John R. Sauer William A. Link 20221202 Electronic text files. Laurel, MD, USA US Geological Survey doi:10.5066/P9812ULJ https://doi.org/10.5066/P9812ULJ This data product provides summary information, by species, of changes in relative visibility of birds (phenology effects) through the April - July time period in which the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is conducted. Data are presented for 408 species of birds. Seasonal phenology effects are presented for selected latitudes and years, documenting changes in visibility and a variety of statistics to allow users to assess the significance of those effects. Results are presented as csv files, with additional information provided in R data sets, and summarized graphical form in species-specific pdf files. Metadata associated with this data product provides information specific to the analysis results. Phenology effects in birds are currently of great scientific interest, as they may reflect the "thumbprint" of climate change. Migrant birds are thought to be arriving earlier on breeding grounds, and it is thought that changes in climate (earlier onset spring and warmer summers) are influencing bird population dynamics through effects on breeding and survival. Documenting whether bird species are changing the timing of breeding activity is essential to increasing our understanding of climate effects on birds, and the BBS is a primary source of information on bird activity during the breeding season. Changes in bird phenology might also be influencing our estimates of bird population change, by decreasing counts due to phenological effects rather than to actual population change. We implemented an innovative new approach for modeling changes in bird activity through the breeding season with BBS data; these changes in bird activity are likely reflecting changes in breeding activity. Models were implemented for 408 species; data files presented here document change for each species for a sample of years and latitudes that provide information that can be used to evaluate temporal and spatial changes in phenology. See the North American Breeding Bird Survey Dataset (https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/52b1dfa8e4b0d9b325230cd9) for information on the most recent data release from the BBS. The BBS is hosted by the Eastern Ecological Science Center (EESC, https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eesc). Primary results are provided in csv spreadsheet form, and are described in this metadata. he information is also provided alternative summary formats, including rdata files and pdf files with graphical summaries. These results are based on modified versions of methods that have been peer reviewed and exist in the published literature; the most recent reference for the methods is found in Link et al. (Link, W. A., J. R. Sauer, and D. K. Niven. 2020. Model selection for the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Ecological Applications 30(6):e02137. 10.1002/eap.2137). Users also have access to all data collected by the survey, at (http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/). Standard disclaimers for use of information are also provided (http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/disclaim.html). Results are presented as a csv file for each species. The results of the phenology analysis for each species are summarized for a sample of 5 years (years 5 [1970], 17, 29, 41 and 53) and a selection of latitudes (number selected for sampling varies among species). For each of these year/latitude combinations, phenology effects (i.e, the relative visibility over the yeardays the survey was conducted), a 95% credible interval, estimates of times of maximum visibility, ratios of maximum to minimum visibility, and assessments of significance of changes in visibility over the season are documented. Specific metrics provided for each year/latitude in the species csv files include: 1. Year: Year examined (1=1966,...) 2. Latitude: Latitude examined. 3. quantiles.yearday: These numbers represent percentiles of the phenology effect (i.e., the relative visibility of the species) for each yearday sampled. The 50% value represents the median of posterior distribution of the phenology effect for that day, and the 2.5% value and the 97.5% value form a 95% credible interval for the effect on that day 4. yeardays: Range of yeardays over which the phenology effect was evaluated. These ranges were determined by species to exclude yeardays for which data were not collected. 5. maxday.probs: The probability that any yearday is the maximum yearday. 6. minday.probs The probability that any yearday is the minimum yearday. 7. beatmaxdaymode.probs: This is the probability that the phenology effect on each yearday is greater than maxdaymode. (Set to 1 at the maxday) 8. beatmindaymode.probs: This is the probability that the phenology effect on each yearday is less than than mindaymode. (Set to 1 at the minday). We also include supplemental information in specialized formats: 1. Graphical presentations of change over space and time are presented in a pdf format. Graphics for each latitude/year show the pattern of relative visibility through the season, yeardays of maximum and minimum visibility, and assessments of the significance of differences in visibility . Figure: Summaries: Each panel in the graphic presents phenology results for a specific latitude and year. For each latitude/year, the primary line shows the relative visibility for yeardays when BBS surveys were conducted within the species range (Fig. 1), along with a 95% credible interval. The curve is scaled to 1 at the estimated maximum yearday (indicated by the red vertical line), and visibilities for yeardays not significantly different from the maximum are indicated by red shading. The latitudes shown represent 90% of the species counts. We note that in our summary analyses we did not include peripheral 5% of counts on the northern and southern edges of the range. 