Teagan A Hayes Aaron N Johnston Embere Hall Jill Randall Chris C Keefe Kevin L Monteith Matthew J Kauffman Tabitha A Graves 20230929 tabular digital data Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9T0K8BI Teagan A Hayes Aaron N Johnston Embere Hall Jill Randall Matthew Kauffman Chris Keefe Kevin L Monteith Tabitha A Graves 20231031 publication Sagebrush ecosystems and wildlife that depend on them are under pressure from development, changing climate, as well as natural and human-caused disturbance. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are of particular concern due to population declines across many western states. We initiated a study to evaluate landscape-level changes ( disturbances, habitat treatments, development, and climate change) in Wyoming. This dataset contains age ratios (the number of juveniles to adult female mule deer) for 36 herd units in Wyoming, USA from 1985-2019. Age ratios provide a consistent metric of population demographics, including an index of recruitment (survival rate of young), which can be a sensitive metric of population change. The dataset includes annual summaries of environmental attributes within each mule deer herd unit's winter use area. Attributes fall into 6 categories: forage availability, habitat composition, predation, winter severity, energy development, and disturbances from wildfire and habitat treatments. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) compiled data for a research project initiated through the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI). The WLCI is an interagency working group engaged in a long-term science-based effort to assess and enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitats at a landscape scale, while facilitating responsible development through local collaboration and partnerships. Our objective was to assess how multiple, concurrent changes influence recruitment (defined as age ratios) of mule deer across 35 years with the ultimate goal of facilitating a landscape-level approach to integrated science-based assessments, resource management, and land-use decision making. 1985 2019 ground condition Complete None planned Wyoming -111.0500 -104.0500 45.0000 40.9900 ISO 19115 Topic Category biota environment USGS Thesaurus climate change wind energy precipitation (atmospheric) remediation USGS Energy Program Themes Thesaurus Impacts of Energy Production Natural Gas Petroleum Gas Oil Wind None Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative WLCI demography land-use change ungulate mule deer Odocoileus hemionus recruitment forage winter range sagebrush ecosystems grasslands SO 3362 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:641ccfb7d34e807d39b65599 Common geographic areas Wyoming United States North America USGS Biocomplexity Deer Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2023 ONLINE_REFERENCE Washington, D.C. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) http://itis.gov expert knowledge Kingdom Animalia animals Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata chordates Subphylum Vertebrata vertebrates Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Mammalia mammals Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria Order Artiodactyla artiodactyls cloven-hoofed ungulates even-toed ungulates Family Cervidae cervids caribou deer moose wapiti Subfamily Capreolinae Genus Odocoileus mule deer white-tailed deer TSN: 180697 None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Tabitha A Graves U.S. Geological Survey, MIDCONTINENT REGION Research Ecologist mailing address

38 Mather Dr

West Glacier MT 59936 US 406-888-7994 406-888-5835 tgraves@usgs.gov Numerous Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) staff collected age ratio data over 35 years. Biologists providing GPS data, included: WGFD staff( Teal Cufaude, Mark Nelson, Lee Knox, Heather O’Brien, Erika Peckham, Cheyenne Stewart), Matt Kauffman (USGS), Kevin Monteith (University of Wyoming), and Hall Sawyer (WEST, Inc.). Will Schultz (Wyoming Game and Fish Department) and Kyle Ebenhoch (U.S. Geological Survey) provided assistance with datasets. Funding for analyses came from the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative and the U.S. Geological Survey Species Management Program. Funding and support for data collection were provided by: The The Bole and Klingenstein Foundation; Boone and Crockett Club; Bowhunters of Wyoming; Bureau of Land Management (BLM); Knobloch Family Foundation; Mule Deer Foundation of Wyoming; Muley Fanatic Foundation; National Science Foundation, grant/award number: OIA-1826801; The Nature Conservancy in Wyoming; Pinedale Anticline Project Office; Safari Club International Foundation, Hunter Legacy 100 Fund; Sitka Gear Ecosystem Grant; U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey Species Management program; Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board; Wyoming Governor's Big Game License Coalition; Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative; Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association; Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resource Trust. Microsoft Windows 10 Enterprise; Program R version 4.0.5 (2021-03-31) None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. Datasets used to calculate covariates at a spatial range from 30m to 4km. We assumed that data were of sufficient quality for a statewide-scale analysis. None. J T Abatzoglou D J McEvoy K T Redmond 2017 publication Abatzoglou, J.T., D.J. McEvoy, and K.T. Redmond. 