaction features, and possible tectonic features in the Central and Eastern United States, east of the Rocky Mountain Front publication n/a US Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00260 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2000 publication date Crone and Wheeler (2000) Data source. Václav Vavryčuk 20140729 Iterative joint inversion for stress and fault orientations from focal mechanisms publication Geophysical Journal International vol. 199, issue 1 n/a Oxford University Press (OUP) pp. 69-77 https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu224 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2014 publication date Vavryčuk (2014) Data source. Patricia Martínez-Garzón Yehuda Ben-Zion Niloufar Abolfathian Grzegorz Kwiatek Marco Bohnhoff 20161205 A refined methodology for stress inversions of earthquake focal mechanisms publication Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth vol. 121, issue 12 n/a American Geophysical Union (AGU) pp. 8666-8687 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013493 Digital and/or Hardcopy 20161205 publication date Martínez‐Garzón et al. (2016) Data source. In situ (wellbore) measurements of SHmax orientations: In general, one principal stress is approximately vertical and the other two are sub-horizontal because shear tractions cannot be transmitted across the interface between the solid Earth and water or air. The orientations of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) that are presented in this Data Release were compiled from several sources, including the World Stress Map (WSM). Most of these data were previously compiled by Lund Snee and Zoback (2016, 2018), Lund Snee and Zoback (2020), and Lund Snee (2020), who also collectively contributed more than 600 new SHmax orientation measurements. Abbreviated citations are included in the data tables, and full citations are given in this Metadata file. This dataset, which accompanies the paper by Lund Snee and Zoback (2022) in the AAPG Bulletin, also presents 11 newly obtained SHmax orientations. WSM data are freely available from www.world-stress-map.org. Established methods were generally employed to obtain the SHmax orientation measurements. Use of such methods are explained in detail by Heidbach et al. (2016, 2018), Lund Snee (2020), Lundstern and Zoback (2020), and Lund Snee and Zoback (2022). We applied quality ratings following Lund Snee and Zoback (2022) that range from A (best) to D (lowest) to each SHmax orientation and to Aϕ (relative stress magnitude) measurements obtained from earthquake focal mechanism inversions. Only A–C-quality measurements are considered sufficiently reliable to be plotted on stress maps (Fig. 1). These quality criteria are very similar to those employed by the WSM (Heidbach et al., 2018). The bulk of the 271 reliable (A- to C-quality) new SHmax orientations included in Supplementary Data 1 are from azimuths of drilling-induced tensile fractures (DIF) or borehole breakouts (BO) measured in the walls of subvertical wellbores. Such fractures, which are types of wellbore failure that often occur during drilling, develop in predictable orientations relative to the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses, with DIF parallel to SHmax and BO parallel to the minimum horizontal principal stress, Shmin (perpendicular to SHmax). Of the new SHmax orientations, a single measurement was made from azimuths of fast shear-wave polarization measured in a subvertical well. This technique is based on the observation that fluid-filled fractures parallel to SHmax are typically closed, whereas those oriented perpendicular to SHmax may be slightly dilated, potentially resulting in higher shear-wave polarization velocities parallel to SHmax. Some SHmax orientations were obtained by averaging the azimuths of aligned groups of microseismic events produced during hydrocarbon reservoir stimulation that were thought to define propagating hydraulic fractures, following techniques outlined by Lund Snee and Zoback (2018). This method is based upon the expectation that hydraulic fractures open in the direction of the least principal stress, S3, and propagate in the direction of the intermediate and maximum principal stresses, S2 and S1. Some of these measurements were obtained from figures included in previously published papers, as referenced in the data tables. Lund Snee (2020) Lundstern and Zoback (2020) Lund Snee and Zoback (2022) Heidbach et al. (2018) Heidbach et al. (2016) Lund Snee and Zoback (2016) 20210404 Compilation of the focal mechanism catalog: Earthquake focal mechanisms were employed to estimate both SHmax orientations and Aϕ (relative stress magnitudes), as