Poessel, Sharon A. Woodbridge, Brian Smith, Brian W. Murphy, Robert K. Bedrosian, Bryan E. Bell, Douglas A. Bittner, David Bloom, Peter H. Crandall, Ross H. Domenech, Robert Fisher, Robert N. Haggerty, Patricia K. Slater, Steven J. Tracey, Jeff A. Watson, James W. Katzner, Todd E. 20220214 Microsoft Excel data exported as comma-separated files Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P91T2VMO Poessel, Sharon A. Woodbridge, Brian Smith, Brian W. Murphy, Robert K. Bedrosian, Bryan E. Bell, Douglas A. Bittner, David Bloom, Peter H. Crandall, Ross H. Domenech, Robert Fisher, Robert N. Haggerty, Patricia K. Slater, Steven J. Tracey, Jeff A. Watson, James W. Katzner, Todd E. 2022 Publication online Wiley TBD We studied >500 golden eagles tracked by telemetry over a 10-year period in western North America, of which 160 engaged in non-routine, long-distance (>300 km) movements. We identified spatial and temporal correlates of those movements at both small and large scales, and we quantified movement timing and direction. We further tested which age and sex classes of eagles were more likely to engage in these movements. This dataset includes data on daily distances and their correlates, long-distance event distances and durations and their correlates, event timing and directions, and eagle ages and sexes. USGS FRESC conducted research activities to understand potential drivers of non-migratory, long-distance movements of golden eagles to inform conservation and management efforts for this species. 20070605 20170814 ground condition Complete None planned Western North America -124.167 -94.155000000003 55.88 22.989 ISO 19115 Topic Category biota environment USGS Thesaurus birds animal behavior terrestrial ecosystems USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:61df4103d34ed79294021f6a Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names Western United States Canada Mexico USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus Birds Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2021 ONLINE_REFERENCE Washington, D.C. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) http://itis.gov Todd E Katzner NW-PACIFIC ISLAND REG: SNAKE RIVER FIELD STA Research Wildlife Biologist mailing and physical

970 Lusk Street

Boise ID 83706 US 208-426-5232 tkatzner@usgs.gov expert advice;;Field crews are skilled in identifying golden eagles. Identifications are robust and comprehensive. Adult golden eagles are easily identified. Younger golden eagles and their ages are identified based on feather molt. This dataset includes data collected from golden eagles. Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Aves Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae Genus Aquila Species Aquila chrysaetos Águila real Golden Eagle Aigle royal No access constraints. No use constraints. FRESC Science Data Coordinator U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center mailing and physical