2017. The West Wide Drought Tracker: Drought Monitoring at Fine Spatial Scales, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98(9): 1815-1820. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0193.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0193.1 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date scPDSI, WWDT self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) Oregon State University 2021 raster digital data PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. http://prism.oregonstate.edu http://prism.oregonstate.edu Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date precipitation, temperature, Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) precipitation, temperature U.S. Geological Survey 2020 raster digital data U.S. Geological Survey. 2020. Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US) 2.1: U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P92QM3NT https://doi.org/10.5066/P92QM3NT Digital and/or Hardcopy 20210824 publication date Protected Areas Database public land, protected areas M Rigge C Homer L Cleeves D K Meyer B Bunde H Shi G Xian S Schell M Bobo 2020 publication Rigge, M., C. Homer, L. Cleeves, D. K. Meyer, B. Bunde, H. Shi, G. Xian, S. Schell, and M. Bobo. 2020. Quantifying western US rangelands as fractional components with multi-resolution remote sensing and in situ data. Remote Sensing 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030412 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030412 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date Rangeland Condition Monitoring Assessment and Projection (RCMAP) annual sagebrush cover B W Allred B T Bestelmeyer C S Boyd C Brown K W Davies M C Duniway L M Ellsworth T A Erickson S D Fuhlendorf T V Griffiths V Jansen M O Jones J Karl A Knight J D Maestas J J Maynard S E McCord D E Naugle H D Starns D Twidwell D R Uden 2021 publication Allred, B.W., B.T. Bestelmeyer, C.S. Boyd, C. Brown, K.W. Davies, M.C. Duniway, L.M. Ellsworth, T.A. Erickson, S.D. Fuhlendorf, T.V. Griffiths, V. Jansen, M.O. Jones, J. Karl, A. Knight, J.D. Maestas, J.J. Maynard, S.E. McCord, D.E. Naugle, H.D. Starns, D. Twidwell, and D.R. Uden. 2021. Improving Landsat predictions of rangeland fractional cover with multitask learning and uncertainty. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12(5): 841-849. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13564 https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13564 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date Rangeland Analysis Platform (RAP) annual cover of habitat componenets U.S.D.A. Forest Service 2021 raster digital data USDA Forest Service. 2021. USFS Landscape Change Monitoring System version 2020.5. Salt Lake City, Utah. https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/rastergateway/LCMS/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date Landscape Change Monitoring System annual land use: agriculture, forest, rangeland/pasture, and developed M M Thornton R Shrestha Y Wei P E Thornton S Kao B E Wilson 2020 raster digital data Thornton, M.M., R. Shrestha, Y. Wei, P.E. Thornton, S. Kao, and B.E. Wilson. 2020. Daymet: Daily Surface Weather Data on a 1-km Grid for North America, Version 4. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1840. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1840 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date SWE, Dayment snow water equivalent (SWE) Seshadri Rajagopal Adrian A. Harpold 20160718 publication JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association vol. 52, issue 5 n/a Wiley ppg. 1142-1154 https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12443 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2016 publication date Temperature threshold temperature threshold University of Wyoming Wyoming Game and Fish Department 2021 vector digital data Wyoming Natural Diversity Database [WYNDD], University of Wyoming and Wyoming Game and Fish Department. 2021. Predictive Distribution Models. Available: https://wyndd.org/species_list/. Accessed 24 August 2021. https://wyndd.org/species_list/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 20210824 publication date Wyoming Natural Diversity Database [WYNDD] predicted presence models Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 2020 vector digital data Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. 2020. Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission Wells Data. http://wogcc.state.wy.us/ http://wogcc.state.wy.us/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date Oil and gas (WOGCC) oil and gas data T A Hayes T A Graves 2023 tabular digital data Hayes, T.A. and T.A. Graves. 2023. Wyoming statewide time-stamped oil and gas well activity, 1900-2020. U.S Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P92CPSVR https://doi.org/10.5066/P92CPSVR Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date Timestamped oil and gas timestamped oil and gas data B D Hoen J E Diffendorfer J T Rand L A Kramer C P Garrity H E Hunt 2022 vector digital data Hoen, B.D., J.E. Diffendorfer, J.T. Rand, L.A. Kramer, C.P. Garrity, and H.E. Hunt. 2018. United States Wind Turbine Database (ver. 4.3, January 2022): U.S. Geological Survey, American Clean Power (ACP) Association, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TX3DN0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TX3DN0 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1900 2019 publication date Wind energy data wind energy data Department of Ecosystem Science, University of Wyoming 2016 raster digital data Department of Ecosystem Science, University of Wyoming. 