John W. Counts William H. Craddock Jared T. Gooley 20231221 tabular digital data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XP68PG John W. Counts Jared T. Gooley William H. Craddock 20230601 1 publication https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XP68PG This data release contains zircon U-Pb (n=1467) and Hf (n=332) data for five modern rivers (Connecticut, Susquehanna, Roanoke, Peedee, and Chattahoochee) draining the Appalachian mountain belt. The data show that zircon crystallization ages are characterized by several discrete populations that often correspond with orogenic episodes in the Mesoproterozoic and Paleozoic, with distinct differences between the various rivers sampled. ɛHf values are more consistent geographically, but differ between the Grenville and Paleozoic (Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghenian) orogenies. The data were collected to better understand the geochemical (isotopic) signature of different parts of the Appalachian orogen, in order to better ascertain provenance of ancient sedimentary deposits in the Gulf Coast and elsewhere. The file contains data available in comma separated value (.csv) file format. The user must have software capable of opening and viewing a .csv file. 20180101 20230331 See the ‘Process Step 1’ section of this metadata record for more specific date information Complete None planned -85.1660 -72.4219 43.1972 32.4078 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation inlandWaters None zircon geochronology provenance sediment fluvial sand detrital Connecticut Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Georgia USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:641309c6d34eb496d1ce3bfc Common geographic areas Connecticut Susquehanna Roanoke Chattahoochee None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. John W. Counts USGS, Northeast Region Research Geologist mailing and physical

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Reston VA 20191 USA (703) 648-6491 jcounts@usgs.gov Standards were run throughout the analysis process to ensure accuracy of obtained values. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Sediment samples were collected in the field at various times from 2018 to 2021. Approximately 20 liters of sediment were collected from natural sand bars at each site. 2022 All samples were manually homogenized and split into subsamples at the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia. All sample processing and geochemical analysis took place at the Arizona Laserchron Center at the University of Arizona (ALC). Initial separation of zircon grains was conducted via a multi-stage process, where bulk sediments were first subjected to magnetic (hand magnet and Franz magnetic separator), heavy liquid (Methylene Iodide), physical (milling device to remove softer heavy minerals), and chemical (acid washing to remove pyrite) processes. 2022 After zircon grains were isolated, a random selection was mounted in a resin block and imaged with standard SEM and cathodoluminescence methods (Fig. 4). Ablation sites were chosen for 300 individual crystals to avoid any obvious zones of common lead, and to avoid crossing zone boundaries whenever possible. Once selected, U-Pb geochronology was conducted via laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (LA-ICPMS) using a Photon Machines Analyte G2 excimer laser with a beam width of 30 µm and a Nu Instruments HR-MC-ICPMS. Standards were measured every five grains. Isotopic data was filtered for uncertainty and discordancy using the program AgeCalcML. Discordant grains were defined as those with a discrepancy between 206Pb/238U and 206Pb/207Pb-determined ages of <80% and >110%, unless the 206Pb/238U was less than 600 Ma. Grains with >10% uncertainty (1-sigma) in either 206Pb/238U and 206Pb/207Pb-derived ages were also excluded. For concordant grains with a 206Pb/238U age less than 900 Ma, the 206Pb/238U age was used as the best age; for grains with a 206Pb/238U age over 900 Ma, the 206Pb/207Pb age was used. No 204Pb filter was used as this excluded otherwise concordant grains with reasonable ages, and reported ages are already corrected for common lead. This resulted in the exclusion of 33 grains out of the total of 1500 analyzed. Remaining filtered grains were considered to have reliable dates; a subset of these were then selected for further Hf analysis. Grains were selected in approximate proportion to their distribution in the total sample. At ALC, Hf, Yb, and Lu isotopes were measured via laser ablation of the grain with a 40 µm beam at the same site as the initial U-Pb analysis.176Hf/177Hf ratios were converted to εHf notation, representing the degree of departure of values from the standard chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) and the depleted mantle (DM) at the present (εHf0) and at the time of crystallization (εHft). 2022 John W. Counts U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Research Geologist mailing address