described below. The catalog presented in this Data Release consists of 58,720 source mechanisms from earthquakes that occurred dominantly between January 1970–March 2019, which were compiled from the sources listed below. Duplicates within the merged catalog were identified by occurrence within 10 s and 0.2 degrees latitude and longitude of one another. To ensure only crustal events, we retained only those with depths less than or equal to 25 km (relative to mean sea level if specified) for all catalogs except those provided by Mazzotti and Townend (2010) and Singh et al. (2015), and we also omitted shallower events near subduction zones that could have occurred on or below the plate interface. We applied the following additional filters to individual catalogs in order to ensure the use of only reliable mechanisms: • Retain only M (magnitude) greater than or equal to 3.0: For International Seismological Centre (ISC) Bulletin (http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin/search/fmechanisms/ ; Lentas et al., 2019); • Use only events from Reviewed ISC Bulletin from February 1976–July 2016, and unreviewed events thereafter; • Retain only M greater than or equal to 3.0: For Global Centroid Moment Tensor Project (GCMT) catalog available via the Global CMT Catalog Search (https://www.globalcmt.org/CMTsearch.html ; Dziewoński et al., 1981; Ekström et al., 2012) and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) DMC Data Products search; • Retain only M greater than or equal to 3.5: For U.S. Geological Survey Advanced National Seismic System Comprehensive Catalog (USGS ANSS ComCat) focal mechanisms ; • Retain all U.S. Geological Survey ComCat moment tensors; • Retain only M greater than or equal to 2.4: For Texas Seismological Network (TexNet) mechanisms (Savvaidis et al., 2019); • Retain only depths less than or equal to 10 km in West Texas; • Retain all Saint Louis University moment tensors (Herrmann et al., 2011); • Retain only A and B quality: For Southern California earthquakes (Hauksson et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2012); • Retain only M greater than or equal to 3.0, azimuthal gap less than or equal to 90 degrees, and nearest station distance less than or equal to 50 km: For earthquakes from the Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC); • Retain only misfit less than or equal to 0.5: For Canadian moment tensors (Kao et al., 2012; Ristau et al., 2003, 2005, 2007); • Retain all events from individual studies. Mazzotti and Townend (2010) Singh et al. (2015) Lentas et al. (2019) Dziewoński et al. (1981) Ekström et al. (2012) Savvaidis et al. (2019) Herrmann et al. (2011) Hauksson et al. (2012) Yang et al. (2012) Kao et al. (2012) Ristau et al. (2003) Ristau et al. (2005) Ristau et al. (2007) 20210404 Stress measurements from earthquake focal mechanism inversions: We compiled formal stress inversions from several sources, including stress inversion results determined by Lundstern and Zoback (2020) using the earthquake focal mechanism catalog presented in this Data Release (NA_stress_focal_mechanism_catalog.csv). That study determined 46 reliable (A- to C-quality) SHmax orientations (NA_stress_SHmax_orientations.csv) and 40 reliable Aϕ (relative stress magnitude) estimates (NA_stress_relative_stress_magnitude_points.csv) from this database. These inversions were subjected to the quality criteria set forth by Lundstern and Zoback (2020) and Lund Snee and Zoback (2022), which are informed by indications that at least 20 focal mechanisms (and often greater than 30), are needed to yield reliable results, particularly for Aϕ. Our new quality ratings additionally include a criterion for inversion uncertainties, which can be estimated using bootstrap sampling. Formal stress inversions of earthquake focal mechanisms rely upon assumptions that the slip vector is parallel to the direction of maximum shear stress resolved on the slipping fault, that all mechanisms are reliable representations of the earthquake source geometry, that the active plane can be differentiated from the nodal plane, and that all events included as part of the same inversion occurred in a uniform stress field. We conducted our inversions using Vavryčuk’s (2014) algorithm, which iteratively inverts for the active fault plane in order to maximize the accuracy of differentiating the active and nodal planes. The 1-sigma error ranges and minimum and maximum values of SHmax orientations and Aϕ were quantified using bootstrap sampling (B = 1000). The focal mechanism catalogs were filtered as described above in order to employ only reliable mechanisms. To ensure a uniform stress field for each inversion, we sought small geographic areas of