Swift, Rose J Anteau, Michael J Sherfy, Mark H Koons, David N Ellis, Kristen S Shaffer, Terry L Ring, Megan M Toy, Dustin L 20210908 Tabular digital data Jamestown, ND U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/org:10.5066/P9YUXKEC Anteau, Michael J Swift, Rose J Sherfy, Mark H Koons, David N Ellis, Kristen S Shaffer, Terry L Toy, Dustin L Ring, Megan M 2021 Manuscript Journal of Wildlife Management Wiley This dataset presents four tabular data files that evaluate the effect of predator exclosures around piping plover (Charadrius melodus) nests affects plover nest, chick, within-season, and annual adult survival. During 2014-2016, this data was part of a designed experiment to examine nest (n = 418), chick (n = 453), and adult (n = 367) survival at alkaline wetlands of the Northern Great Plains. Alkaline wetlands were divided between treatment wetlands and control wetlands (no exclosures placed anywhere on wetland). Field crews aimed to place predator exclosures around half of all plover nests found resulting in three treatment types: uncaged nest on control wetland, uncaged nest on treatment wetland, and caged nest on treatment wetland. The nest survival dataset includes values used with the Shaffer logistic exposure model as well as the treatment of nest and wetland separately. The chick survival dataset includes a censored Cormack-Jolly-Seber encounter history based on when chicks were searched for and in addition to the experimental treatment, the region of the study area and the density of chicks at each wetland basin are included. Adult survival was examined over two time periods, during incubation (within season) and annually, resulting in two separate datasets, and took advantage of resightings of individuals outside the focal study area. The within season survival dataset includes a Barker model encounter history, region, experimental treatment, and a measure of habitat availability based on a climate index (standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index). The annual adult survival dataset includes a Barker model encounter history and the time-varying experimental treatment. Nest cages, which exclude nest predators, have been widely adopted and used by managers at nearly all important breeding areas for plovers; however, in recent years, concerns about the efficacy of nest cages, coupled with the cost of deploying cages in dispersed and remote areas, has led managers to suspend the use of nest cages at breeding areas in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the Northern Great Plains. This data was collected to address concerns about whether nest cages produce more fledglings and to evaluate if they have any negative effect on either within-season or annual adult survival. In addition, we collected data to confirm the results from other studies that nest cages improve nest survival. Combined these data would provide information to managers for making decisions about the long-term efficacy of their nest-caging programs. 2014 2016 ground condition Complete None planned USGS Thesaurus birds wildlife population management population and community ecology endangered species field experiments capturing (animals) wildlife biology USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus Nests Population ecology Birds ISO 19115 Topic Category biota USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:611c13e7d34e40dd9bffd896 Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names North Dakota Montana none none Michael J Anteau MIDCONTINENT REGION: NORTHERN PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR Research Wildlife Biologist mailing and physical

8711 37Th Street SE

Jamestown ND 58401 US 701-253-5507 manteau@usgs.gov USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus Birds Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2021 ONLINE_REFERENCE Washington, D.C. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) http://itis.gov Megan Ring MIDCONTINENT REGION: NORTHERN PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR Biologist mailing and physical

8711 37Th Street SE

Jamestown ND 58401 US 701-253-5520 mring@usgs.gov sight and sound Identifications were accurate; few to no uncertainties Only the focal species of interest (piping plover) were identified in the data. Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Aves Order Charadriiformes Family Charadriidae Genus Charadrius Species Charadrius melodus Chorlo chiflador Piping Plover Pluvier siffleur We followed standard procedures in recording observations of banded adults and chicks as well as nests. We confirmed species and individual identity via expert knowledge and, when possible, via photographs. Researchers worked in pairs in the field and in the lab to provide cross-checks on data accuracy, and double-entry procedures were used when transferring raw data from paper records to digital spreadsheets. We reviewed all data to determine that codes were correct and values fell within expected ranges. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Created a database using data that was collected in the field (Used R statistical software (3.5.0; R Development Core Team 2018)) 20210608 Field Each year, from late April to early August, joint U.S. Geological Survey-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service crews searched appropriate shoreline habitat using behavioral cues to locate plover nests, chicks, and adults. We visited wetlands two to three times a week for 1) nest searching and monitoring and 2) banding and resighting chicks and adults. Once we located a nest, we monitored it until completion (i.e., until hatching was complete or nests were determined to have failed; see Shaffer et al. 2013 and Anteau et al. 2019 for more detailed discussion). On the terminal visit to a nest, we examined evidence around the nest bowl and classified nest fate. Possible nest fates were successful, probable successful, failed, and unknown. We classified nests were classified as successful only if at least one live chick was in the nest bowl. Probable successful nests lacked chicks in the nest bowl and therefore required multiple other pieces of evidence of hatching (such as eggshells, pipping fragments, and chick droppings or tracks). For our nest survival analyses, probable successful nests and successful nests were considered successful (chicks in the nest had hatched). We classified nests as failed if eggs were found destroyed or were missing but could not have hatched based on the estimated incubation stage. If circumstances around missing eggs were unclear or the nest was not monitored fully, we fated the nest as unknown, and we censored those nests from subsequent analyses. When appropriate for our experimental design, we placed predator exclosures (nest cages) around the nest upon discovery or on a subsequent monitoring visit. Due to our other studies (Anteau et al. 2019, Swift et al. 2020a, Swift et al. 2020b), we already had banded plovers with a U.S. Geological Survey metal band and unique alpha-numeric engraved flag prior to this study. For adults that were unbanded, we trapped unbanded adults on nests during incubation using either a modified remote-controlled walk-in trap or bow-net (Anteau et al. 2019). Individual adults were attributed to nests by 1) capturing of individuals on the nest, 2) observing an identified individual return to incubate the nest, or 3) using high-definition video cameras set up near (45-60 cm away) nests for no more than 30 minutes at a time (Kodak PixPro spz1 video cameras; Toy et al. 2017). We banded chicks found in the nest bowl at hatch when possible, but often chicks were banded when they were older and more mobile, at which time they were captured by hand or with butterfly nets, banded, and attributed to nests by attending adult identities. For chicks, our banding regime only included a single yellow unique alpha-numeric engraved Darvic flag on the upper leg opposite a USGS aluminum band. Anteau, M. J., M. H. Sherfy, T. L. Shaffer, R. J. Swift, D. L. Toy, and C. M. Dovichin. 2019. Demographic responses of least terns and piping plovers to the 2011 Missouri River flood : a large-scale case study. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file report 2018-1176, Reston, Virginia, USA. Shaffer, T. L., M. H. Sherfy, M. J. Anteau, J. H. Stucker, M. A. Sovada, E. A. Roche, M. T. Wiltermuth, T. K. Buhl, and C. M. Dovichin. 2013. Accuracy of the Missouri River least tern and piping plover monitoring program: Considerations for the future. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file report 2013-1176, Reston, Virginia, USA. Swift, R. J., M. J. Anteau, M. M. Ring, D. L. Toy, and M. H. Sherfy. 2020a. Low renesting propensity and preproductive success make renesting unproductive for the threatened piping plover (Charadrius melodus). Condor 122:duz066. Swift, R. J., M. J. Anteau, E. A. Roche, M. H. Sherfy, D. L. Toy, and M. M. Ring. 2020b. Asymmetric benefits of a heterospecific breeding association vary with habitat, conspecific abundance and breeding stage. Oikos 129:1504–1520. Toy, D. L., E. A. Roche, and C. M. Dovichin. 2017. Small high-definition video cameras as a tool to resight uniquely marked interior least terns (Sternula antillarum athalassos). Waterbirds 40:180–186. ALPES_NestSurvival.csv This dataset includes values for calculating daily nest survival for 418 nests. The dataset includes the time-varying treatment group for the nest and, separately, the wetland. Additionally, the state of the nest at each nest visit (active vs failed) and the number of exposure days between visits is included for the Shaffer logistic exposure model. Producer defined unqid Whole number used to identify each unique nest. Number repeated for each visit to a nest. This number is unique to this entity. Producer defined 1001 1418 wetland_basin Whole number used to identify each unique wetland basin. Number repeated for each visit to a nest/basin. This number is unique to this entity. Producer defined 2000 2205 year Year the nest was found and monitored. Producer defined 2014 2016 trt_nest The experimental treatment group of the nest. We analyzed nest-visit data allowing the caged treatment at the nest level to be time-varying to account for any intervals a nest was monitored before a cage was applied. Thus a nest could be discovered and visited prior to a predator exclosure being placed at a later date. Producer defined caged A predator exclosure (i.e., cage) was present surrounding the nest on this visit. Producer defined uncaged No predator exclosure (i.e., cage) was present at the nest on this visit. Producer defined trt_wetland The experimental treatment group of the wetland basin the nest was found on. The goal of the caged treatment was to cage about half of the nests at treatment wetlands. This variable was set by the experimental design and was not time-varying. Producer defined control wetland No predator exclosures (i.e., cages) were present on the wetland basin at any time. Producer defined treatment wetland Wetland basin was selected to have ~half of all nests found to have predator exclosures (i.e., cages) placed. Producer defined exposure_days Days nest exposed between nest visits. First interval is from initiation date (day first egg laid) to first nest visit. Second interval from first nest visit to second nest visit and so on until nest terminated. Producer defined 1 22 days age Age of nest on that visit. Day 1 = nest initiation; first day an egg is laid. Incubation stage determined by floating eggs. Producer defined. 