Mail Stop 954, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr

Reston VA 20192 US 703-648-6491 703-648-6383 jcounts@usgs.gov Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) placenames (https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names) Point Point 10 10 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.26 Counts_Hf_Data.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined Fluvial_System the formal name of the river system from which data were collected Producer Defined Connecticut Sample collected from the Connecticut River Producer defined Susquehanna Sample collected from the Susquehanna River Producer defined Roanoke Sample collected from the Roanoke River Producer defined Peedee Sample collected from the Peedee River Producer defined Chattahoochee Sample collected from the Chattahoochee River Producer defined Sample_Name unique name of the detrital zircon sample analyzed via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Producer Defined unique name of the detrital zircon sample analyzed via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Latitude_WGS1984 latitude of the sample site reported in decimal degrees using datum WGS1984 Producer Defined 32.4955 41.8132 decimal degrees Longitude_WGS1984 longitude of the sample site reported in decimal degrees using datum WGS1984 Producer Defined -84.9948 -72.6466 decimal degrees (176Yb+176Lu)/176Hf(%) ratio of measured 176 from Yb and Lu to 176 from Hf, in percent Producer Defined 1.28357718 75.72401695 percent Volts_Hf sum of voltages for all Hf isotopes Producer Defined 1.567793615 6.009072912 volts 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 176Hf to 177Hf Producer Defined 0.281238372 0.282896153 ±(1s) 1-sigma error of ratio of 176Hf to 177Hf Producer Defined 1.19e-05 6.85e-05 176Lu/177Hf ratio of 176Lu to 177Hf Producer Defined 9.5e-05 0.004207896 176Hf/177Hf(T) ratio of 176Hf to 177Hf at time (T) Producer Defined 0.281207792 0.282865914 E-Hf(0) present-day Epsilon Hf value Producer Defined -54.69270709 3.930670067 Epsilon Hf E-Hf(0)±(1s) 1-sigma error of present-day Epsilon Hf value Producer Defined 0.419535251 2.961194072 Epsilon Hf E-Hf(T) epsilon Hf value at time (T) using the decay constant of 176Lu (? = 1.867e-11) Producer Defined -16.87397707 16.2193247 Epsilon Hf Age(Ma) zircon crystallization age as determined by U-Pb dating Producer Defined 294.6247991 2742.983258 millions of years before present Counts_U-Pb_Data.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined Sample_Name unique name of the detrital zircon sample analyzed via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Producer Defined CG21-3 Sample with name CG21-3 Producer defined CG21-1 Sample with name CG21-1 Producer defined CG18-3 Sample with name CG18-3 Producer defined CG18-9 Sample with name CG18-9 Producer defined CG20-2 Sample with name CG20-2 Producer defined Fluvial_System the formal name of the river system from which data were collected Producer Defined Connecticut Sample collected from the Connecticut River Producer defined Susquehanna Sample collected from the Susquehanna River Producer defined Roanoke Sample collected from the Roanoke River Producer defined Peedee Sample collected from the Peedee River Producer defined Chattahoochee Sample collected from the Chattahoochee River Producer defined Latitude_WGS1984 latitude of the sample site reported in decimal degrees using datum WGS1984 Producer Defined 32.4955 41.813233 decimal degrees Longitude_WGS1984 longitude of the sample site reported in decimal degrees using datum WGS1984 Producer Defined -84.9948 -72.646654 decimal degrees Spot Unique analysis number for each grain Producer Defined Unique analysis number for each grain U_ppm concentration of U Producer Defined 0 5502 ppm U/Th ratio of U to Th Producer Defined 0.2 338.6 206Pb*/207Pb* ratio of 206Pb* to 207Pb* Producer Defined -206.9242 20.3008 err_pct_206*207* percent error in the ratio of 206Pb* to 207Pb* Producer Defined 0.4413 1739.3428 percent 207Pb*/235U* ratio of 207Pb* to 235U* Producer Defined -1.7912 67835.2321 err_pct_207*235* percent error in the ratio of 207Pb* to 235U* Producer Defined 0.6681 1739.3433 percent 206Pb*/238U ratio of 206Pb* to 238U Producer Defined 0.0292 62.4373 err_pct_206*238 percent error in the ratio of 206Pb* to 238U Producer Defined 0.4752 94.2525 percent err_corr error correction Producer Defined 0.0 1.0 206Pb*/238U* apparent 206Pb/238U age Producer Defined 185.71 26752.95 millions of years err_Ma_206238 error in the apparent 206Pb/238U age Producer Defined 1.35 7040.48 millions of years 207Pb*/235U apparent 207Pb/235U age Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 194.52 11295.99 millions of years err_Ma_207235 error in the apparent 207Pb/235U age Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 2.18 1795.56 millions of years 206Pb*/207Pb* apparent 206Pb/207Pb age Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 160.17 2798.14 err_Ma_206207 error in the apparent 206Pb/207Pb age Producer Defined NA No Data Producer defined 8.83 962.73 millions of years BestAge_Ma best age of the zircon analysis Producer Defined 185.71 26752.95 millions of years before present err_Ma_BestAge error in the best age of the zircon analysis Producer Defined 1.35 7040.48 millions of years comment Comment on the results of concordancy and other filters Producer Defined << empty cell >> No Data Producer defined Denotes the geochemical criteria used to reject the grain GS ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XP68PG None 20231221 John W. Counts USGS Northeast Region Research Geologist physical

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Reston VA 20191 USA (703) 648-6491 jcounts@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998