777 NW 9th St, Suite 400

Corvallis OR 97330 US 541-750-1030 fresc_outreach@usgs.gov Data were collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Eagle Environmental, Inc., Teton Raptor Center, East Bay Regional Park District, Wildlife Research Institute, Inc., Bloom Research Inc., Craighead Beringia South, Raptor View Research Institute, USGS-Western Ecological Research Center, HawkWatch International, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and their many staff, students, and volunteers. Funding for data analysis and manuscript writing was provided by the Science Support Partnership/Quick Response Program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Regions 1, 2, 6, and 8, and the Western Golden Eagle Team. Somayeh Dodge Gil Bohrer Rolf Weinzierl Sarah C Davidson Roland Kays David Douglas Sebastian Cruz Jiawei Han David Brandes Martin Wikelski 20130703 publication n/a Springer Science and Business Media LLC Dodge et al. 2013. The environmental-data automated track annotation (ENV-DATA) system: linking animal tracks with environmental data. Movement Ecology 1(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-3933-1-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-3933-1-3 Data were analyzed in R. R packages used were: 'lme4', 'MuMIn', 'Johnson', and 'CircStats'. R: https://www.R-project.org; 'lme4' package: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lme4/index.html; 'MuMIn' package: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MuMIn/index.html; 'Johnson' package: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Johnson/index.html; 'CircStats' package: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/CircStats/index.html R and its associated packages can be found online. URLs for R and the packages used are listed. Attribute values were obtained from golden eagle telemetry records and external environmental data obtained online. Telemetry data are as accurate as the GPS telemetry units (usually within a few meters). For the day tracks, land cover data were at 250-m resolution, topographic data were at 30-m resolution, and meteorological data were at 3-hour temporal resolution. For the events, ecoregion data are Level II ecological regions (14 ecoregions in our study area), landform data were at 100-m resolution, and weather data were at 1-km resolution. The data match with the details provided. All values fall within the expected and reported ranges. No data are duplicated or omitted. Spatial data were projected in ArcGIS to ensure accuracy. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. GPS telemetry data were obtained from the golden eagle telemetry units. All data were projected in ArcGIS to ensure positional accuracy. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Field Golden eagles were captured over several years in grassland, shrubland, and desert ecosystems of the western United States and tracked across the entire western portion of North America. Each bird was aged and sexed, and was fitted with a transmitter mounted with a custom-made backpack-style harness, either GPS/Argos Platform Transmitter Terminals or GPS/Global System for Mobile Communications telemetry units. Telemetry units collected data at intervals ranging from 30 seconds to 1 hour. We identified any bird that moved more than 300 km from its initial location as a "long-distance mover". We then created daily tracks (paths flown within a single day) and long-distance events (continuous, usually multi-day, uni-directional movements of ≥300 km) for each long-distance mover. We obtained environmental data (i.e., landscape, topographic, and meteorological data) from external sources found online and described in our manuscript. We then used ArcGIS to associate these data, along with demographic data (i.e., age, sex) and temporal data (i.e., month), with each daily track and long-distance event. Commission for Environmental Cooperation 2018 vector digital data http://www.cec.org/north-american-environmental-atlas/terrestrial-ecoregions-level-ii/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 2018 publication date CEC 2018 Ecological region types. Natural Resources Canada/The Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (NRCan/CCMEO) United States Geological Survey (USGS) Insituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia (INEGI) Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONBIO) Comision Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR) 2013 spatial data https://www.mrlc.gov/data/north-american-land-change-monitoring-system Digital and/or Hardcopy 2013 publication date NALCMS 2013 Land cover categories. P.E. Thornton M.M. Thornton B.W. Mayer Y. Wei R. Devarakonda R.S. Vose R.B. Cook 2016 publication n/a ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center https://doi.org/10.3334/ornldaac/1328 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2016 publication date Daymet Precipitation and temperature data. Data were derived by using ArcGIS 10.6 to associate each environmental variable with each daily track and long-distance event. Daily Tracks: For land cover, we buffered each location in each daily track by 500 m, then extracted the land cover class for each cell within those buffers. We then assigned the most common land cover class to the daily track. For topography, we linked each location within a daily track to a measurement of the terrain ruggedness index (TRI), then calculated the mean and standard deviation of TRI values for all locations within a daily track. For meteorological variables, we linked each location in a daily track to each weather variable, then averaged the values of each weather variable for all locations within a daily track. Long-distance Events: For ecoregion data, we linked the first and last GPS locations of each long-distance event to their corresponding ecoregion. For topography, we linked each GPS location in a long-distance event to its corresponding landform class, then calculated the proportion of locations in each class for each event. For meteorological variables, we obtained daily total precipitation and daily maximum and minimum 2-m air temperature for each of the 30 days before the first location of each long-distance event, then summed the precipitation data and averaged the temperature data over this 30-day period. Finally, we obtained the compass direction of each long-distance event by using the Linear Directional Mean tool in ArcGIS. 