2016. Western United States Road Density Raster. https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/57a26cf9e4b006cb45553f69 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/57a26cf9e4b006cb45553f69 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2016 publication date road density road density D S Pilliod J L Welty M I Jeffries 2019 vector digital data Pilliod, D.S., J.L. Welty, and M.I. Jeffries. 2019. USGS Land Treatment Digital Library Data Release: A centralized archive for land treatment tabular and spatial data (ver. 3.0, November 2020): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P98OBOLS https://doi.org/10.5066/P98OBOLS Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date LTDL LTDL treatment data Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center 2016 vector digital data Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center. 2016. Wyoming density and disturbance calculation tool. Version 2.0. http://ddct.wygisc.org/. http://ddct.wygisc.org/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date DDCT DDCT disturbance calculation tool Bureau of Land Management 2021 tabular digital data Bureau of Land Management. 2021. Vegetation Management Action Portal System (VMAP). U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date VMAP Vegetation Management Action Portal System (VMAP) treatment data Bureau of Land Management 2020 vector digital data Bureau of Land Management. 2020. Vegetation Treatment Geodatabase. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date VTRT vegetation treatment data USDA Forest Service 2020 vector digital data MTBS Data Access: Burned Areas Boundaries Dataset. 2020. MTBS Project (USDA Forest Service/U.S. Geological Survey). Available online: http://mtbs.gov/direct-download [24 August 2020]. http://mtbs.gov/direct-download Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date MTBS MTBS burned areas boundaries data U.S. Geological Survey 2016 raster digital data LANDFIRE. 2016. Annual Disturbance Data. LANDFIRE 1.3.0. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Available online: http://landfire.cr.usgs.gov/viewer/[28 July 2020]. http://landfire.cr.usgs.gov/viewer/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date LANDFIRE LANDFIRE data Wyoming Game and Fish Department 2020 tabular digital data Cheyenne, WY Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. Digital and/or Hardcopy 1980 2019 publication date WGFD Annual Big Game Reports WGFD Annual Big Game Reports Wyoming Game and Fish Department 2021 tabular digital data Digital and/or Hardcopy 1985 2019 publication date WGFD WOS WGFD Wildlife Observations System data Age ratios (the number of juveniles to adult female mule deer): We used age ratios and population estimates from WGFD annual surveys from 1985 - 2019, including aerial and ground trend counts, surveys, and seasonal range surveys primarily between November and March. WGFD combined 56 herd units delineated in 1985 to 37 units by 2014, so we combined estimates for herd units comprised of multiple subunits as a weighted mean. We calculated weights as the subunit population size divided by the total herd unit population size and summed the weighted age ratios. No age ratio data existed for the Project herd unit or Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks because those areas fall under different jurisdictions and are not surveyed by WGFD. WGFD Annual Big Game Reports 2021 Winter use areas: For each herd unit, we delineated areas of concentrated winter use. First we used wildlife observation (WOS) data from December-March data only to create a 85% kernel density estimate (KDE) for every herd unit and weighted data by number of animals to distribute density appropriately. We also created 85% KDEs for herd units that had global positioning system (GPS) location data. For herd units with both GPS and survey location data, we merged KDEs. All winter use areas were restricted to herd unit boundaries. WGFD WOS 2021 Covariates data for winter use areas: We evaluated all variables based on the prior year (t-1) and we evaluated temperature and precipitation in the current year (t). We summarized all continuous variables by calculating the mean, maximum, or minimum across the winter use area and all categorical variables by calculating the proportion across the winter use area. FORAGE AVAILABILITY covariates: We calculated 3 precipitation variables using the PRISM 4-km resolution data set (PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu). We summed precipitation during the current winter t (December 1 to March 30), previous winter t-1, and the previous year’s growing season t-1 (April 1 to August 30). We summarized drought in winter use areas with values from the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI; Abatzoglou et al. 2017). Negative and more extreme values represent drier conditions for a site. We calculated the monthly minimum