2. Rdata files are provided that contain the data used to create the graphs and csv files, as well as a variety of other metrics to allow assessment of change for each latitude/year sampled for each species. Each rdata file contains the variables included in the csv files, along with additional metrics, in a data structure named "Results," which is a list of results indexed from 1 to the number of year/latitude combinations sampled for the species. That is, if results are provided for 5 years and 4 latitudes, "Results" will have 20 sets of results, each of which can be accessed by indexing with double brackets: Results[[5]]$Year contains the year sampled, Results[[5]]$Latitude contains the latitude, and Results[[5]]$maxday.probs contains a value for each yearday representing the probability that the yearday is the maximum yearday. Variables contained in the rdata files include these quantities. Note that ".." can be replaced by "Results[[i]]" to display the values of the quantity for the ith region. ..$ quantiles.critday: These percentages represent the probabilities that the maximum value falls on the indicated yearday. Critday is -b/2a from the quadratic, a derived parameter, which may or may not be in the range of acceptable days. This vector gives the quantiles of it. NB: it can be a max or a min. ..$ quantiles.concavity. These values represent the percentiles of probability the the relationship is concave downward. If the quadratic term is negative, then the curve is concave downward (i.e., it has a max). These are quantiles of a -- a negative means concave downward ... not necessarily that there exists a max. ..$ pos.concavity: The probability that the curve is concave upward. This is the posterior probability that a<0, a p-value of sorts for testing the hypothesis that there is a max. ..$ Year: Year examined (1=1966,...) ..$ Latitude: Latitude examined. ..$ yeardays: Range of yeardays over which the phenology effect was evaluated. These ranges were determined by species to exclude yeardays for which data were not collected. ..$ maxday.probs: The probability that any yearday is the maximum yearday. ..$ maxdaymode: The maximum of maxday.probs ..$ minday.probs The probability that any yearday is the minimum yearday. ..$ mindaymode: The maximum of minday.probs ..$ beatmaxdaymode.probs: This is the probability that the phenology effect on each yearday is greater than maxdaymode ..$ beatmindaymode.probs: This is the probability that the phenology effect on each yearday is less than than mindaymode ..$ quantiles.yearday: These numbers represent percentiles (columns) of the phenology effect for each yearday (rows) sampled. The 50% value represents the median of posterior distribution of the phenology effect for that day, and the 2.5% value and the 97.5% value form a 95% credible interval for the effect on that day ..$ quantiles.maxminday :maxminday was a derived parameter: the ratio of yearday function on the modal max day to the value on the modal min day. The modal max and min days are both with the acceptable year day range. This metric compares two fixed days (and, oddly enough, can take values less than 1), and behaves poorly if the argmax of the yearday function is outside the range of the acceptable year days. > ..$ quantiles.maxmin: The ratio of the maximum to minimum values of the yearday function over the acceptable year days. This metric compares two variable days, and is of necessity greater than or equal to 1. It is probably the more appropriate measure for inference. The ratio can be very large. All data files providing results for a species are named with the common names of the species. For example results for Wood Thrush are provided in Wood_Thrush.csv, with supplemental information in Wood_Thrush.rdata and Wood_Thrush.pdf, Here is a list of the species for which summary results are provided: Abert's_Towhee_Results.csv Acorn_Woodpecker_Results.csv Allen's_Hummingbird_Results.csv American_Avocet_Results.csv American_Bittern_Results.csv American_Black_Duck_Results.csv American_Coot_Results.csv American_Crow_Results.csv American_Goldfinch_Results.csv American_Kestrel_Results.csv American_Redstart_Results.csv American_Robin_Results.csv American_Three-toed_Woodpecker_Results.csv American_White_Pelican_Results.csv American_Wigeon_Results.csv American_Woodcock_Results.csv Anhinga_Results.csv Anna's_Hummingbird_Results.csv Ash-throated_Flycatcher_Results.csv Bachman's_Sparrow_Results.csv Baird's_Sparrow_Results.csv Bald_Eagle_Results.csv Baltimore_Oriole_Results.csv Band-tailed_Pigeon_Results.csv Bank_Swallow_Results.csv Barn_Owl_Results.csv Barn_Swallow_Results.csv Barred_Owl_Results.csv Barrow's_Goldeneye_Results.csv Bay-breasted_Warbler_Results.csv Bell's_Vireo_Results.csv Belted_Kingfisher_Results.csv Bendire's_Thrasher_Results.csv Bewick's_Wren_Results.csv Black-and-white_Warbler_Results.csv Black-backed_Woodpecker_Results.csv Black-bellied_Whistling-Duck_Results.csv Black-billed_Cuckoo_Results.csv Black-billed_Magpie_Results.csv Black-capped_Chickadee_Results.csv Black-chinned_Hummingbird_Results.csv Black-chinned_Sparrow_Results.csv Black-crested_Titmouse_Results.csv Black-crowned_Night-Heron_Results.csv Black-headed_Grosbeak_Results.csv Black-necked_Stilt_Results.csv Black-tailed_Gnatcatcher_Results.csv Black-throated_Blue_Warbler_Results.csv Black-throated_Gray_Warbler_Results.csv Black-throated_Green_Warbler_Results.csv Black-throated_Sparrow_Results.csv Blackburnian_Warbler_Results.csv Black_Phoebe_Results.csv Black_Skimmer_Results.csv Black_Swift_Results.csv Black_Tern_Results.csv Black_Vulture_Results.csv Blue-gray_Gnatcatcher_Results.csv Blue-headed_Vireo_Results.csv Blue-winged_Teal_Results.csv Blue-winged_Warbler_Results.csv Blue_Grosbeak_Results.csv Blue_Jay_Results.csv Boat-tailed_Grackle_Results.csv Bobolink_Results.csv Boreal_Chickadee_Results.csv Brewer's_Blackbird_Results.csv Brewer's_Sparrow_Results.csv Broad-winged_Hawk_Results.csv Bronzed_Cowbird_Results.csv Brown-crested_Flycatcher_Results.csv Brown-headed_Cowbird_Results.csv Brown-headed_Nuthatch_Results.csv Brown_Creeper_Results.csv Brown_Pelican_Results.csv Brown_Thrasher_Results.csv Bufflehead_Results.csv Bullock's_Oriole_Results.csv Burrowing_Owl_Results.csv Bushtit_Results.csv Cactus_Wren_Results.csv California_Gull_Results.csv California_Quail_Results.csv California_Scrub-Jay_Results.csv California_Thrasher_Results.csv California_Towhee_Results.csv Calliope_Hummingbird_Results.csv Canada_Goose_Results.csv Canada_Jay_Results.csv Canada_Warbler_Results.csv Canvasback_Results.csv Canyon_Towhee_Results.csv Canyon_Wren_Results.csv Cape_May_Warbler_Results.csv Carolina_Chickadee_Results.csv Carolina_Wren_Results.csv Caspian_Tern_Results.csv