events sampled for each inversion, and we avoided conducting inversions where groups of mechanisms displayed clear spatial rotations in their P- or T-axes. The conservative style of our approach to identifying sampling areas is illustrated by the relatively small number of inversions (50) that we conducted across this large region. In our mapping, we additionally included 594 reliable Aϕ estimates from prior focal mechanism inversions in North America made by Yang and Hauksson (2013) in Southern California (their G10N30 model with 10 km squares and greater than or equal to 30 mechanisms per square) and two by Quinones et al (2018) in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas. We applied our new quality criteria to these previously published inversions, excluding from our map a number of inversion results that are considered unreliable (D quality). We further excluded 3 inversions by Yang and Hauksson (2013) with Aϕ less than 0.5 (radial normal faulting) in the southern Sierra Nevada where numerous strike-slip and normal faulting earthquakes are present, as well as 1 inversion result in eastern California (in the vicinity of Owens Valley) that indicates strongly reverse faulting in spite of normal, strike-slip, and reverse faulting focal mechanisms and dominantly normal and strike-slip Quaternary fault offsets in the area. We suspect that these inversions may be unreliable due to the presence of either poorly constrained focal mechanisms or changes in the stress field within the grid boxes. The new data supersede inversion results by Mazzotti and Townend (2010) in southeast Canada and the central and eastern USA because the new inversions in these areas applied the latest focal mechanisms, subject to stricter filtering criteria described above. Because of adoption of the new quality criteria, which stipulate a minimum number of focal mechanisms and maximum uncertainty bounds for inversions to be considered reliable, we did not conduct inversions in some areas for which those authors previously obtained formal Aϕ estimates, and older inversions in those areas may be less reliable. Nevertheless, in such cases Aϕ was interpreted informally based on the available mechanisms, using the techniques described below. In addition, we did not invert for specifically Aϕ using TexNet mechanisms in Texas due to considerable variability in focal plane geometries in certain areas and other indications of elevated uncertainty. However, we did formally invert for only SHmax orientations using the TexNet mechanisms based on evidence that SHmax is less sensitive to nodal plane uncertainties (Martínez‐Garzón et al., 2016). Finally, because multiple plate-bounding fault zones cut North America, we note that estimates of faulting regime from earthquake focal mechanism stress inversions are unreliable if they include events that occurred on faults with anomalously low coefficients of friction. For these reasons, we do not include events that occurred within 10 km of plate bounding faults or major, potentially weak subsidiary structures near plate boundary zones. We also exclude previously published Aϕ inversion results that include such earthquakes. Lundstern and Zoback (2020) Lund Snee and Zoback (2022) Vavryčuk (2014) Yang and Hauksson (2013) Quinones et al (2018) Mazzotti and Townend (2010) Martínez‐Garzón et al. (2016) 20210404 Interpretation of relative stress magnitudes (Aϕ) from earthquakes and Quaternary fault offsets: Of the 1915 estimates of Aϕ (relative stress magnitudes) included in this Data Release, nearly all are based on the slip sense of Quaternary fault offsets, observations of fault slip sense from microseismic events and focal mechanisms monitored during hydraulic fracturing operations, or interpretations from individual earthquake focal plane mechanisms or groups of mechanisms. Earthquake focal mechanisms and paleoseismic indicators provide constraints on Aϕ even in cases where there are too few indicators to conduct a formal inversion. Observation of a specific sense of fault slip (normal, strike-slip, reverse, or oblique) provides permissible and impermissible ranges of Aϕ; multiple observations in an area allow for interpretation of increasingly well-constrained permissible Aϕ ranges. For example, nearby occurrence of both normal and strike-slip faulting (and/or oblique normal/strike-slip events) indicates a faulting regime between normal faulting (Aϕ = 0.5) and strike-slip faulting (Aϕ = 1.5), bounding Aϕ between 0.5-1.5. Similarly, the presence of a single normal faulting mechanism indicates a faulting regime between normal/strike-slip faulting (Aϕ less than or equal to about 1.25) and the extremely rare condition of radial normal