drought value (lowest value of any cell in a winter use area) during the previous year t-1 (January-December). We reversed the sign of drought covariates so higher values represented more severe drought conditions. We indexed drought severity as the number of months in the previous year t-1 during which mean scPDSI was at or below moderate (less than -2), severe (less than -3), and extreme (less than -4) thresholds (Palmer 1965). We also indexed the number of months of severe drought during the previous growing season t-1 (April 1 to August 30) and cumulative severe drought during the previous five years. HABITAT COMPOSITION covariates: For winter use areas in each herd unit, we calculated cover of bare ground, sagebrush, shrubland, perennial herbaceous and annual herbaceous plants, and total biomass of all herbaceous plants. We obtained annual sagebrush cover data from the Rangeland Condition Monitoring Assessment and Projection (RCMAP) time series (Rigge et al. 2020) and all other annual habitat components from the Rangeland Analysis Platform (RAP; Allred et al. 2021). We also summarized the amount of public land (U.S. Geological Survey 2020) and 4 annual land uses: agriculture, forest, rangeland/pasture, and developed (USDA Forest Service 2021). WINTER SEVERITY covariates: We used PRISM data to calculate two metrics of precipitation (adjusted for elevation) during winter (December 1 to March 1) of the previous year: 1) cumulative winter snow as the sum of precipitation on winter days where maximum temperature was less than 0° C, and 2) cumulative winter rain as the sum of precipitation on winter days where maximum temperature was greater than 0° C. We used PRISM temperature data to calculate mean temperature and minimum temperature between December 1 and March 1. We then used snow water equivalent (SWE) to estimate the maximum snowpack during winter (December 1 to March 31) and early spring (March 1 to April 30) of the previous year (Daymet; Thornton et al. 2020). For winter days between December 1 and March 1, we calculated the duration of snowpack as the number of days when SWE was positive. Finally, we combined Daymet and PRISM data to calculate the frequency of rain-on-snow (likely icing) events. To account for elevation in the separation of rain and snow, we first calculated the temperature threshold using a linear regression of temperature and elevation from Rajagopal and Harpold (2016). We then calculated the number of events when precipitation fell as rain (greater than 0° C) on existing snowpack (SWE greater than 0) and temperatures were below freezing (less than 0° C) the following day. PREDATION covariates: We obtained static polygons representing the predicted presence of predator species in recent years from Wyoming Natural Diversity Database (WYNDD 2021). We calculated both the maximum number of predator species present and the mean probability of predator occupation in winter use areas by species (black bears, coyotes, grizzly bears, gray wolves, and mountain lions). Data did not represent the temporal or spatial changes in distribution of predators, such as reintroduction of gray wolves in 1996 or the spatial expansion of grizzly bears. ENERGY DEVELOPMENT covariates: We quantified the presence of oil and gas development, wind energy, and roads. We used point locations of all oil and gas wells in the study area (traditional gas, oil and carbon dioxide, and disposal wells) to examine traditional energy development over time on deer ranges. We obtained oil and gas well data from Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission through 2020 (Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 2020) and processed it to evaluate dates of operation (Hayes and Graves 2023). We obtained 1,366 wind turbine point locations from the United States Wind Turbine Database (Hoen et al. 2018). Time-varying data for roads was not available, so we used a single map of road density from 2016 (Department of Ecosystem Science, University of Wyoming 2016). HABITAT DISTURBANCE and RESTORATION covariates: We calculated the amount of disturbance from wildfire and habitat restoration treatments. We extracted wildfire perimeter data from LANDFIRE (LANDFIRE 2016) and the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity Burned Areas Boundaries Dataset (MTBS Data Access 2020). We combined treatment data from 5 sources: WGFD, Land Treatment Digital Library (LTDL; Pilliod et al. 2019), Density Disturbance Calculation Tool (DDCT; Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center 2016), Vegetation Management Action Portal (Bureau of Land Management 2021), and the Vegetation Treatment Geodatabase (Bureau of Land Management 2020). For treatments included in multiple source data sets, we retained the spatial and temporal description of the treatment from the most complete and accurate dataset. Datasets composed of original information (WGFD and BLM) ranked higher than compilations (LTDL and DDCT). We divided habitat disturbance and restoration into multiple categories representing 3 treatment types (prescribed burn, chemical, and mechanical) plus a wildfire category. We divided treatments further into combinations of landcover type (aspen, rangeland, and conifer forest), age of treatment, and hypothesized effects on mule deer forage based on expected differences in effects and the coarseness of information across datasets. For each year, we grouped treatments by age of treatment to represent short-term (1-4 years) and mid-term (5-8 years) effects, plus long-term effects (9-30 years) for chemical and mechanical treatments in rangeland (grassland, sagebrush, and shrubland) habitat. For each herd unit, the number of years with treatments within an age class varied based on when treatments began. For each treatment hypothesis, we calculated the proportion of treated areas within winter use polygons for every year. LANDFIRE MTBS VTRT VMAP DDCT LTDL PRISM 2022 WYMuleDeer_AgeRatios_Covariates1985-2019.