Cassin's_Finch_Results.csv Cassin's_Kingbird_Results.csv Cassin's_Sparrow_Results.csv Cassin's_Vireo_Results.csv Cattle_Egret_Results.csv Cave_Swallow_Results.csv Cedar_Waxwing_Results.csv Chestnut-backed_Chickadee_Results.csv Chestnut-collared_Longspur_Results.csv Chestnut-sided_Warbler_Results.csv Chihuahuan_Raven_Results.csv Chimney_Swift_Results.csv Chipping_Sparrow_Results.csv Chuck-will's-widow_Results.csv Chukar_Results.csv Cinnamon_Teal_Results.csv Clapper_Rail_Results.csv Clark's_Nutcracker_Results.csv Clay-colored_Sparrow_Results.csv Cliff_Swallow_Results.csv Common_Gallinule_Results.csv Common_Goldeneye_Results.csv Common_Grackle_Results.csv Common_Ground_Dove_Results.csv Common_Loon_Results.csv Common_Merganser_Results.csv Common_Nighthawk_Results.csv Common_Poorwill_Results.csv Common_Raven_Results.csv Common_Tern_Results.csv Common_Yellowthroat_Results.csv Connecticut_Warbler_Results.csv Cooper's_Hawk_Results.csv Cordilleran_Flycatcher_Results.csv Costa's_Hummingbird_Results.csv Couch's_Kingbird_Results.csv Crested_Caracara_Results.csv Crissal_Thrasher_Results.csv Curve-billed_Thrasher_Results.csv Dark-eyed_Junco_Results.csv Dickcissel_Results.csv Double-crested_Cormorant_Results.csv Downy_Woodpecker_Results.csv Dusky_Flycatcher_Results.csv Eared_Grebe_Results.csv Eastern_Bluebird_Results.csv Eastern_Kingbird_Results.csv Eastern_Meadowlark_Results.csv Eastern_Phoebe_Results.csv Eastern_Screech-Owl_Results.csv Eastern_Towhee_Results.csv Eastern_Whip-poor-will_Results.csv Eastern_Wood-Pewee_Results.csv Eurasian_Tree_Sparrow_Results.csv European_Starling_Results.csv Evening_Grosbeak_Results.csv Ferruginous_Hawk_Results.csv Field_Sparrow_Results.csv Fish_Crow_Results.csv Forster's_Tern_Results.csv Fox_Sparrow_Results.csv Franklin's_Gull_Results.csv Fulvous_Whistling-Duck_Results.csv Gadwall_Results.csv Gambel's_Quail_Results.csv Gila_Woodpecker_Results.csv Gilded_Flicker_Results.csv Glaucous-winged_Gull_Results.csv Glossy_Ibis_Results.csv Golden-crowned_Kinglet_Results.csv Golden-fronted_Woodpecker_Results.csv Golden_Eagle_Results.csv Grace's_Warbler_Results.csv Grasshopper_Sparrow_Results.csv Gray_Catbird_Results.csv Gray_Flycatcher_Results.csv Gray_Partridge_Results.csv Gray_Vireo_Results.csv Great-tailed_Grackle_Results.csv Greater_Prairie-Chicken_Results.csv Greater_Roadrunner_Results.csv Greater_Sage-Grouse_Results.csv Greater_Yellowlegs_Results.csv Great_Black-backed_Gull_Results.csv Great_Blue_Heron_Results.csv Great_Crested_Flycatcher_Results.csv Great_Egret_Results.csv Great_Horned_Owl_Results.csv Green-tailed_Towhee_Results.csv Green-winged_Teal_Results.csv Green_Heron_Results.csv Green_Jay_Results.csv Gull-billed_Tern_Results.csv Hairy_Woodpecker_Results.csv Hammond's_Flycatcher_Results.csv Harris's_Hawk_Results.csv Henslow's_Sparrow_Results.csv Hepatic_Tanager_Results.csv Hermit_Thrush_Results.csv Hermit_Warbler_Results.csv Herring_Gull_Results.csv Hooded_Merganser_Results.csv Hooded_Oriole_Results.csv Horned_Grebe_Results.csv Horned_Lark_Results.csv House_Finch_Results.csv House_Sparrow_Results.csv House_Wren_Results.csv Hutton's_Vireo_Results.csv Inca_Dove_Results.csv Juniper_Titmouse_Results.csv Kentucky_Warbler_Results.csv Killdeer_Results.csv King_Rail_Results.csv Ladder-backed_Woodpecker_Results.csv Lark_Bunting_Results.csv Lark_Sparrow_Results.csv Laughing_Gull_Results.csv Lawrence's_Goldfinch_Results.csv Lazuli_Bunting_Results.csv Least_Bittern_Results.csv Least_Flycatcher_Results.csv Least_Tern_Results.csv LeConte's_Sparrow_Results.csv LeConte's_Thrasher_Results.csv Lesser_Goldfinch_Results.csv Lesser_Nighthawk_Results.csv Lesser_Scaup_Results.csv Lesser_Yellowlegs_Results.csv Lewis's_Woodpecker_Results.csv Lincoln's_Sparrow_Results.csv Little_Blue_Heron_Results.csv Loggerhead_Shrike_Results.csv Long-billed_Curlew_Results.csv Long-billed_Thrasher_Results.csv Louisiana_Waterthrush_Results.csv Lucy's_Warbler_Results.csv MacGillivray's_Warbler_Results.csv Magnolia_Warbler_Results.csv Mallard_Results.csv Marbled_Godwit_Results.csv Marsh_Wren_Results.csv McCown's_Longspur_Results.csv Merlin_Results.csv Mississippi_Kite_Results.csv Mottled_Duck_Results.csv Mountain_Bluebird_Results.csv Mountain_Chickadee_Results.csv Mountain_Plover_Results.csv Mountain_Quail_Results.csv Mourning_Dove_Results.csv Mourning_Warbler_Results.csv Mute_Swan_Results.csv Nashville_Warbler_Results.csv Northern_Bobwhite_Results.csv Northern_Cardinal_Results.csv Northern_Flicker_Results.csv Northern_Goshawk_Results.csv Northern_Harrier_Results.csv Northern_Mockingbird_Results.csv Northern_Parula_Results.csv Northern_Pintail_Results.csv Northern_Pygmy-Owl_Results.csv Northern_Rough-winged_Swallow_Results.csv Northern_Shoveler_Results.csv Northern_Waterthrush_Results.csv Northwestern_Crow_Results.csv Nuttall's_Woodpecker_Results.csv Oak_Titmouse_Results.csv Olive-sided_Flycatcher_Results.csv Olive_Sparrow_Results.csv Orange-crowned_Warbler_Results.csv Orchard_Oriole_Results.csv Osprey_Results.csv Ovenbird_Results.csv Pacific_Wren_Results.csv Painted_Bunting_Results.csv Palm_Warbler_Results.csv Peregrine_Falcon_Results.csv Phainopepla_Results.csv Philadelphia_Vireo_Results.csv Pied-billed_Grebe_Results.csv Pileated_Woodpecker_Results.csv Pine_Grosbeak_Results.csv Pine_Siskin_Results.csv Pine_Warbler_Results.csv Pinyon_Jay_Results.csv Plumbeous_Vireo_Results.csv Prairie_Falcon_Results.csv Prairie_Warbler_Results.csv Prothonotary_Warbler_Results.csv Purple_Finch_Results.csv Purple_Gallinule_Results.csv Purple_Martin_Results.csv Pygmy_Nuthatch_Results.csv Pyrrhuloxia_Results.csv Red-bellied_Woodpecker_Results.csv Red-breasted_Merganser_Results.csv Red-breasted_Nuthatch_Results.csv Red-breasted_Sapsucker_Results.csv Red-cockaded_Woodpecker_Results.csv Red-eyed_Vireo_Results.csv Red-headed_Woodpecker_Results.csv Red-naped_Sapsucker_Results.csv Red-necked_Grebe_Results.csv Red-shouldered_Hawk_Results.csv Red-tailed_Hawk_Results.csv Red-winged_Blackbird_Results.csv Redhead_Results.csv Red_Crossbill_Results.csv Ring-billed_Gull_Results.csv Ring-necked_Duck_Results.csv Ring-necked_Pheasant_Results.csv Rock_Pigeon_Results.csv Rock_Wren_Results.csv Rose-breasted_Grosbeak_Results.csv Roseate_Spoonbill_Results.csv Ruby-crowned_Kinglet_Results.csv Ruby-throated_Hummingbird_Results.csv Ruddy_Duck_Results.csv Ruffed_Grouse_Results.csv Rufous-crowned_Sparrow_Results.csv Rufous_Hummingbird_Results.csv