faulting (Aϕ = 0). The uncertainty bounds can be narrowed considerably in cases where multiple slip sense observations are available. For example, numerous events distributed roughly equally between normal to strike-slip faulting sense (or numerous oblique normal/strike-slip events) suggest that Aϕ is likely near 1.0. Based on this framework, we interpreted Aϕ and its uncertainty using the information provided by earthquake focal mechanisms and Quaternary fault offsets, with interpretations informed by formal focal mechanism stress inversions. We assumed normal uncertainty distributions for each Aϕ measurement, for which we interpret the mean (µ, mu), standard deviation (1-sigma), and minimum and maximum truncation bounds (tmin and tmax) for the distribution. Data for recent fault slip sense were drawn from the U.S. Geological Survey Quaternary Fault and Fold Database (Crone and Wheeler, 2000), as well as evidence for reverse/strike-slip faulting in the paleoseismic record of the Meers Fault, southwest Oklahoma (Madole, 1988; Crone and Luza, 1990), and extensional growth faulting along the Gulf Coast (Gagliano et al., 2003). Focal mechanisms were compiled as described above. In general, focal mechanisms were considered more reliable than Quaternary offsets due to the lower precision of the fault offset record (e.g., slip vectors are not typically recorded for Quaternary offsets, limiting the potential to recognize oblique slip) and a potential bias against sampling strike-slip faults due to greater challenges identifying offsets without significant vertical components. Aϕ was interpolated using the Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) algorithm supplied in the ESRI ArcMap v.10.6.1 software program (Geostatistical Analyst toolbox), using a power variogram model and standard circular search neighborhood with a minimum of 10 neighbors and a maximum of 15 neighbors. The interpolation was made on the mean Aϕ value (µ, mu) given in this Data Release. The raster of the interpolation was subsequently smoothed slightly in ArcMap using a low-pass filter with a 3 x 3 window. Finally, the raster was clipped to exclude ocean areas, and it was exported as a georeferenced TIFF image (GeoTIFF). Although the stress map focuses on North America, the raster includes portions of Greenland and South America and excludes small parts of North America. 20210404 Raster Point 0.01 0.01 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257223563 Local surface 5 meters Attribute values NA_stress_SHmax_orientations.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing measured orientations of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax). The accompanying shapefile "NA_stress_SHmax_orientations.shp" provides the same data as in this .csv file, but its field names are truncated. Producer Defined ID Unique identifier for each data point Producer Defined Text field giving unique identifier for data points Basin_or_region North American oil and gas basin or region from which data were obtained, as defined by Lund Snee and Zoback (2022) Producer Defined Other Data point is not within one of the identified sedimentary basins or regions. Producer defined Text field listing name of basin or region in North America, as defined by Lund Snee and Zoback (2022), if applicable Lat_surf_WGS84 Latitude of measurement (WGS 1984); surface hole location if from an inclined borehole; center point location if from a distributed area Producer Defined 15.37 80.0 degrees Lon_surf_WGS84 Longitude of measurement (WGS 1984); surface hole location if from an inclined borehole; center point location if from a distributed area Producer Defined -165.0 -46.89 degrees SHmax_or1_deg Mean or best orientation of the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined -9 353 degrees Or1_SD_deg Standard deviation of the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation measurements for this location Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 0 84 degrees Or1_av_depth_m Average depth of indicators used for this stress measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 10 40000 meters (m) Or1_qual Quality rating applied to this stress measurement (defined by Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined A Defined differently for each stress indicator (see Heidbach et al., 2016; Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer defined B Defined differently for each stress indicator (see Heidbach et al., 2016; Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer defined C Defined differently for each stress indicator (see Heidbach et al., 2016; Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer defined D+ Measurement that cannot