Ryan C. Cahalan Larry G. Mastin 20230201 spreadsheet https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V4I3MM This data release contains results of model simulations of a plume at Kilauea volcano that occurred on 20 December 2020. The ash-poor plume was produced when lava flowed into a water lake at the summit of Kilauea volcano. Simulations were conducted to constrain the conditions under which the plume rose to its observed height. The analysis and results are described in the accompanying paper: Cahalan RC, Mastin L, Van Eaton A, Hurwitz S, Smith AB, Dufek J, Solovitz SA, Patrick M, Schmith J, Parcheta C, Thelen W, Downs DT (2023 (in press)) Dynamics of the December 2020 ash-poor plume formed by lava-water interaction at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. Simulations were conducted to constrain the conditions under which the plume rose to its observed height. 20201220 ground condition Complete None planned Hawaii County, Hawaii -156.0400 -154.7900 20.2700 18.9200 ISO 19115 Topic Category biota None Kilauea volcano volcanic plume volcanic hazards plume modeling USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:63d0749bd34e06fef14fd468 None Kilauea volcano volcanic plume volcanic hazards plume modeling None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Ryan C Cahalan U.S. Geological Survey, SOUTHWEST REGION Research Geologist mailing address

632 SW Hall St

Portland OR 97201 US 7133852065 rcahalan@usgs.gov Observed plume heights are likely accurate to within a kilometer, although there is no way to check. Model results are only as accurate as the inputs and the assumptions used in the calculations. All values fall within expected ranges. All data are complete. Data were generated by running the Plumeria model, which is described in Mastin (2014): Mastin LG (2014) Testing the accuracy of a 1-D volcanic plume model in estimating mass eruption rate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119(5). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020604 The model itself is posted at this location: Mastin LG (2011) Plumeria_wd--Fortran open-source version. https://theghub.org/resources/1197 20220124 Larry G Mastin U.S. Geological Survey, ALASKA REGION Research Hydrologist mailing address

1300 SE Cardinal Court Bldg. 10

Vancouver WA 98683 US 360-993-8925 360-993-8980 lgmastin@usgs.gov Plumeria_Simulation_Data.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Producer Defined Run # Simulation number in order of run date and time. Grouped by variable or parameter tested. Groups separated by horizontal line Producer Defined Run number Time on 12/20/20 HST [Hours] Time in Hawaii Standard Time (HST) corresponding to the actual plume height measured from Gemini Webcam footage (SV2 of accompanying paper) Producer Defined 21.84 23.38 hours and decimal hours HST Actual plume height [km asl] The height above sea level (asl) of the plume top measured by the Gemini Observatory astrometry method explained in section 3.4 of accompanying paper Producer Defined 4.02 12.93 kilometers above sea level Vent elevation [km] Elevation of the vent above sea level (asl). In this study refers to the crater water lake elevation Producer Defined 0.8 0.8 kilometers above sea level D_vent [m] Diameter of the vent in meters. In this study this represents the diameter of the base of the plume and, with exit velocity and plume composition parameters, controls the modeled flux Producer Defined 20.1 634.2 meters 0.1 v [m/s] Exit velocity from the vent. This is constant at 20 m/s. Contributes to modeled vent flux. Explained in section 6 of accompanying paper Producer Defined 20 20 meters per second 0.01 X_H2O [-] Initial mass fraction of external water in plume Producer Defined 0 0 dimensionless 0.01 Tm [C] Initial temperature of magma in degrees Celsius Producer Defined 100 100 degrees Celsius 0.1 Xg_m [-] Initial mass fraction of volcanic gas in magma Producer Defined 0.999 0.999 dimensionless 0.001 Cp_m [J/kg K] Specific heat capacity of magma Producer Defined 1000 1000 Joules per kilogram per Kelvin 0.1 rho_m [DRE] [kg/m3] Magma dense-rock equivalent (DRE) density Producer Defined 2500 2500 kilograms per cubic meter 0.01 alpha [-] Axial entrainment parameter, alpha. See Mastin (2014) for definition. Producer Defined 0.0 0.09 dimensionless 0.01 beta [-] Crosswind entrainment parameter, beta. See Mastin (2014) for definition. Producer Defined 0.1 0.5 dimensionless 0.1 n [-] Devenish exponential entrainment parameter. See Mastin (2014) for definition. Producer Defined 1.0 1.5 dimensionless 0.1 Eruption rate [kg/s] Eruption rate from the vent in Plumeria. Conceptually, in this study, represents the boiling rate of the crater water lake. Producer Defined 3400.0 3400000.0 kilograms per second 0.1 Model plume height [km avl] Modeled maximum plume above vent level in kilometers Producer Defined 2.793 12.15 kilometers above the vent 0.01 Model plume height [km asl] Modeled maximum plume above sea level in kilometers Producer Defined 3.593 12.95 kilometers above sea level 0.001 U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V4I3MM None 20230201 Ryan C Cahalan U.S. Geological Survey, SOUTHWEST REGION Research Geologist mailing address

632 SW Hall St

Portland OR 97201 US 7133852065 rcahalan@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999