Rusty_Blackbird_Results.csv Sagebrush_Sparrow_Results.csv Sage_Thrasher_Results.csv Sandhill_Crane_Results.csv Savannah_Sparrow_Results.csv Say's_Phoebe_Results.csv Scaled_Quail_Results.csv Scarlet_Tanager_Results.csv Scissor-tailed_Flycatcher_Results.csv Seaside_Sparrow_Results.csv Sedge_Wren_Results.csv Sharp-shinned_Hawk_Results.csv Sharp-tailed_Grouse_Results.csv Short-eared_Owl_Results.csv Snowy_Egret_Results.csv Song_Sparrow_Results.csv Sooty_Grouse_Results.csv Sora_Results.csv Spotted_Sandpiper_Results.csv Spotted_Towhee_Results.csv Sprague's_Pipit_Results.csv Steller's_Jay_Results.csv Summer_Tanager_Results.csv Swainson's_Hawk_Results.csv Swainson's_Thrush_Results.csv Swallow-tailed_Kite_Results.csv Swamp_Sparrow_Results.csv Tennessee_Warbler_Results.csv Townsend's_Solitaire_Results.csv Townsend's_Warbler_Results.csv Traills_Flycatcher_Results.csv Tree_Swallow_Results.csv Tricolored_Blackbird_Results.csv Tricolored_Heron_Results.csv Tufted_Titmouse_Results.csv Turkey_Vulture_Results.csv Upland_Sandpiper_Results.csv Varied_Thrush_Results.csv Vaux's_Swift_Results.csv Veery_Results.csv Verdin_Results.csv Vermilion_Flycatcher_Results.csv Vesper_Sparrow_Results.csv Violet-green_Swallow_Results.csv Virginia's_Warbler_Results.csv Virginia_Rail_Results.csv Warbling_Vireo_Results.csv Western_Bluebird_Results.csv Western_Grebe_Results.csv Western_Gull_Results.csv Western_Kingbird_Results.csv Western_Meadowlark_Results.csv Western_Screech-Owl_Results.csv Western_Tanager_Results.csv Western_Wood-Pewee_Results.csv White-breasted_Nuthatch_Results.csv White-crowned_Sparrow_Results.csv White-eyed_Vireo_Results.csv White-faced_Ibis_Results.csv White-headed_Woodpecker_Results.csv White-tailed_Kite_Results.csv White-throated_Sparrow_Results.csv White-throated_Swift_Results.csv White-winged_Crossbill_Results.csv White-winged_Dove_Results.csv White_Ibis_Results.csv Wild_Turkey_Results.csv Willet_Results.csv Williamson's_Sapsucker_Results.csv Wilson's_Phalarope_Results.csv Wilson's_Snipe_Results.csv Wilson's_Warbler_Results.csv Winter_Wren_Results.csv Wood_Duck_Results.csv Wood_Stork_Results.csv Wood_Thrush_Results.csv Wrentit_Results.csv Yellow-bellied_Flycatcher_Results.csv Yellow-bellied_Sapsucker_Results.csv Yellow-billed_Cuckoo_Results.csv Yellow-billed_Magpie_Results.csv Yellow-breasted_Chat_Results.csv Yellow-crowned_Night-Heron_Results.csv Yellow-headed_Blackbird_Results.csv Yellow-rumped_Warbler_Results.csv Yellow-throated_Vireo_Results.csv Yellow-throated_Warbler_Results.csv Yellow_Warbler_Results.csv 1966 2019 Current final year is 2018. Complete Periodic revisions are made as needed to update results. -169.8047 -48.1641 71.9654 22.5937 The contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada None Breeding Bird Survey Breeding Bird Survey Analysis Bird Trend Estimates Bird Breeding Phenology Climate Change USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:633ebe9ed34e342aee05f675 Geographic Names Information system (GNIS) United States of America Canada none None. Standard professional attribution of the source of data set is suggested for products derived from these data. John R. Sauer USGS Eastern Ecological Science Center mailing and physical

12100 Beech Forest Road

Laurel MD 20708-4036 USA 301-497-5662 jrsauer@usgs.gov Results were produced a Desktop computers running the Windows 10 Enterprise Operating System. Analyses were conducted using: 1. R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit) 2. Program RStudio: Version 2022.02.3 © 2009-2022 RStudio, Inc. Build 492 3. Program JAGS, called from program R. Plummer, M. 2003. JAGS: A Program for Analysis of Bayesian Graphical Models Using Gibbs Sampling, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing (DSC 2003), March 20–22, Vienna, Austria. ISSN 1609-395X. 4. Fortran programs for summary. Ziolkowski Jr, D, J. Lutmerding, M Aponte, V. Hudson, M-A.R. 20220705 spreadsheet https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/625f151ed34e85fa62b7f926 USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus Birds Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2017 ONLINE_REFERENCE Washington, D.C. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) http://itis.gov R. Terry Chesser, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen,Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker. 2017 ONLINE_REFERENCE Unknown The Auk: July 2017, Vol. 134, No. 3, pp. 751-773. https://doi.org/10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 Daniel Niven USGS Pauxent Wildlife Research Center mailing and physical

12100 Beech Forest Road

Laurel MD 20708 USA 301-497-5676 dniven@usgs.gov expert advice; identification keys Skilled birders (volunteer observers) collect the data. Data are reviewed by USGS staff for accuracy, an if needed corrections are made, as necessary, in consultation with the observers. See bird count data source metadata for more information (https://doi.org/10.5066/F71R6NK8). Birds encountered along roadside survey routes in USA and Canada. Most birds are identified to species, but in some cases individuals are identified as other taxa (races or unidentified species groups) for data management purposes. Analyses are only conducted for species with sufficient data. Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Aves Birds oiseaux Order Accipitriformes Order Anseriformes Order Apodiformes Order Apterygiformes Order Bucerotiformes Order Caprimulgiformes Order Cariamiformes Order Casuariiformes Order Charadriiformes Order Ciconiiformes Order Coliiformes Order Columbiformes Order Coraciiformes Order Cuculiformes Order Eurypygiformes Order Falconiformes Order Galliformes Order Gaviiformes Order Gruiformes Order Leptosomiformes Order Mesitornithiformes Order Musophagiformes Order Opisthocomiformes Order Otidiformes Order Passeriformes Order Pelecaniformes Order Phaethontiformes Order Phoenicopteriformes Order Piciformes Order Podicipediformes Order Procellariiformes Order Psittaciformes Order Pteroclidiformes Order Rheiformes Order Sphenisciformes Order Strigiformes Order Struthioniformes Order Suliformes Order Tinamiformes Order Trogoniformes Metadata regarding location accuracy for BBS samples is provided at http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/geographic_information/BBS_Route_Analysis_metadata_2010.html. For mapping applications used in development of area weights for summary results, Arc/INFO software was used to create and maintain topological relationships between features. The Arc/INFO command BUILD was run to ensure the topological consistency of the data set. BBS routes were associated with latitudes using geographic data presented in Pardieck et al (2020) The temporal "window" of permissible dates of sampling BBS routes varies latitudinally in North America, The yearday for which results are presented for each species was constrained by the protocol-defined dates of allowable samples for BBS routes within the range of each species, and data for each species was summarized to define the ranges of yeardays used in the species' analyses. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Ziolkowski Jr., David Michael Lutmerding Veronica Aponte Marie-Anne R. Hudson Keith Pardieck 20210305 dataset https://www.sciencebase.gov U.S. Geological Survey Pardieck, K.L., Ziolkowski Jr., D.J., Lutmerding, M., Aponte, V.I., and Hudson, M-A.R., 2020, North American Breeding Bird Survey Dataset 1966 - 2019: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9J6QUF6. https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ea04e9a82cefae35a129d65 Digital and/or Hardcopy 19660501 20190731 publication date BBS Dataset 1966-2019, v2019.0 Sole or primary avian population data source. Analyses were conducted on a workstation using program R , FORTRAN programs, and a statistical program for Bayesian analysis of hierarchical models. All trend analyses and annual indices are based on a common analysis based on model D of Link et al (2020), modified to incorporate yearday effects using splines that contain year and latitudinal effects. Here is a description of additional variables and code structure (conceptually presented using data structures and function statements from program R): As noted above, the model structure, data, initial values, are as described in code presented in ink et al. (2020) , with the following modifications: 1. The modified models presented in the current application use several additional input variables: (1) the yearday of the observation (yearday.std); (2) that latitude of the route associated with the observation (lat.std); and (3) the year of the observation (yr.std). the “.std” ending indicates that the variable are standardized by subtracting the means and dividing by the standard deviations. 2. A series of variables specific to the spline analysis are defined: n.k=7 # n.k is number of knots; number of cubic polynomials is n.k-1. MUST BE ODD. n.k.mid=(n.k+1)/2 n.k.ind=(1:n.k)[-n.k.mid] M=diag(n.k)*4 M[1,1]=M[n.k,n.k]=2 for(i in 2:(n.k-1)){M[i,i-1]=M[i,i+1]=1} M[1,2]=M[n.k,n.k-1]=1 G=matrix(0,n.k,n.k) for(i in 1:(n.k-1)){G[i,i+1]=1} for (i in 2:n.k){G[i,i-1]=-1} G[1,1]=-1 G[n.k,n.k]=1 G=3*G H=solve(M)%*%G 3 For a fixed number of knots, the relevant information in a single value of covariate X is the number of knots below it (baseknot), and the proportional distance it is from the baseknot to the next knot above it. N=ncounts position=baseknot=matrix(NA,N,4) for (j in 1:4){       if (j==1){             X=latitude       } else if (j==2){             X=year       } else if (j==3){             X=latitude       } else if (j==4){             X=year       }       knotspread=(max(X)-min(X))/(n.k-1)  # Distance between knots on covariate scale       knotspots=min(X)+(0:(n.k-1))*knotspread # Location of knots on covariate scale       for (i in (1:N)){             baseknot[i,j]=sum(knotspots<X[i])+(X[i]==min(X)) # index for largest knot less than covariate i             position[i,j]=(X[i]-(baseknot[i,j]-1)*knotspread-min(X))/knotspread # proportion of way from baseknot to next             if (baseknot[i,j]==n.k){baseknot[i,j]=n.k-1;position[i,j]=1}       } } 4. the model statement is modified to include a linear and quadratic yearday term, with coefficients governed by baseline values and spline coefficients (intercept, linear, quadratic and cubic terms associated with the year and latitude). Eloglambda[k] <- yeareffect[strat[k],year[k]]+obs[obser[k]]+eta*firstyr[k]+                                     coeff[k,1]*yearday.std[k,1]+coeff[k,2]*yearday.std[k,2] #with the coefficients defined in terms of the splines associated with year and latitude: coeff[k,1] <- const[1] +                          a[baseknot[k,1],1]+b[baseknot[k,1],1]*position[k,1]+c[baseknot[k,1],1]*pow(position[k,1],2)+d[baseknot[k,1],1]*pow(position[k,1],3)+                          a[baseknot[k,2],2]+b[baseknot[k,2],2]*position[k,2]+c[baseknot[k,2],2]*pow(position[k,2],2)+d[baseknot[k,2],2]*pow(position[k,2],3)             coeff[k,2] <- const[2] +                          a[baseknot[k,3],3]+b[baseknot[k,3],3]*position[k,3]+c[baseknot[k,3],3]*pow(position[k,3],2)+d[baseknot[k,3],3]*pow(position[k,3],3)+                          a[baseknot[k,4],4]+b[baseknot[k,4],4]*position[k,4]+c[baseknot[k,4],4]*pow(position[k,4],2)+d[baseknot[k,4],4]*pow(position[k,4],3)        5. The following lines define additional structire of the spline parameters:       for (j in 1:2){             const[j] ~ dnorm(0.0,1.0E-6)       }       for (j in 1:4){             knot[n.k.mid,j] <- 0             for (i in n.k.ind){                   knot[i,j] ~ dnorm(0.0,1.0E-6)             }             # Derived parameters for calculating cubic splines             for (i in 1:n.k){                   D[i,j] <- inprod(H[i,],knot[1:n.k,j])             }             for (i in 1:(n.k-1)){                   a[i,j] <- knot[i,j]                   b[i,j] <- D[i,j]                   c[i,j] <- 3*(knot[i+1,j]-knot[i,j])-2*D[i,j]-D[i+1,j]                   d[i,j] <- 2*(knot[i,j]-knot[i+1,j])+D[i,j]+D[i+1,j]             }       } 6. Finally, here is a listing of the parameters, data, and inits required to run the model: param=c("eta","mu.strata","sd.strata","sd.noise","sd.obs","mu.log.tau.year","sd.log.tau.year","Alpha","Bbar","CompIndex","knot","const") data=c("areaweight","count","firstyr","obser","strat","year","ncounts","nobservers","nstrata","nyears","fixedyear","nonzeroweight","lat.std","yr.std","yearday.std","n.k","n.k.ind","n.k.mid","H","baseknot","position") inits=list(tau.noise=1,tau.obs=1,eta=0,log.tau.year=rep(0,nstrata),strata=mean.strata,yeareffect=yeareffects,obs=runif(nobservers,-2,2) ,mu.strata=mu.strata,tau.strata=1/(sd.strata*sd.strata), mu.log.tau.year=-1,tau.log.tau.year=100,spline.level=rep(0,2))} Results