be assigned a C quality or better due to insufficient quality information, although some measurements are likely more reliable than D quality Producer defined D Defined differently for each stress indicator (see Heidbach et al., 2016; Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer defined E Insufficient information to make a stress determination of any quality (see Heidbach et al., 2016; Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer defined Or1_type Type of stress indicator used for measurement (largely following conventions of Heidbach et al., 2016; Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer Defined HF Hydraulic fracturing measurement with no magnitude information Producer defined FMA Average or composite focal mechanisms Producer defined OC Overcoring measurement Producer defined BO Borehole breakout orientation measurement Producer defined SWS Shear-wave splitting measurement from seismicity Producer defined DIF Drilling-induced tensile fracture orientation measurement Producer defined GVA Geologic-volcanic vent alignment orientation measurement Producer defined FMF Formal inversion of several earthquake focal mechanisms Producer defined HFS Hydraulic fracture orientation measurement based on microseismic events aligned along propagating hydraulic fracture Producer defined BOT Borehole breakout orientation measurement from televiewer-imaged shapes of individual breakouts Producer defined HFM Hydraulic fracturing measurement with magnitude reported for maximum depth Producer defined HFG Hydraulic fracturing measurement with magnitude reported as gradient Producer defined GFS Geologic fault-slip measurement with orientation from fault attitude and primary sense of offset Producer defined PC Petal centerline fracture orientation measurement based on mean orientation in oriented core Producer defined GFI Inversion of geologic fault-slip data observed on planes of a variety of orientations Producer defined SWB Shear-wave splitting measurement in a borehole Producer defined GFM Estimate from pale-focal mechanism, with P-axis measured at 30° to the fault in the plane of the slip vector Producer defined BOC Borehole breakout orientation measurement from the cross-sectional shape of an entire well Producer defined SWA Shear-wave velocity anisotropy measurement from crossed-dipole sonic logs in a borehole Producer defined HFH Hydraulic fracture orientations measured from nearby sub-horizontal borehole Producer defined Or1_method Method for obtaining data used to make stress measurement (largely following World Stress Map conventions) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined U Unknown method Producer defined FM Focal mechanism determined from first motions Producer defined MICROSEIS Hydraulic fracture orientation determined from aligned microseismic events Producer defined MI Focal mechanism determined from moment tensor inversion Producer defined DS Doorstopper method of overcoring Producer defined FMI Formation Micro Imager log Producer defined AR Focal mechanism determined from amplitude ratio Producer defined 4-armCaliper Four-arm caliper log Producer defined BHTV Borehole Televiewer log Producer defined FMF Formal inversion of multiple focal mechanisms Producer defined SONIC Sonic log Producer defined Caliper Caliper log Producer defined Sonic Sonic log Producer defined CALIPER Caliper log Producer defined CORE/FMI Stress indicator orientations examined both in drill core and using the Formation Micro Imager in a borehole Producer defined HF Hydraulic fracturing Producer defined Or1_num_observations Number of stress indicators used to determine maximum horizontal stress orientation Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 1 66041 Or1_date_obtained Date of measurement (YYYYMMDD format) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 20040126 20210304 Or1_top_m Depth of uppermost stress indicator employed for measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined -3000 12972 meters (m) Or1_bottom_m Depth of lowermost stress indicator employed for measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 102 28000 meters (m) Top_logged_m_MD Depth of upper limit of borehole logging Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 176 4934 meters (m) Bottom_logged_m_MD Depth of lower limit of borehole logging Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 267 5381 meters (m) Or1_comb_length_m Combined vertical length of measured stress indicators, if known Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 0 3036 meters (m) Or1_aniso_percent Magnitude of average shear-wave velocity anisotropy in wellbore region used for measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 