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined Year Year Producer Defined 1985 2019 HerdName Name of mule deer herd unit WGFD Character label HerdUnitNumber Number assigned to mule deer herd unit WGFD 101 759 WeightedMeanAgeRatio Mule deer age ratio (number of juveniles per 100 adult females). For herd units composed of multiple subunits, age ratios combined as a mean weighted by estimated population size Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 15.0 126.0 juveniles/100 adult female mule deer PrecipDJF Sum of precipitation (mm) during the current winter (December 1 to March 30) in winter use area Producer Defined 3.464688517 773.0444493 mm PrecipDJFMPreviousYr Sum of precipitation (mm) during the previous winter (December 1 to March 30) in winter use area Producer Defined 38.57924264 541.0267209 mm PrecipSummer Sum of precipitation (mm) during the previous year’s growing season (April 1 to August 30) in winter use area Producer Defined 35.57221349 516.6563894 mm DroughtAvg Mean self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) value in winter use area of monthly mean self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) value per herd unit; sign reversed Producer Defined -4.044814767 5.192878407 scPDSI DroughtMin Minimum self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) value in winter use area of monthly mean scPDSI value per herd unit; sign reversed Producer Defined -5.484622393 0.0 scPDSI SevDrought3 Number of months in winter use area during which average scPDSI was at or below -3; averaged across winter use area Producer Defined 0.0 10.66233078 Months SevDroughtPrev5Yrs Number of months in winter use area during which average scPDSI was at or below -3 during previous 5 years (60 months); averaged across winter use area Producer Defined 0.0 38.40542311 Months ExtremeDrought4 Number of months in winter use area during which average scPDSI was at or below -4; averaged across winter use area Producer Defined 0.0 7.73472631 Months SevereDrought3GrowingSeason Number of months in winter use area during which average scPDSI was at or below -3 during the growing season (April 1 to August 30); averaged across winter use area Producer Defined 0.0 4.97007063 Months RCMAPsage Mean of % cover of sagebrush in winter use area in the previous year Producer Defined, RCMAP NA No Data Producer defined 1.096470416 14.14048201 Shrubland Mean of % cover of shrubland in winter use area in the previous year Producer Defined, RAP 4.427854454 27.47474747 Bareground Mean of % cover of bare ground in winter use area in the previous year Producer Defined, RAP 4.894736842 47.25698324 AnnHerbaceous Mean of % cover of annual herbaceous vegetation in winter use area in the previous year Producer Defined, RAP 1.43902439 28.60732984 HerbBiomass Mean of total herbaceous biomass (lbs/acre) in winter use area in the previous year Producer Defined, RAP NA No Data Producer defined 159.5348837 1424.561881 Ag Mean of % cover agricultural land use in winter use area; Agriculture: Land used to produce food, fiber and fuels which is in either a vegetated or non-vegetated state; This includes but is not limited to cultivated and uncultivated croplands, hay lands, orchards, vineyards, confined livestock operations, and areas planted for production of fruits, nuts or berries; Roads used primarily for agricultural use (not used for public transport from town to town) are considered agriculture land use (US Forest Service definition) Producer Defined using US Forest Service attributes NA No Data Producer defined 0.000113 0.244419903 Developed Mean of % cover developed land use in winter use area; Developed: Land covered by man-made structures (e.g., high density residential, commercial, industrial, mining or transportation), or a mixture of both vegetation (including trees) and structures (e.g., low density residential, lawns, recreational facilities, cemeteries, transportation and utility corridors, etc), including any land functionally altered by human activity (US Forest Service definition) Producer Defined using US Forest Service attributes NA No Data Producer defined 0.00000414 0.02363951 Forest Mean of % cover forest land in winter use area; Forest: Land that is planted or naturally vegetated and that contains (or is likely to contain) 10% or greater tree cover at some time during a near-term successional sequence; This may include deciduous, evergreen and/or mixed categories of natural forest, forest plantations, and woody wetlands (US Forest Service definition) Producer Defined using US Forest Service attributes NA No Data Producer defined 0.002147392 0.86043911 RangePasture Mean of % cover rangeland/pasture in winter use area; Rangeland/Pasture: This class includes any area that is either