presented in data files are based on derived statistics from these analysis, i.e., posterior distributions of quadratic yearday effects for a specific year and latitude for a species were estimated from the hierarchical model parameters, then posterior distributions of metrics such as yearday of maximum visibility were estimated from the modeled yearday effects. Note that this analysis is fit using MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) methods; convergence may sometimes be an issue in regions with small sample sizes or poorly conditioned data. Results were evaluated for model fit, and the analysis excluded 18 of the 426 species analyzed Results are presented only for 408 species that met convergence criteria. BBS Dataset 1966-2019, v2019.0 20220920 Field Methods for summary analyses and descriptions of results has been documented in numerous publications. See citations listed below for details. Link, W. A. and J. R. Sauer 2002 Publication https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2832:AHAOPC]2.0.CO;2 Sauer J. R. and W. A. Link 2011 Publication https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2010.09220 Sauer J. R., W. A. Link, J. E. Fallon, K. L. Pardieck, and D. J. Ziolkowski, Jr. 2013 Publication https://doi.org/10.3996/nafa.79.0001 Link, W. A, and J. R. Sauer 2016 Publication https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1286.1 Sauer, J. R., D. K. Niven, K. L. Pardieck, D. J. Ziolkowski, and W. A. Link. 2017 Publication https://doi.org/10.3996/102015-JFWM-109 Link, W. A, J. R. Sauer, and D. K. Niven 2020 Publication https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2137 Bird Studies Canada and NABCI 2014 Publication Published by Bird Studies Canada on behalf of the North American Bird Conservation Initiative. https://www.birdscanada.org/research/gislab/index.jsp?targetpg=bcr&targetpg=bcr Species_Results.csv Comma Separated Value (CSV) file containing data. Note that "Species" is a placeholder for the species names (see Overview). 408 csv files of results are presented. Summary ranges in the example are for Mourning Doves; Ranges of columns for other species will vary and are not specified in the metadata. Producer Defined None An unlabeled column that contains an index of the observation Producer Defined 1 2130 Year The results of the phenology analysis for each species are summarized for a sample of 5 years, indexed so that year 1 is the first year of the survey (1966) (years 5 [1970], 17, 29, 41 and 53) Producer Defined 5 53 Latitude The results of the phenology analysis for each species are summarized for a sample of latitudes. The sample of latitudes vary among species due to range differences. Producer Defined 33 60 Yearday Yearday for summary results, i.e., yearday 1= 1 january) Producer Defined 137 188 Maxday.probs The probability that the corresponding yearday is the maximum yearday for that year/latitude. Largest value is used as the maximum, and is called "maxdaymode" in the rdata. Producer Defined 0.0 1.0 Minday.probs The probability that any yearday is the minimum yearday. Smallest value is used as the minimum, and is called "mindaymode" in the rdata. Producer Defined 0.0 1.0 Beatmaxdaymode.probs The probability that the phenology effect on each yearday in the year/latitude sample is greater than maxday (mode of highest visibility day) . This quantity is set to 1 at the day of highest probability of maxday.. Producer Defined 0.0 1.0 Beatmindaymode.probs The probability that the phenology effect on each yearday in the year/latitude sample is less than the mindaymode. This quantity is set to 1 at the day of highest probability of minday. Producer Defined 0.0 1.0 2.5%CI-Visibility These numbers represent percentiles of the phenology effect (i.e., the relative visibility of the species) for each yearday sampled in the year/latitude group. The 2.5% value represents the 2.5 percentile of the posterior distribution of phenology effect for that day, It is also the lower critical value of a 95% Credible Interval. Producer Defined 0 500 Median-Visibility These numbers represent percentiles of the phenology effect (i.e., the relative visibility of the species) for each yearday sampled in the year/laititude group. The 50% value represents the median of posterior distribution of the phenology effect for that day, These number represent the relative visibility, scaled to a base year day in which the relative visibility is 1. Producer Defined 0 500 97.5%CI-Visibility These numbers represent percentiles of the phenology effect (i.e., the relative visibility of the species) for each yearday sampled in the year/laititude group. The 97.5% value represents the 97.5 percentile of the posterior distribution of the phenology effect for that day, It is also the upper critical value of a 95% Credible Interval. Producer Defined 0 500 Results are presented as a csv file for each species. The results of the phenology analysis for each species are summarized for a sample of 5 years (years 5 [1970], 17, 29, 41 and 53) and a selection of latitudes (number selected for sampling varies among species). For each of these year/latitude combinations, phenology effects (i.e, the relative visibility over the yeardays the survey was conducted), a 95% credible interval, estimates of times of maximum visibility, ratios of maximum to minimum visibility, and assessments of significance of changes in visibility over the season are documented. Specific metrics provided for each year/latitude in the species csv files include: 1. Year: Year examined (1=1966,...) 2. Latitude: Latitude examined. 3. Quantiles.yearday: These numbers represent percentiles of the phenology effect (i.e., the relative visibility of the species) for each yearday sampled. The 50% value represents the median of posterior distribution of the phenology effect for that day, and the 2.5% value and the 97.5% value form a 95% credible interval for the effect on that day 4. yeardays: Range of yeardays over which the phenology effect was evaluated. These ranges were determined by species to exclude yeardays for which data were not collected. 5. maxday.probs: The probability that any yearday is the maximum yearday. 6. minday.probs The probability that any yearday is the minimum yearday. 