Leland R. Spangler Donald S. Sweetkind 20221027 Geodatabase https://doi.org/10.5066/P90KFVPC https://doi.org/10.5066/P90KFVPC Williamson, J.E., Jarrell, G.J., Clawges, R.M., Galloway, J.M., Carter, J.M. 2000 vector digital data U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports 2000-471 Williamson, J.E., Jarrell, G.J., Clawges, R.M., Galloway, J.M., and Carter, J.M., 2000, Digital data sets for map products produced as part of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, western South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-471. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr00471 This digital data release presents multiple previously published elements of the structural configuration of the Black Hills regional subsurface. The original data within this geodatabase is sourced from multiple U.S. Geological Survey Open File Reports into the hydrology of the Black Hills, stored on the USGS Water Mission Area NSDI Node (Driscoll, 1992; Strobel et al., 1999; Williamson et al., 2000). Data include mapped surface exposures of faults and fold hinges, the location and depth of 1025 formation tops of the Madison Group, Minnelusa Formation, and Minnekahta Formation from water well scout tickets, isopach contours of the Madison Group and Minnelusa Formation, and structure contour maps of the top of the Deadwood Formation, Madison Group, Minnelusa Formation, Minnekahta Formation, and Inyan Kara Group. Isopach and structure contour maps were generated using a combination of formation tops and known fold and fault traces (Williamson et al., 2000). Characterizing these units in the subsurface is of value, as they have been identified as highly productive groundwater sources in the Black Hills, and prospective hydrocarbon reservoirs in the adjacent Powder River and Williston Basins (Strobel et al., 1999; Williamson et al., 2000). Geologic formation tops, fold and fault traces, isopach contours, and structure contours were digitized and attributed as GIS data sets for use in digital form as part of U.S. Geological Survey’s ongoing effort to inventory, catalog, and release subsurface geologic data in geospatial form. This effort is part of a broad directive to develop 2D and 3D geologic information at detailed, national, and continental scales. Structure contour lines and isopach contours for each formation are stored within separate IsoValueLine feature classes, while formation tops for each formation are stored as point data in separate “GenericPoints” feature classes. Fold hinge traces are stored in the GeologicLines feature class, while faults are stored in the ContactsAndFaults feature class. These are distributed within a geographic information system geodatabase and are also saved as shapefiles. Contour and point data are provided in both feet and meters to maintain consistency with the original publication and for ease of use. Nonspatial tables define the data sources used, define terms used in the dataset, and describe the geologic units referenced herein. A tabular data dictionary describes the entity and attribute information for all attributes of the geospatial data and accompanying nonspatial tables. This digital dataset was created as part of U.S. Geological Survey efforts to inventory, catalog, and release subsurface geologic data in geospatial form as part of a broad directive to develop 2D and 3D geologic information at detailed, national, and continental scales. The elevation, thickness, and extent of subsurface geologic units are required to define the geologic layering in any digital geologic framework model; these data, derived from previous USGS and other studies, provide a fundamental starting point. The intended uses of this dataset include, but are not limited to, natural resource modeling, mapping, and visualization. This digital dataset results from goal within the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program to convert subsurface data that were previously published in older digital format to updated digital, vector-based data suitable for use by the public and in USGS studies. The objective of the data conversion is to reproduce the original published mapping with little to no added interpretation. Geodatabase is generally compliant with and follows schema and structure of GeMS [https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/standards/GeMS/]. Some feature classes are duplicated to present data from a single geologic unit denoted in the feature class name and ID field. Data in their original format are available at the USGS Water Mission Area's National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) Node (https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getgislist). Data on the NSDI Node are not sorted by study area; a user may find these data by searching on "Black Hills" or the various formation names in the search bar on the NSDI Node. 1992 2022 publication date Complete None planned Black Hills Region -104.2390 -102.8920 44.8337 43.1043 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation None US GeoFramework Initiative USGI National Geologic Synthesis Project NGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program NCGMP Geologic Map Schema GeMS USGS Thesaurus Structure Contours Isopach Contours Structure Mapping Formation Tops USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:633af93ad34e900e86cf132e USGS Thesaurus Structure Contours Common Geographic Areas South Dakota Wyoming Black Hills USGS Geolex (https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/search) Inyan Kara Group Minnekahta Formation Minnelusa Formation Madison Group Deadwood Formation None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Leland R Spangler U.S. Geological Survey, ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION Geologist mailing address

Mail Stop 980, W 6th Ave Kipling St