20200226 DailyDistanceData Spreadsheet contains information on the distances of daily tracks flown by golden eagles and the demographic, temporal, and environmental correlates of those distances First author of manuscript BirdID The identification number or name assigned to each eagle Producer defined Identification number or name of each individual eagle Sex Sex of the eagle Producer defined Male Sex of the eagle is male Producer defined Female Sex of the eagle is female Producer defined Unknown Sex of the eagle is unknown Producer defined Age Age class of the eagle Producer defined Adult Eagle is over 3 years old Producer defined Sub-adult Eagle is between 1 and 3 years old Producer defined Juvenile Eagle is less than 1 year old Producer defined DayTrack A numeric identifier for each track/path flown in a day by an eagle Producer defined A sequential, identifying number No_Locs The number of telemetry locations that make up the day track Producer defined 2 27 Number of locations Date The date of the day track Producer defined The date of the day track flown by the eagle, in m/dd/yyyy format. Month A numeric identifier of the month in which the day track occurred Producer defined 1 12 Months Year The year in which the day track occurred Producer defined 2007 2017 Years DailyDist Length, or distance, of the day track Producer defined 0 517.1716712 Kilometers (km) LandCover Most common land cover class within the day track Producer defined Barren Areas characterized by bare rock, gravel, sand, silt, clay, or other earthen material with <10% vegetation cover NALCMS 2013 Broadleaf Forests with trees >3 m tall, >20% total vegetation cover, and crown cover >75% broadleaved evergreen or deciduous species; includes mixed forests where needleleaf and broadleaf species co-dominate NALCMS 2013 Crop Areas dominated by intensively managed crops with >20% total vegetation cover NALCMS 2013 Grass Areas dominated by graminoid or herbaceous vegetation with >80% total vegetation cover NALCMS 2013 Needleleaf Forests with trees >3 m tall and crown cover consisting of ≥75% needleleaved species NALCMS 2013 Other Low vegetation: areas dominated by dwarf shrubs, grassland, or bare areas with lichen and moss and ≥20% total vegetation cover; water/wetland: areas dominated by perennial herbaceous and woody wetland vegetation or areas of open water; urban: areas with ≥30% urban constructed materials for human activities; and snow/ice: areas with >25% cover of ice and/or snow NALCMS 2013 Shrub Areas dominated by woody perennial plants with persistent woody stems <5 m tall and >20% total vegetation cover NALCMS 2013 TRI_Avg The average Terrain Ruggedness Index value within a day track; reflects average landscape roughness Producer defined 0 5604.633017 Index (unitless) TRI_SD The standard deviation of Terrain Ruggedness Index within a day track; reflects variability in landscape roughness Producer defined 0 5249.345678 Index (unitless) DSR The average value of downward shortwave radiation flux within a day track Producer defined and Dodge et al, 2013 0 1050.476212 Watts per square meter (W/m2) Precip The average value of total precipitation at the earth's surface within a day track Producer defined and Dodge et al, 2013 0 15.7421875 Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2) Temp The average surface temperature within a day track Producer defined and Dodge et al, 2013 250.7255095 326.172873 Kelvins (K) WindSpeed The average wind speed within a day track Producer defined and Dodge et al, 2013 0.119582452 20.15924941 Meters per second (m/s) WindDir The average wind direction within a day track Producer defined 0.460867898 358.1593545 Degrees/aspect WindDirection The categorical wind direction assigned to a day track Producer defined North Wind direction is >315° and ≤45° Producer defined East Wind direction is >45° and ≤135° Producer defined South Wind direction is >135° and ≤225° Producer defined West Wind direction is >225° and ≤315° Producer defined EventData Spreadsheet contains information on long-distance events flown by golden eagles, including distances and number of days in an event, and demographic, temporal, and environmental correlates of those events First author of manuscript BirdID The identification number or name assigned to each eagle Producer defined Identification number or name of each individual eagle Sex Sex of the eagle Producer defined Male Sex of the eagle is male Producer defined Female Sex of the eagle is female Producer defined Unknown Sex of the eagle is unknown Producer defined Age Age class of the eagle Producer defined Adult Eagle is over 3 years old Producer defined Sub-adult Eagle is between 1 and 3 years old Producer defined Juvenile Eagle is less than 1 year old Producer defined Event An identifier for each long-distance event flown by an eagle Producer defined A sequential identifying number/letter combination; the number identifies the eagle and the letter identifies each unique event flown by that eagle Month A numeric identifier of the month in which the long-distance event occurred Producer defined 1 12 Months Year The year in which the long-distance event occurred Producer defined 2007 2017 Years NumDays The number of days over which the long-distance event occurred Producer defined 1 55 Number of days CumDist The cumulative distance of the long-distance event, i.e., the sum of the day track distances that make up the event, plus the distances between those tracks Producer defined 307122.0668 2954587.85 Meters (m) DisplaceDist The displacement distance of the long-distance event, i.e., the distance between the first and last locations of the long-distance event Producer defined 300194.92 2411317.71 Meters (m) EcoregionStart The ecological region type at the starting point of the long-distance event