0.021% 9.70% percent (%) SHmax_or2_deg If second measurement in same location, mean or best orientation of the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined -15 282 degrees Or2_SD_deg If second measurement in same location, standard deviation of the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation measurements for this location Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 0 50 degrees Or2_av_depth_m If second measurement in same location, average depth of indicators used for this stress measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 807 6180 meters (m) Or2_qual If second measurement in same location, quality rating applied to this stress measurement (defined by Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined Definitions the same as for OR1_QUAL field, as defined by Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022. Rating ~C means approximately C quality, based on questionable information. Or2_type If second measurement in same location, type of stress indicator used for measurement (largely following conventions of Heidbach et al., 2016; Lund Snee, 2020; Lund Snee and Zoback, 2022) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined DIF Drilling-induced tensile fracture orientation measurement Producer defined BO Borehole breakout orientation measurement Producer defined SWA Shear-wave velocity anisotropy measurement from crossed-dipole sonic logs in a borehole Producer defined ENH Drilling-enhanced fracture orientation measurement Producer defined Or2_method If second measurement in same location, method for obtaining data used to make stress measurement (largely following World Stress Map conventions) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined FMI Formation Micro Imager log Producer defined Resistivity Resistivity log Producer defined SONIC Sonic log Producer defined ? Method unknown Producer defined Sonic/Resistivity Sonic and resistivity logs Producer defined CBIL Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log Producer defined Or2_num_observations If second measurement in same location, number of stress indicators used to determine maximum horizontal stress orientation Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 0.5 ~30 Or2_date_obtained If second measurement in same location, date of measurement (YYYYMMDD format) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 20150831 20190809 Or2_top_m If second measurement in same location, depth of uppermost stress indicator employed for measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 473 7800 meters (m) Or2_bottom_m If second measurement in same location, depth of lowermost stress indicator employed for measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 1218 9050 meters (m) Or2_comb_length_m If second measurement in same location, combined vertical length of measured stress indicators (if known) Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 0 486 meters (m) Or2_aniso_percent If second measurement in same location, magnitude of average shear-wave velocity anisotropy in wellbore region used for measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined 1.70% 9.80% percent (%) Reference Primary source reference for stress measurement Producer Defined Abbreviated references are defined elsewhere in this metadata file. Ref_sub_1 First subsidiary source reference for stress measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined If present, the reference is most often from the World Stress Map database and given in the format FFFFSSYYYY, where FFFF are the first four initials of the first author's name, SS are the first two initials of the second author's name (if applicable; otherwise it is "XX"), and YYYY is the year. Ref_sub2 Second subsidiary source reference for stress measurement Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined If present, the reference is most often from the World Stress Map database and given in the format FFFFSSYYYY, where FFFF are the first four initials of the first author's name, SS are the first two initials of the second author's name (if applicable; otherwise it is "XX"), and YYYY is the year. Comment Additional notes or comments. Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined Comments are usually from source publications. NC = no comment (from World Stress Map). NA_stress_relative_stress_magnitude_points.