a) rangeland, where vegetation is a mix of native grasses, shrubs, forbs and grass-like plants largely arising from natural factors and processes such as rainfall, temperature, elevation and fire, although limited management may include prescribed burning as well as grazing by domestic and wild herbivores; or b) pasture, where vegetation may range from mixed, largely natural grasses, forbs and herbs to more managed vegetation dominated by grass species that have been seeded and managed to maintain near monoculture (US Forest Service definition) Producer Defined using US Forest Service attributes NA No Data Producer defined 0.072754232 0.993786152 PADCoverage Mean of % cover public access land in winter use area Producer Defined using U.S. Geological Survey attributes 0.0 0.573205126 SWE_DJFM Mean of maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) in winter use area during the current winter (December 1 to March 31) Producer Defined, Daymet 2.12493715 561.2272227 kg/m2 SWE_MAPrevYr Mean of maximum SWE in winter use area during the previous late winter (March 1 to April 30) Producer Defined, Daymet 0.00372905 603.1650006 kg/m2 TempMeanDJFM Mean of daily mean temperatures (degrees Celsius) in winter use area during the current winter (December 1 - March 1) Producer Defined -11.10465431 1.287574302 degrees C TempMeanDJFMPrevYr Mean of daily mean temperatures (degrees Celsius) in winter use area during the previous winter (December 1 - March 1) Producer Defined -11.10465431 1.287574302 degrees C TempMinDJFM Mean of daily minimum temperatures (degrees Celsius) in winter use area during the current winter (December 1 - March 31) Producer Defined -40.07025385 -15.61183604 degrees C TempMinDJFMPrevYr Mean of daily minimum temperatures (degrees Celsius) in winter use area during the previous winter (December 1 - March 1) Producer Defined -41.90632643 -15.61183604 degrees C RainWinter Sum of precipitation (mm) on winter days (December 1 - March 1) where temperature was above 0 degrees C Producer Defined 6.6257854 95.22994437 mm SnowWinter Sum of precipitation (mm) on winter days (December 1 - March 1) where temperature was below 0 degrees Celsius Producer Defined 0.394073771 53.48025557 mm RainOnSnow Number of events when precipitation fell as rain (temperature above 0 degrees C) on existing snowpack (SWE greater than 0) and temperatures were below 0 degrees Celsius on the following day Producer Defined 0.213483146 16.5988024 SnowDuration Number of days where SWE was greater than 0 (December 1 - March 1), averaged across winter use area Producer Defined 5.134831461 330.0555556 Days BlackBear Mean percent presence of black bears in winter use areas Producer Defined 0.00305583 0.848627404 Coyote Mean percent presence of coyotes in winter use areas Producer Defined 0.779996735 0.991640722 Grizzly Mean percent presence of grizzly bears in winter use areas Producer Defined 0.0 0.941237992 MtnLion Mean percent presence of mountain lions in winter use areas Producer Defined 0.184052348 0.900451941 Wolf Mean percent presence of wolves in winter use areas Producer Defined 0.0 0.92075393 NumberPredators Total number of predator species present in winter use area Producer Defined 3 5 OGWellDensity Density (number of wells per sq. km) of oil and gas wells in winter use area Producer Defined 0.0 3.341575757 wells/km2 WindTurbinesNumber Number of wind turbines in winter use area Producer Defined 0 379 turbines WindTurbineDensity Density (number of turbines per sq. km) of wind turbines in winter use area Producer Defined 0.0 0.116183715 turbines/km2 RoadDensity Mean density of roads in winter use areas Producer Defined 1413.399756 7690.333965 Wildfire14 Proportion winter use area with wildfire 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 12.64403044 Wildfire58 Proportion winter use area with wildfire 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 12.64403044 WildfireRS14 Proportion winter use area with wildfire in rangeland-sagebrush 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 10.52681959 WildfireRS58 Proportion winter use area with wildfire in rangeland-sagebrush 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 10.52681959 WildfireForest14 Proportion winter use area with wildfire in forest 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 8.253460643 WildfireForest58 Proportion winter use area with wildfire in forest 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 8.253460643 Chem14 Proportion winter use area with chemical treatments 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 5.815778124 Chem58 Proportion winter use area with chemical treatments 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 5.587447723 Mech14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 4.487205331 Mech58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 4.487205331 HabitatImprov14 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 25.61315343 HabitatImprov58 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 25.39810078 RxFire14 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 5.181038174 RxFire58 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 5.181038174 ChemSpikeRS14 Proportion winter use area with Spike chemical treatments in rangeland-sage 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 1.346344614 ChemSpikeRS58 Proportion winter use area with Spike