Producer defined Western Cordillera High-elevation mountains and plateaus in U.S. and Canada CEC 2018 Interior Plains Western Great Plains, including West-Central and South-Central Semiarid Prairies, and Boreal Plain in U.S. and Canada CEC 2018 Cold Deserts Sagebrush-steppe ecosystems of high-elevation intermountain basins and plateaus in U.S. and Canada CEC 2018 Warm Deserts Arid region in southern U.S. and Mexico CEC 2018 Mediterranean California Mixed chaparral, grassland, and oak woodlands in California, U.S., and northern Baja California, Mexico CEC 2018 Upper Gila Mountains Forested hills, scrublands, and grassland valleys in southern U.S., between cold desert and warm desert regions CEC 2018 EcoregionEnd The ecological region type at the ending point of the long-distance event Producer defined Western Cordillera High-elevation mountains and plateaus in U.S. and Canada CEC 2018 Interior Plains Western Great Plains, including West-Central and South-Central Semiarid Prairies, and Boreal Plain in U.S. and Canada CEC 2018 Cold Deserts Sagebrush-steppe ecosystems of high-elevation intermountain basins and plateaus in U.S. and Canada CEC 2018 Warm Deserts Arid region in southern U.S. and Mexico CEC 2018 Mediterranean California Mixed chaparral, grassland, and oak woodlands in California, U.S., and northern Baja California, Mexico CEC 2018 Upper Gila Mountains Forested hills, scrublands, and grassland valleys in southern U.S., between cold desert and warm desert regions CEC 2018 Valleys The proportion of telemetry locations within the long-distance event that was in the valleys landform class (defined as ≤-30 Topographic Position Index) Producer defined 0 1 Proportion Ridges The proportion of telemetry locations within the long-distance event that was in the ridges landform class (defined as >30 Topographic Position Index) Producer defined 0 1 Proportion Flat The proportion of telemetry locations within the long-distance event that was in the flat landform class (defined as >-30 and ≤30 Topographic Position Index and slope ≤2°) Producer defined 0 1 Proportion Slopes The proportion of telemetry locations within the long-distance event that was in the slopes landform class (defined as >-30 and ≤30 Topographic Position Index and slope >2°) Producer defined 0 1 Proportion PrecipStart Sum of the daily total precipitation for the 30 days before the first location of the long-distance event Producer defined and Daymet 0 264 Millimeters (mm). MaxTempStart Average of the daily maximum 2-m air temperature for the 30 days before the first location of the long-distance event Producer defined and Daymet -1.733333333 36.83333333 Degrees Celsius (°C) MinTempStart Average of the daily minimum 2-m air temperature for the 30 days before the first location of the long-distance event Producer defined and Daymet -14 20.81666667 Degrees Celsius (°C) EventTimingData Spreadsheet contains information on the number of long-distance events that were initiated in each month of the calendar year First author of manuscript Month A numeric identifier of the month in which the long-distance event was initiated Producer defined 1 12 Months NoEvents The number of long-distance events, across all eagles, that occurred in a month Producer defined 4 101 Number of events EventDirectionsData Spreadsheet contains information on the compass direction of each of the long-distance events flown by golden eagles First author of manuscript Event An identifier for each long-distance event flown by an eagle Producer defined A sequential identifying number/letter combination; the number identifies the eagle and the letter identifies each unique event flown by that eagle BirdID The identification number or name assigned to each eagle Producer defined Identification number or name of each individual eagle Degrees The compass direction, in degrees, of the long-distance event Producer defined 0.904146787 359.9844347 Degrees Radians The compass direction, in radians, of the long-distance event Producer defined 0.015780338 6.282913642 Radians Category The directional category of the long-distance event Producer defined North Event direction is >337.5° and ≤22.5° Producer defined Northeast Event direction is >22.5° and ≤67.5° Producer defined East Event direction is >67.5° and ≤112.5° Producer defined Southeast Event direction is >112.5° and ≤157.5° Producer defined South Event direction is >157.5° and ≤202.5° Producer defined Southwest Event direction is >202.5° and ≤247.5° Producer defined West Event direction is >247.5° and ≤292.5° Producer defined Northwest Event direction is >292.5° and ≤337.5° Producer defined AgeSexData Spreadsheet contains information on the ages and sexes of all golden eagles, including both long-distance movers and local movers First author of manuscript Type A numeric identifier differentiating between a local mover and a long-distance mover Producer defined 0 Local mover (i.e., an eagle that only made localized movements or distances <300 km) Producer defined 1 Long-distance mover (i.e., an eagle that moved distances ≥300 km) Producer defined BirdID The identification number or name assigned to each eagle Producer defined Identification number or name of each individual eagle Sex Sex of the eagle Producer defined Male Sex of the eagle is male Producer defined Female Sex of the eagle is female Producer defined Age Age class of the eagle Producer defined Adult Eagle is over 3 years old Producer defined Sub-adult Eagle is between 1 and 3 years old Producer defined Juvenile Eagle is less than 1 year old Producer defined U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey-ScienceBase mailing and physical

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver Colorado 80225 US 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from a U.S. Geological Survey server, and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 20220214 FRESC Science Data Coordinator U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center mailing and physical

777 NW 9th St, Suite 400

Corvallis OR 97330 US 541-750-1030 fresc_outreach@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999