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing estimated relative stress magnitudes parameterized by A_phi value (Simpson, 1997). Producer Defined ID Unique identifier for each data point Producer Defined Text field giving unique identifier for data points Basin_or_region North American oil and gas basin or region from which data were obtained Producer Defined Other Data point is not within one of the identified sedimentary basins or regions. Producer defined Text field listing name of basin or region in North America, as defined by Lund Snee and Zoback (2022), if applicable Lat_WGS84 Latitude of measurement (WGS 1984); center point location if from a distributed area Producer Defined 9.648 82.18 degrees Lon_WGS84 Longitude of measurement (WGS 1984); center point location if from a distributed area Producer Defined -169.908 -56.33 degrees A_phi_mean_mu Mean or best value of relative stress magnitude Producer Defined 0.2 2.7188 A_phi tmin_Aphi Minimum truncation bound for relative stress magnitude (A_phi) distribution Producer Defined 0.0 2.45 A_phi tmax_Aphi Maximum truncation bound for relative stress magnitude (A_phi) distribution Producer Defined 0.54 2.9795 A_phi Distribution_type Type of statistical distribution suggested for relative stress magnitude (A_phi) values Producer Defined Text field giving name of inferred statistical distribution for A_phi uncertainty sigma_1SD Estimated 1-standard deviation range for uncertainty distribution of relative stress magnitude Producer Defined 0.034835 0.4 A_phi Data_type Method for obtaining and analyzing relative stress magnitude (A_phi) data Producer Defined Descriptions of method used to estimate A_phi values. SS is strike-slip faulting. Source Source reference for data points Producer Defined These abbreviated references are given as full citations elsewhere in this metadata file Notes Additional notes and comments for data points Producer Defined -9999 No Data Producer defined Text field for notes and comments NA_stress_focal_mechanism_catalog.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing earthquake focal mechanism catalog employed to estimate relative stress magnitudes and conducting focal mechanism stress inversions. Producer Defined Year Year of earthquake occurrence Producer Defined 1959 2020 Month Month of earthquake occurrence Producer Defined NaN No Data Producer defined 1 12 Day Day of earthquake occurrence Producer Defined NaN No Data Producer defined 0 31 Hour Hour of earthquake occurrence Producer Defined NaN No Data Producer defined 0 23 Minute Minute of earthquake occurrence Producer Defined NaN No Data Producer defined 0 59 Second Second of earthquake occurrence Producer Defined NaN No Data Producer defined 0.0 60.0 Lat Latitude of earthquake centroid (WGS 1984) Producer Defined 9.652 82.18 degrees Lon Longitude of earthquake centroid (WGS 1984) Producer Defined -170.09 -49.5417 degrees Depth_km_MSL Depth of earthquake centroid (kilometers below mean sea level) Producer Defined NaN No Data Producer defined -2.722 30.0 km Magnitude Magnitude of earthquake as reported by source (often but not always moment magnitude, MW) Producer Defined NaN No Data Producer defined 0.0 8.0 Strike1_deg Strike of first nodal plane of focal mechanism (degrees, clockwise from north) Producer Defined 0.0 360.0 degrees Dip1_deg Dip angle of first nodal plane of focal mechanism (degrees from horizontal); dip is to the right when looking toward strike direction (right-hand rule) Producer Defined 1.0 90.0 degrees Rake1_deg Rake of slip vector on first nodal plane of focal mechanism (degrees, clockwise down plane from strike direction) Producer Defined -180.0 352.0 degrees Strike2_deg Strike of second nodal plane of focal mechanism (degrees, clockwise from north) Producer Defined 0.0 360.0 degrees Dip2_deg Dip angle of second nodal plane of focal mechanism (degrees from horizontal); dip is to the right when looking toward strike direction (right-hand rule) Producer Defined 0.0 90.0 degrees Rake2_deg Rake of slip vector on second nodal plane of focal mechanism (degrees, clockwise down plane from strike direction) Producer Defined -180.0 180.0 degrees Source_reference Abbreviated reference for focal mechanism data Producer Defined Reference for focal mechanism and accompanying metadata NA_Aphi_NAAP40_sm_cl.tif Raster geospatial data file containing map of relative stress magnitudes for North America expressed using the A_phi parameter of Simpson (1997) Producer Defined A_phi_value Unique numeric values of relative stress magnitudes (parameterized using A_phi of Simpson, 1997) contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined 0.52629655599594 2.633829832077 A_phi 0.2901270494 U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P90LS6QF None 20231129 Jens-Erik Lundstern U.S. Geological Survey Research Geologist mailing address

Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center

Lakewood CO 80225 US 720-289-8972 303-236-5349 jlundstern@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998