chemical treatments in rangeland-sage 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 1.346344614 ChemSpikeRS930 Proportion winter use area with Spike chemical treatments in rangeland-sage 9-30 years old Producer Defined 0.0 1.636721638 ChemNonSpike14 Proportion winter use area with non-Spike chemical treatments in rangeland-sage 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 5.796888 ChemNonSpike58 Proportion winter use area with non-Spike chemical treatments in rangeland-sage 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 3.065147196 MechRS14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in rangeland-sage 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 4.469619756 MechRS58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in rangeland-sage 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 4.469619756 MechRS930 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in rangeland-sage 9-30 years old Producer Defined 0.0 5.659950642 MechAspen14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in aspen 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.348658193 MechAspen58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in aspen 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.348658193 MechJuniper14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in juniper 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.808645452 MechJuniper58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in juniper 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.523447647 MechForestNoAspen14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in forest (excluding aspen) 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 1.456534426 MechForestNoAspen58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in forest (excluding aspen) 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 1.456534426 MechForestNoJun14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in forest (excluding juniper) 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.387431137 MechForestNoJun58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in forest (excluding juniper) 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.387431137 MechForestNoAspNoJun14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in forest (excluding aspen and juniper) 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.377187355 MechForestNoAspNoJun58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical treatments in forest (excluding aspen and juniper) 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.377187355 MechTimber14 Proportion winter use area with mechanical logging/timber treatments 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.318328009 MechTimber58 Proportion winter use area with mechanical logging/timber treatments 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.318328009 ImpRS14 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in rangeland-sage 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 1.130132898 HabitatImprovRS58 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in rangeland-sage 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 1.130132898 HabitatImprovJuniper14 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in juniper 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.095439369 HabitatImprovJuniper58 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in juniper 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.068397683 HabitatImprovForestNoJun14 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in forest (excluding juniper) 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.331478757 HabitatImprovForestNoJun58 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in forest (excluding juniper) 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.331478757 HabitatImprovForest14 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in forest 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.383989396 HabitatImprovForest58 Proportion winter use area with habitat improvement treatments in forest 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.383989396 RxFireRS14 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in rangeland-sage 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 2.967409638 RxFireRS58 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in rangeland-sage 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 2.967409638 RxFireForest14 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in forest 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 2.728696216 RxFireForest58 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in forest 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 2.728696216 RxFireForestNoJun14 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in forest (excluding juniper) 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.847335491 RxFireForestNoJun58 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in forest (excluding juniper) 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 0.847335491 RxFireAspen14 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in aspen 1-4 years old Producer Defined 0.0 2.727105046 RxFireAspen58 Proportion winter use area with prescribed fire treatments in aspen 5-8 years old Producer Defined 0.0 2.727105046 GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

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