Gurley, L.N. Hopkins, K.G. Stillwell, C.C. 20230411 raster digital data ScienceBase Catalog U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V1J754 Rasters of positive openness and positive openness difference in the Greater Raleigh, NC Area based on 1-meter high-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs). This dataset contains positive openness rasters for 2013, 2015, and 2022 and one positive openness difference raster. The positive openness difference raster represents the difference in positive openness values between the years 2015 and 2022. The 2015 and 2022 positive openness rasters were selected for differencing because of the superior quality level (QL2) of base lidar data used to develop the positive openness rasters compared with the poorer quality level (QL3) of base lidar data used to develop the 2013 positive openness raster. Positive openness uses a line-of-sight approach to measure the surrounding sixteen zenith angles viewed above the landscape surface out to a specified distance. The raster cell value represents the average of all sixteen angles. A positive openness value of 90 degrees indicates a flat surface. Positive openness values less than 90 degrees indicate varying degrees of concavity; positive openness values greater than 90 degrees indicate varying degrees of convexity. Positive openness was calculated with the Relief Visualization Toolbox v 2.2.1 (https://www.zrc-sazu.si/en/rvt) with the search radius set to 18 meters (approximately 60 feet). All files are available as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF, meaning they are formatted to work on the cloud or can be directly downloaded. These datasets were developed as part of a collaborative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and City of Raleigh, North Carolina, to help identify stream reaches throughout the Greater Raleigh, NC Area that may be most susceptible to streambank erosion. 2013 2022 ground condition Complete None planned -78.8726 -78.4390 36.0404 35.6924 ISO 19115 Topic Category environment geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus geomorphology geography hydrology erosion topography geospatial datasets lidar land surface characteristics geospatial analysis USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:63501f75d34e47431c15c18e None positive openness Common Geographic Areas North Carolina Wake Raleigh Upper Neuse None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Laura N Gurley U.S. Geological Survey, SOUTHEAST REGION Hydrologist mailing address

3916 Sunset Ridge Rd

Raleigh NC 27607 US 919-571-4014 919-571-4041 lgurley@usgs.gov City of Raleigh, North Carolina Charles C. Stillwell Ryan B. Rasmussen Laura N. Gurley Kristina G. Hopkins 20220908 tabular digital data ScienceBase Catalog U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P97JBT2T No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Žiga Kokalj Maja Somrak 2019 1(7) application/service Remote Sensing https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070747 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2019 publication date Kokalj and Somrak, 2019 Remote Sensing Klemen Zakšek Kristof Oštir Žiga Kokalj 2011 3(2) publication Remote Sensing https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3020398 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2011 publication date Zakšek et al. 2011 Remote Sensing Ryuzo Yokoyama Michio Shirasawa Richard J. Pike 2002 68(3) publication Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/2002journal/march/2002_mar_257-265.pdf Digital and/or Hardcopy 2002 publication date Yokoyama et al. 2002 Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Positive openness rasters were generated from1-meter (m) high-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) of the Greater Raleigh Area, North Carolina for 2013, 2015, and 2022. Positive openness uses a line-of-sight approach to measure the surrounding 16 zenith angles viewed above the landscape surface out to a specified distance (Yokoyama et al. 2002). All processing steps were identical for each year. Positive openness rasters were generated at 1-m resolution by inputting the 1-m DEM into the Relief Visualization Toolbox v 2.2.1 (https://www.zrc-sazu.si/en/rvt; Zakšek et al. 2011; Kokalj and Somrak, 2019) and setting the search radius to 18 m (approximately 60 feet) and setting the number of search directions to 16. Each raster cell value represents the average angle of the sixteen surrounding directions. An angle of 90 degrees indicates a flat surface, while angles less than 90 degrees indicate varying degrees of concavity, and angles greater than 90 degrees would indicate varying degrees of convexity. The 2015 and 2022 positive openness rasters were selected for differencing because of the superior quality level (QL2) of base lidar data used to develop the positive openness rasters compared with the poorer quality level (QL3) of base lidar data used to develop the 2013 positive openness raster. The positive openness difference raster was generated using raster calculator in ArcMap v 10.7.1 (ESRI) by subtracting the 2015 positive openness raster from the 2022 positive openness raster. Positive raster cell values in the positive openness difference raster indicate that the positive openness value was lower in 2015 than in 2022 and that there was an increase in concavity between the two years. Negative raster cell values in the positive openness difference raster indicate that positive openness value was greater in 2015 than in 2022 and that there was an increase in convexity between the two years. Yokoyama et al. 2002 Zakšek et al. 2011 Kokalj and Somrak, 2019 2023 Laura N Gurley U.S. Geological Survey, SOUTHEAST REGION Hydrologist mailing address

3916 Sunset Ridge Rd

Raleigh NC 27607 US 919-571-4014 919-571-4041 lgurley@usgs.gov Raster Grid Cell 38468 39024 State Plane Coordinate System 1983 3200 1 -79 33.75 609601.22 0.0 row and column 1 1 meters North_American_Datum_1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 PositiveOpenness_2013.tif Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined -3.40282306074e+038 Value that indicates no data. Producer defined 7.4 134.5 degrees PositiveOpenness_2015.tif Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined -3.40282306074e+038 Value that indicates no data. Producer defined 3.2 125 degrees PositiveOpenness_2022.tif Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined -3.40282306074e+038 Value that indicates no data. Producer defined 18 129.4 degrees PositiveOpennessDif_2015-2022.tif Raster geospatial data file. Producer Defined Value Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell. Producer Defined -3.40282306074e+038 Value that indicates no data. Producer defined -73.5 85.1 degrees Rasters of positive openness and positive openness difference in the Greater Raleigh Area based on 1-meter high-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation models in 2013, 2015, and 2022. Laura N. Gurley, Kristina G. Hopkins, and Charles C. Stillwell, 2023, Lidar-derived rasters of point density, elevation, and geomorphological features for 2013, 2015, and 2022 for the Greater Raleigh Area, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V1J754. U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/10.5066/P9V1J754 None 20230411 Laura N Gurley U.S. Geological Survey, SOUTHEAST REGION Hydrologist mailing address

3916 Sunset Ridge Rd

Raleigh NC 27607 US 919-571-4014 919-571-4041 lgurley@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998