7. beatmaxdaymode.probs: This is the probability that the phenology effect on each yearday is greater than maxdaymode. This value is set to 1 at the yearday of the highest maxday.probs. 8. beatmindaymode.probs: This is the probability that the phenology effect on each yearday is less than the mindaymode. This value is set to 1 at the yearday of the highest minday.probs. All data files providing results for a species are named with the common names of the species. For example results for Wood Thrush are provided in Wood_Thrush.csv, with supplemental information in Wood_Thrush.rdata and Wood_Thrush.pdf, Here is a list of the species for which summary results are provided: Abert's_Towhee_Results.csv Acorn_Woodpecker_Results.csv Allen's_Hummingbird_Results.csv American_Avocet_Results.csv American_Bittern_Results.csv American_Black_Duck_Results.csv American_Coot_Results.csv American_Crow_Results.csv American_Goldfinch_Results.csv American_Kestrel_Results.csv American_Redstart_Results.csv American_Robin_Results.csv American_Three-toed_Woodpecker_Results.csv American_White_Pelican_Results.csv American_Wigeon_Results.csv American_Woodcock_Results.csv Anhinga_Results.csv Anna's_Hummingbird_Results.csv Ash-throated_Flycatcher_Results.csv Bachman's_Sparrow_Results.csv Baird's_Sparrow_Results.csv Bald_Eagle_Results.csv Baltimore_Oriole_Results.csv Band-tailed_Pigeon_Results.csv Bank_Swallow_Results.csv Barn_Owl_Results.csv Barn_Swallow_Results.csv Barred_Owl_Results.csv Barrow's_Goldeneye_Results.csv Bay-breasted_Warbler_Results.csv Bell's_Vireo_Results.csv Belted_Kingfisher_Results.csv Bendire's_Thrasher_Results.csv Bewick's_Wren_Results.csv Black-and-white_Warbler_Results.csv Black-backed_Woodpecker_Results.csv Black-bellied_Whistling-Duck_Results.csv Black-billed_Cuckoo_Results.csv Black-billed_Magpie_Results.csv Black-capped_Chickadee_Results.csv Black-chinned_Hummingbird_Results.csv Black-chinned_Sparrow_Results.csv Black-crested_Titmouse_Results.csv Black-crowned_Night-Heron_Results.csv Black-headed_Grosbeak_Results.csv Black-necked_Stilt_Results.csv Black-tailed_Gnatcatcher_Results.csv Black-throated_Blue_Warbler_Results.csv Black-throated_Gray_Warbler_Results.csv Black-throated_Green_Warbler_Results.csv Black-throated_Sparrow_Results.csv Blackburnian_Warbler_Results.csv Black_Phoebe_Results.csv Black_Skimmer_Results.csv Black_Swift_Results.csv Black_Tern_Results.csv Black_Vulture_Results.csv Blue-gray_Gnatcatcher_Results.csv Blue-headed_Vireo_Results.csv Blue-winged_Teal_Results.csv Blue-winged_Warbler_Results.csv Blue_Grosbeak_Results.csv Blue_Jay_Results.csv Boat-tailed_Grackle_Results.csv Bobolink_Results.csv Boreal_Chickadee_Results.csv Brewer's_Blackbird_Results.csv Brewer's_Sparrow_Results.csv Broad-winged_Hawk_Results.csv Bronzed_Cowbird_Results.csv Brown-crested_Flycatcher_Results.csv Brown-headed_Cowbird_Results.csv Brown-headed_Nuthatch_Results.csv Brown_Creeper_Results.csv Brown_Pelican_Results.csv Brown_Thrasher_Results.csv Bufflehead_Results.csv Bullock's_Oriole_Results.csv Burrowing_Owl_Results.csv Bushtit_Results.csv Cactus_Wren_Results.csv California_Gull_Results.csv California_Quail_Results.csv California_Scrub-Jay_Results.csv California_Thrasher_Results.csv California_Towhee_Results.csv Calliope_Hummingbird_Results.csv Canada_Goose_Results.csv Canada_Jay_Results.csv Canada_Warbler_Results.csv Canvasback_Results.csv Canyon_Towhee_Results.csv Canyon_Wren_Results.csv Cape_May_Warbler_Results.csv Carolina_Chickadee_Results.csv Carolina_Wren_Results.csv Caspian_Tern_Results.csv Cassin's_Finch_Results.csv Cassin's_Kingbird_Results.csv Cassin's_Sparrow_Results.csv Cassin's_Vireo_Results.csv Cattle_Egret_Results.csv Cave_Swallow_Results.csv Cedar_Waxwing_Results.csv Chestnut-backed_Chickadee_Results.csv Chestnut-collared_Longspur_Results.csv Chestnut-sided_Warbler_Results.csv Chihuahuan_Raven_Results.csv Chimney_Swift_Results.csv Chipping_Sparrow_Results.csv Chuck-will's-widow_Results.csv Chukar_Results.csv Cinnamon_Teal_Results.csv Clapper_Rail_Results.csv Clark's_Nutcracker_Results.csv Clay-colored_Sparrow_Results.csv Cliff_Swallow_Results.csv Common_Gallinule_Results.csv Common_Goldeneye_Results.csv Common_Grackle_Results.csv Common_Ground_Dove_Results.csv Common_Loon_Results.csv Common_Merganser_Results.csv Common_Nighthawk_Results.csv Common_Poorwill_Results.csv Common_Raven_Results.csv Common_Tern_Results.csv Common_Yellowthroat_Results.csv Connecticut_Warbler_Results.csv Cooper's_Hawk_Results.csv Cordilleran_Flycatcher_Results.csv Costa's_Hummingbird_Results.csv Couch's_Kingbird_Results.csv Crested_Caracara_Results.csv Crissal_Thrasher_Results.csv Curve-billed_Thrasher_Results.csv Dark-eyed_Junco_Results.csv Dickcissel_Results.csv Double-crested_Cormorant_Results.csv Downy_Woodpecker_Results.csv Dusky_Flycatcher_Results.csv Eared_Grebe_Results.csv Eastern_Bluebird_Results.csv Eastern_Kingbird_Results.csv Eastern_Meadowlark_Results.csv Eastern_Phoebe_Results.csv Eastern_Screech-Owl_Results.csv Eastern_Towhee_Results.csv Eastern_Whip-poor-will_Results.csv Eastern_Wood-Pewee_Results.csv Eurasian_Tree_Sparrow_Results.csv European_Starling_Results.csv Evening_Grosbeak_Results.csv Ferruginous_Hawk_Results.csv Field_Sparrow_Results.csv Fish_Crow_Results.csv Forster's_Tern_Results.csv Fox_Sparrow_Results.csv Franklin's_Gull_Results.csv Fulvous_Whistling-Duck_Results.csv Gadwall_Results.csv Gambel's_Quail_Results.csv Gila_Woodpecker_Results.csv Gilded_Flicker_Results.csv Glaucous-winged_Gull_Results.csv Glossy_Ibis_Results.csv Golden-crowned_Kinglet_Results.csv Golden-fronted_Woodpecker_Results.csv Golden_Eagle_Results.csv Grace's_Warbler_Results.csv Grasshopper_Sparrow_Results.csv Gray_Catbird_Results.csv Gray_Flycatcher_Results.csv Gray_Partridge_Results.csv Gray_Vireo_Results.csv Great-tailed_Grackle_Results.csv Greater_Prairie-Chicken_Results.csv Greater_Roadrunner_Results.csv Greater_Sage-Grouse_Results.csv Greater_Yellowlegs_Results.csv Great_Black-backed_Gull_Results.csv Great_Blue_Heron_Results.csv Great_Crested_Flycatcher_Results.csv Great_Egret_Results.csv Great_Horned_Owl_Results.csv Green-tailed_Towhee_Results.csv Green-winged_Teal_Results.csv Green_Heron_Results.csv Green_Jay_Results.csv Gull-billed_Tern_Results.csv Hairy_Woodpecker_Results.csv Hammond's_Flycatcher_Results.csv Harris's_Hawk_Results.csv Henslow's_Sparrow_Results.csv Hepatic_Tanager_Results.csv Hermit_Thrush_Results.csv Hermit_Warbler_Results.csv Herring_Gull_Results.csv