Lakewood CO 80225 US 3032365452 lspangler@usgs.gov Brooklyn Smout for peer review, Judd Goldberg for scientific consultation, Darren (Paco) VanSistine for data revisions. This dataset was developed on Windows 10 Enterprise using ArcGIS Pro and Microsoft Excel. No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. Verification was done by interactive on-screen review. Map elements and Topology were checked if needed. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has not been conducted Williamson, J.E., Jarrell, G.J., Clawges, R.M., Galloway, J.M., Carter, J.M. 2000 vector digital data U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-471 Williamson, J.E., Jarrell, G.J., Clawges, R.M., Galloway, J.M., and Carter, J.M., 2000, Digital data sets for map products produced as part of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, western South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-471. The Black Hills Hydrology Study was initiated in 1990 as a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents local and county cooperators. The purpose of the study is to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota and to define and to develop regional hydrogeologic conceptual models of the Black Hills (Driscoll, 1992, Strobel and others, 1998). The study area includes parts of Butte, Custer, Fall River, Lawrence, Meade, and Pennington Counties in western South Dakota. An important set of products developed as part of the Black Hills Hydrology Study is a series of 1:100,000-scale maps, including a hydrogeologic unit map (Strobel and others, 1999); potentiometric maps for five major aquifers (Strobel and others, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2000d, and 2000e); and structure-contour maps for the five formations that contain major aquifers (Carter and Redden, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, 1999d, and 1999e). GIS methods were used extensively in producing these maps. Digital data generated include 28 individual GIS data sets. The hydrogeologic unit data set includes all mapped hydrogeologic units within the study area. The major geologic structure data set includes anticlines and synclines. Data sets were also generated for potentiometric maps including the potentiometric contours for the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers. Data sets of the wells used as control points for each aquifer and springs used as control points for the potentiometric contours are also included. Data sets are included for the structure-contour maps including the structure contours for the top of each formation that contains major aquifers as well as wells and tests holes used as control points for each formation. Data sets of the surficial deposits (alluvium and terrace deposits) that directly overlie each of the major aquifer outcrops are also included. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr00471 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2000 Current Williamson USGS Black Hills Hydrology Study Contributed structure contour data for the top of the Inyan Kara Group, Minnekahta Formation, Minnelusa Formation, Madison Group, and Deadwood Formation. Additionally contributed location and depth of water wells and formation tops, and geologic structure traces. Driscoll, Gregory, J., 1992 tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-84 Driscoll, D.G., 1992, Plan of study for the Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-84, 10 p. This data set was created as part of the Black Hills Hydrology Study (BHHS). The BHHS is a long-term investigation that was initiated in 1990 as a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and the West Dakota Water Development District. West Dakota represents various local and county cooperators. The purpose of the study is to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface and ground water in the Black Hills area of western South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). The study area includes parts of Butte, Custer, Fall River, Lawrence, Meade, and Pennington counties in South Dakota. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr9284 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1992 Current Driscoll Plan of study for the Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota This data source contributed understanding of each geological unit's composition Strobel, M. Jarrell,G. Sawyer, J.F. Schleicher, J. Fahrenbach, M. 1999 publication Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-743 https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha743 https://doi.org/10.3133/ha743 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1999 Current Strobel Black Hills Hydrogeologic Atlas Description of the geologic units, applicability to water resources, and geologic map data Spatial data was identified and downloaded from the USGS publication page. Mapped structure traces, isopach maps, structure contour maps, and water well locations were extracted from the GIS file for processing. They were re-projected into a Albers Conical Equal Area geodatabase and attributed properly to meet GeMS standards. 20220818 Data was reviewed for completeness, accuracy, and accessibility. All data is stored in both geodatabase + excel format, or shapefile + comma separated values format. 20220818 Vector String 1228 Albers Conical Equal Area 29.5 45.5 -96.0 23.0 0.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.6096 0.6096 meters North_American_Datum_1983 GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 Black_Hills_Subsurface_Data.gdb The geologic map polygons, geologic lines, structure contour lines, generic points, and Thickness Polygons are distributed as separate feature classes within a geographic information system geodatabase. Contoured elevation values are given in feet, to maintain consistency with the original publication, and in meters. Nonspatial tables define the data sources used, define terms used in the dataset, and describe the geologic units. A tabular data dictionary describes the entity and attribute information for all attributes of the geospatial data and the accompanying nonspatial tables. FEATURE DATASET: GeologicMap ***All features classes in projected coordinates of NAD 1983 Contiguous USA Albers*** FEATURE CLASS: ContactsAndFaults [Line Feature class] DESCRIPTION OF FIELDS: Shape_Length: Describes the length of the line in meters Shape: Describes the type of attribute in the feature class Type: Specifies type of geologic feature represented by this database row. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted IsConcealed:Indicates whether this contact or fault is concealed by an overlying map unit. Values = “N” or “Y”. Null values not permitted LocationConfidenceMeters: Half-width (in meters) of positional-uncertainty envelope around this line feature. Data type = float. Null values not permitted; recommend setting value = ?9 if value is not known ExistenceConfidence: Indicates how confidently existence of this line feature has been determined. Typical values are “certain”, “questionable”, “unspecified”. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted IdentityConfidence: Indicates how confidently this line feature has been identified as a particular type. Typical values are “certain”, “questionable”, “unspecified”. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted Label: Describes text label for this line feature. Can be used to store fault name or other easily understood name for line feature. Allows for special fonts to show geologic age symbols. Null values are typical Symbol: References a line symbol in USGS FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization (https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/11A02/) DataSourceID: Identifies source of each data element. Foreign key to DataSources table. Null values not permitted Notes: Optional field. Free text for additional information specific to this feature. Free text for additional information specific to this line feature. Null values permitted ContactsAndFaults_ID: Primary key. Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted FEATURE CLASS: GenericPoints [Point Feature class; same fields used in three GenericPoints feature classes: for MadisonFMTops, MinnekahtaFmTops, and MinnelusaFmTops] DESCRIPTION OF FIELDS: Shape: Describes the type of attribute in the feature class ALTITUDE: Describes the altitude of the point in meters Type: Specifies kind of point feature represented by this database row. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted AltitudeOfTop_ft: Specifies measured value in feet that pertains to this point feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted DepthToFm_ft: Specifies measured value in feet that pertains to this point feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted LocationConfidenceMeters: Half-width (in meters) of positional-uncertainty envelope around this point feature. Data type = float. Null values not permitted; recommend setting value = ?9 if value is not known AltitudeOfTop_m: Specifies measured value in meters that pertains to this point feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted DepthToFm_m: Specifies measured value in meters that pertains to this point feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted Symbol: References a line symbol in USGS FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization (https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/11A02/) Label: Describes text label for this point feature. Can be used to store fault name or other easily understood name for line feature. Allows for special fonts to show geologic age symbols. Null values are typical DataSourceID: Identifies source of each data element. Foreign key to DataSources table. Null values not permitted Notes: Optional field. Free text for additional information specific to this feature. Free text for additional information specific to this line feature. Null values permitted LocationSource_ID: Primary key. Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted AltitudeOfWellHead_ft: Specifies measured value in feet that pertains to this point feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted AltitudeOfWellHead_m: Specifies measured value in feet that pertains to this point feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted StationsID: Unique identifier for an individual point. Null values not permitted FormationTopName: Identifier of formation attributed to point feature MapUnit: Short, easily understood ASCII-character identifier for the map unit represented by this polygon. Foreign key to DescriptionOfMapUnits table. Use of special characters is discouraged GenericPoints_ID: Primary key. Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted FEATURE CLASS: IsoValueLines [Line Feature class] DESCRIPTION OF FIELDS: Shape: Describes the type of attribute in the feature class Type: Specifies kind of line feature represented by this database row. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted Value: Specifies measured value that pertains to this line feature, in the original map units. Date type = float. Null values not permitted ValueConfidence: Value uncertainty. Null values not permitted; recommend setting value = –9 if value is not known (see discussion above in “Feature-Level Metadata”) Symbol: References a line symbol in USGS FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization (https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/11A02/) Label: Describes text label for this line feature. Can be used to store fault name or other easily understood name for line feature. Allows for special fonts to show geologic age symbols. Null values are typical DataSourceID: Identifies source of each data element. Foreign key to DataSources table. Null values not permitted Notes: Optional field. Free text for additional information specific to this feature. Free text for additional information specific to this line feature. Null values permitted IsoValueLines_ID: Primary key. Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted Shape_Length: Describes the length of the line in meters ContourValue_ft: Specifies measured value in feet that pertains to this line feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted ContourValue_m: Specifies measured value in meters that pertains to this line feature. Date type = float. Null values not permitted MapUnit: Short, easily understood ASCII-character identifier for the map unit represented by this polygon. Foreign key to DescriptionOfMapUnits table. Use of special characters is discouraged FEATURE CLASS: GeologicLines [Line feature class; same fields are used in five feature classes: TopDeadwood, TopInyanKara, TopMadison, TopMinnekahta, TopMinnelusa] DESCRIPTION OF FIELDS: Shape: Describes the type of attribute in the feature class Shape_Length: Describes the length of the line in meters Type: Specifies kind of line feature represented by this database row. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted IsConcealed:Indicates whether this contact or fault is concealed by an overlying map unit. Values = “N” or “Y”. Null values not permitted LocationConfidenceMeters: Half-width (in meters) of positional-uncertainty envelope around this line feature. Data type = float. Null values not permitted; recommend setting value = ?9 if value is not known ExistenceConfidence: Indicates how confidently existence of this line feature has been determined. Typical values are “certain”, “questionable”, “unspecified”. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted IdentityConfidence: Indicates how confidently this polygon has been identified as a particular map unit. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted Symbol: References a line symbol in USGS FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization (https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/11A02/) Label: Describes text label for this line feature. Can be used to store fault name or other easily understood name for line feature. Allows for special fonts to show geologic age symbols. Null values are typical DataSourceID: Identifies source of each data element. Foreign key to DataSources table. Null values not permitted Notes: Optional field. Free text for additional information specific to this feature. Free text for additional information specific to this line feature. Null values permitted GeologicLines_ID: Primary key. Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted FEATURE CLASS: ThicknessPolygon [Polygon feature class; Polygon representing the generalized thickness of a unit mapped in the subsurface; polygons are attributed with a thickness range; same fields used for two feature classes: Madison and Minnelusa] MapUnit: Short, easily understood ASCII-character identifier for the map unit represented by this polygon. Foreign key to DescriptionOfMapUnits table. Use of special characters is discouraged Type: Specifies kind of line feature represented by this database row. Values must be defined in Glossary table. Null values not permitted ThicknessRange_ft: Range of thickness of MapUnit within specified polygon. Thickness values in feet. Data type = text string since thickness given as a range of values. DataSourceID: Identifies source of each data element. Foreign key to DataSources table. Null values not permitted Notes: Optional field. Free text for additional information specific to this feature. Free text for additional information specific to this line feature. Null values permitted ThicknessPolygon_ID: Primary key. Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted NON-SPATIAL TABLE: DataSources DESCRIPTION OF FIELDS: Source: Short, terse, easily understood ASCII-character identifier for a data source Citation: complete citation of publication URL: URL link to data (at time of publication), if available Notes: Free text for additional information specific to this entry. DataSources_ID: Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted NON-SPATIAL TABLE: Glossary DESCRIPTION OF FIELDS: Term: Geologic concept, feature, phenomenon, or other terminology being defined. Values must be unique within database. Null values not permitted Definition: Definition of value in Term DefinitionSource_ID: Identifies source of definition. Foreign key to DataSources table Glossary_ID: Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted NON-SPATIAL TABLE: DescriptionOfMapUnits DESCRIPTION OF FIELDS: MapUnit: Short, easily understood ASCII-character identifier for the map unit represented by this polygon. Foreign key to DescriptionOfMapUnits table. Use of special characters is discouraged Name: Short name of formal or informal map unit, as shown in DMU FullName: Full name of formal or informal map unit; must include complete identification of any higher rank unit(s) that contain this unit (may or may not be same as Name value) Age: Age of map unit, as shown in DMU. Period or Epoch of unit consistent with USGS time scale Description: Full text description of map unit HierarchyKey: Text string that indicates place of map unit or heading within DMU hierarchy. Text string has form of “n-n-n”, “nn-nn”, “nn-nn-nn”, “nnn-nnn”, or similar; each dash-delimited fragment of string (1) is numeric, (2) has same length as others in string and in DescriptionOfMapUnits table, and (3) is left-padded with zeroes if values exceed one digit. ParagraphStyle: Name of user-defined paragraph style that indicates hierarchy of map units and headings within DMU. Values must be defined in Glossary table; definition typically includes formatting specifications Label: Describes text label for map-unit polygons. Field from which map-unit label is generated Symbol: If used, references an area-fill symbol in USGS FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization (https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/11A02/) AreaFillRGB: If used, specifies RGB (red-green-blue colorspace values) equivalent of area-fill color of map unit as{<red value>,<green value>,<blue value>} DescriptionSourceID: Identifies source of Description. Foreign key to DataSources table GeoMaterial: Term categorizing the dominant lithology in the map feature. Term derived from NGMDB standard term list (see APPENDIX A. TERMS FOR GEOMATERIAL AND GEOMATERIALCONFIDENCE in GeMS data model https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/standards/GeMS/) GeoMaterialConfidence: Qualitative term describing appropriateness of the GeoMaterial term used DescriptionOfMapUnits_ID: Values must be unique in database. Null values not permitted NON-SPATIAL TABLE: GeoMaterialDict This nonspatial table is a standard part of any GeMS spatial database and is not modified by the authors. This table is described within the GeMS documentation; see DataSource DAS13. U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)—A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. B10, 74 p., U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/633af93ad34e900e86cf132e None 20221027 Leland R Spangler U.S. Geological Survey, ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION Geologist mailing address

Mail Stop 980, W 6th Ave Kipling St

Lakewood CO 80225 US 3032365452 lspangler@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999