Hooded_Merganser_Results.csv Hooded_Oriole_Results.csv Horned_Grebe_Results.csv Horned_Lark_Results.csv House_Finch_Results.csv House_Sparrow_Results.csv House_Wren_Results.csv Hutton's_Vireo_Results.csv Inca_Dove_Results.csv Juniper_Titmouse_Results.csv Kentucky_Warbler_Results.csv Killdeer_Results.csv King_Rail_Results.csv Ladder-backed_Woodpecker_Results.csv Lark_Bunting_Results.csv Lark_Sparrow_Results.csv Laughing_Gull_Results.csv Lawrence's_Goldfinch_Results.csv Lazuli_Bunting_Results.csv Least_Bittern_Results.csv Least_Flycatcher_Results.csv Least_Tern_Results.csv LeConte's_Sparrow_Results.csv LeConte's_Thrasher_Results.csv Lesser_Goldfinch_Results.csv Lesser_Nighthawk_Results.csv Lesser_Scaup_Results.csv Lesser_Yellowlegs_Results.csv Lewis's_Woodpecker_Results.csv Lincoln's_Sparrow_Results.csv Little_Blue_Heron_Results.csv Loggerhead_Shrike_Results.csv Long-billed_Curlew_Results.csv Long-billed_Thrasher_Results.csv Louisiana_Waterthrush_Results.csv Lucy's_Warbler_Results.csv MacGillivray's_Warbler_Results.csv Magnolia_Warbler_Results.csv Mallard_Results.csv Marbled_Godwit_Results.csv Marsh_Wren_Results.csv McCown's_Longspur_Results.csv Merlin_Results.csv Mississippi_Kite_Results.csv Mottled_Duck_Results.csv Mountain_Bluebird_Results.csv Mountain_Chickadee_Results.csv Mountain_Plover_Results.csv Mountain_Quail_Results.csv Mourning_Dove_Results.csv Mourning_Warbler_Results.csv Mute_Swan_Results.csv Nashville_Warbler_Results.csv Northern_Bobwhite_Results.csv Northern_Cardinal_Results.csv Northern_Flicker_Results.csv Northern_Goshawk_Results.csv Northern_Harrier_Results.csv Northern_Mockingbird_Results.csv Northern_Parula_Results.csv Northern_Pintail_Results.csv Northern_Pygmy-Owl_Results.csv Northern_Rough-winged_Swallow_Results.csv Northern_Shoveler_Results.csv Northern_Waterthrush_Results.csv Northwestern_Crow_Results.csv Nuttall's_Woodpecker_Results.csv Oak_Titmouse_Results.csv Olive-sided_Flycatcher_Results.csv Olive_Sparrow_Results.csv Orange-crowned_Warbler_Results.csv Orchard_Oriole_Results.csv Osprey_Results.csv Ovenbird_Results.csv Pacific_Wren_Results.csv Painted_Bunting_Results.csv Palm_Warbler_Results.csv Peregrine_Falcon_Results.csv Phainopepla_Results.csv Philadelphia_Vireo_Results.csv Pied-billed_Grebe_Results.csv Pileated_Woodpecker_Results.csv Pine_Grosbeak_Results.csv Pine_Siskin_Results.csv Pine_Warbler_Results.csv Pinyon_Jay_Results.csv Plumbeous_Vireo_Results.csv Prairie_Falcon_Results.csv Prairie_Warbler_Results.csv Prothonotary_Warbler_Results.csv Purple_Finch_Results.csv Purple_Gallinule_Results.csv Purple_Martin_Results.csv Pygmy_Nuthatch_Results.csv Pyrrhuloxia_Results.csv Red-bellied_Woodpecker_Results.csv Red-breasted_Merganser_Results.csv Red-breasted_Nuthatch_Results.csv Red-breasted_Sapsucker_Results.csv Red-cockaded_Woodpecker_Results.csv Red-eyed_Vireo_Results.csv Red-headed_Woodpecker_Results.csv Red-naped_Sapsucker_Results.csv Red-necked_Grebe_Results.csv Red-shouldered_Hawk_Results.csv Red-tailed_Hawk_Results.csv Red-winged_Blackbird_Results.csv Redhead_Results.csv Red_Crossbill_Results.csv Ring-billed_Gull_Results.csv Ring-necked_Duck_Results.csv Ring-necked_Pheasant_Results.csv Rock_Pigeon_Results.csv Rock_Wren_Results.csv Rose-breasted_Grosbeak_Results.csv Roseate_Spoonbill_Results.csv Ruby-crowned_Kinglet_Results.csv Ruby-throated_Hummingbird_Results.csv Ruddy_Duck_Results.csv Ruffed_Grouse_Results.csv Rufous-crowned_Sparrow_Results.csv Rufous_Hummingbird_Results.csv Rusty_Blackbird_Results.csv Sagebrush_Sparrow_Results.csv Sage_Thrasher_Results.csv Sandhill_Crane_Results.csv Savannah_Sparrow_Results.csv Say's_Phoebe_Results.csv Scaled_Quail_Results.csv Scarlet_Tanager_Results.csv Scissor-tailed_Flycatcher_Results.csv Seaside_Sparrow_Results.csv Sedge_Wren_Results.csv Sharp-shinned_Hawk_Results.csv Sharp-tailed_Grouse_Results.csv Short-eared_Owl_Results.csv Snowy_Egret_Results.csv Song_Sparrow_Results.csv Sooty_Grouse_Results.csv Sora_Results.csv Spotted_Sandpiper_Results.csv Spotted_Towhee_Results.csv Sprague's_Pipit_Results.csv Steller's_Jay_Results.csv Summer_Tanager_Results.csv Swainson's_Hawk_Results.csv Swainson's_Thrush_Results.csv Swallow-tailed_Kite_Results.csv Swamp_Sparrow_Results.csv Tennessee_Warbler_Results.csv Townsend's_Solitaire_Results.csv Townsend's_Warbler_Results.csv Traills_Flycatcher_Results.csv Tree_Swallow_Results.csv Tricolored_Blackbird_Results.csv Tricolored_Heron_Results.csv Tufted_Titmouse_Results.csv Turkey_Vulture_Results.csv Upland_Sandpiper_Results.csv Varied_Thrush_Results.csv Vaux's_Swift_Results.csv Veery_Results.csv Verdin_Results.csv Vermilion_Flycatcher_Results.csv Vesper_Sparrow_Results.csv Violet-green_Swallow_Results.csv Virginia's_Warbler_Results.csv Virginia_Rail_Results.csv Warbling_Vireo_Results.csv Western_Bluebird_Results.csv Western_Grebe_Results.csv Western_Gull_Results.csv Western_Kingbird_Results.csv Western_Meadowlark_Results.csv Western_Screech-Owl_Results.csv Western_Tanager_Results.csv Western_Wood-Pewee_Results.csv White-breasted_Nuthatch_Results.csv White-crowned_Sparrow_Results.csv White-eyed_Vireo_Results.csv White-faced_Ibis_Results.csv White-headed_Woodpecker_Results.csv White-tailed_Kite_Results.csv White-throated_Sparrow_Results.csv White-throated_Swift_Results.csv White-winged_Crossbill_Results.csv White-winged_Dove_Results.csv White_Ibis_Results.csv Wild_Turkey_Results.csv Willet_Results.csv Williamson's_Sapsucker_Results.csv Wilson's_Phalarope_Results.csv Wilson's_Snipe_Results.csv Wilson's_Warbler_Results.csv Winter_Wren_Results.csv Wood_Duck_Results.csv Wood_Stork_Results.csv Wood_Thrush_Results.csv Wrentit_Results.csv Yellow-bellied_Flycatcher_Results.csv Yellow-bellied_Sapsucker_Results.csv Yellow-billed_Cuckoo_Results.csv Yellow-billed_Magpie_Results.csv Yellow-breasted_Chat_Results.csv Yellow-crowned_Night-Heron_Results.csv Yellow-headed_Blackbird_Results.csv Yellow-rumped_Warbler_Results.csv Yellow-throated_Vireo_Results.csv Yellow-throated_Warbler_Results.csv Yellow_Warbler_Results.csv Sauer, J. R., and W. A. Link. Phenology effects in the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Submitted to Ecological Monographs. U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

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Laurel MD 20708 United States 301-497-5662 301-497-5666 jrsauer@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999