1 32 days date Date of nest visit. January 1st = 1 for the given year, December 31st = 365. Leap years will include an additional day December 31st = 366. Producer defined 131 204 nest_success State of the nest on the day of the visit. Producer defined 1 Nest still active; at least one viable egg or chick present in nest cup Producer defined 0 Nest no longer active; no viable eggs present Producer defined ALPES_ChickSurvival This dataset includes information to calculate chick survival for 453 uniquely banded chicks. Producer defined unqid Whole number used to identify unique chick. This number is unique to this entity. Producer defined 1 453 ch A 30-day age-structured capture history for each piping plover chick. Producer defined When constructing capture histories, we used ‘1’ to represent the detection of a chick at a specific site at a specific day of age. We distinguished between days a chick was not detected (‘0’) and days a chick could not have been detected because the site at which it was located was not visited (‘.’). Chick age was estimated at banding, and the first appearance of a chick in the capture history (i.e. the first ‘1’) corresponded with the age it was estimated to be on the day of banding. year The year the chick hatched and was monitored Producer defined 2014 2016 treatment The experimental treatment of the nest that the chick hatched from. Producer defined CAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the chick hatched from had a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for some period of time and was therefore on a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the chick hatched from did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. However, the wetland basin did have predator exclosures and was therefore a treatment wetland. Producer defined UNCAGEDNEST_CONTROLWETLAND The nest the chick hatched from did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. Similarly, the wetland basin did not have predator exclosures and was therefore a control wetland. Producer defined region A 3- or 4-letter code identifying the region within the study area. Producer defined AUD Lake Audubon Wetland Management District Producer defined CROS Crosby Wetland Management District Producer defined LONG Long Lake Wetland Management District Producer defined LOST Lostwood Wetland Management District Producer defined MED Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Northeast Montana Wetland Management District Producer defined TNC The Nature Conservancy's John E. Williams Preserve Producer defined density The known number of chicks per kilometer(km) of wetland basin. The circumference of the wetland basin the chick was hatched from was used. Producer defined 0 32.663 chicks per km ALPES_WithinAdultSurvival.txt This dataset includes a Barker model encounter history for 367 unique individuals to calculate weekly survival during incubation with respect to the experimental treatment of the nest. The dataset also includes the year, region, treatment group, and an index of habitat availability based on local climate. Producer defined rowid A numeric identifier for each individual observation. Producer defined. 1 467 unqid A whole number used to identify a unique individual. Number repeated if individual nested on a treatment wetland in multiple years. This number is unique to this entity. Producer defined. 1001 1367 ch Nest-structured capture histories that consisted of 7 weekly occasions from an individuals' nest initiation to August 1 (that is, weekly intervals from an individual’s nest initiation through possible young chicks, with an additional extended interval that encompassed the remainder of brood-rearing if chicks were present). Producer defined. Within the focal study area (alkali wetlands), an occasion was coded as “1” or “0” if the adult was seen or not, respectively, in the primary period for that week. If field crews resighted that individual outside the region of its nest, then this was coded as a “2” for the secondary period associated with that weekly interval. If an individual was found dead during an interval, this was coded as a “1” in the secondary period. year Year the monitoring occurred Producer defined. 2014 2016 region A 3- or 4-letter code identifying the region within the study area. Producer defined. AUD Lake Audubon Wetland Management District Producer defined. CROS Crosby Wetland Management District Producer defined. LONG Long Lake Wetland Management District Producer defined. LOST Lostwood Wetland Management District Producer defined. MED Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Northeast Montana Wetland Management District Producer defined. TNC The Nature Conservancy's John E. Williams Preserve Producer defined. treatment The experimental treatment of the nest that the adult is associated with. Producer defined. CAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with had a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for some period of time and was therefore on a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. However, the wetland basin did have predator exclosures and was therefore a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_CONTROLWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. Similarly, the wetland basin did not have predator exclosures and was therefore a control wetland. Producer defined. SPEI A wetland-specific index of habitat availability. The index represented variation in climate and is based on the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). We calculated a site-specific index of habitat change by subtracting SPEI values for year i from those of the previous year. Negative values indicate drier conditions and subsequent drawdown of water level and an increase in the availability of nesting habitat. Producer defined. -0.5191 0.9434 ALPES_AnnualAdultSurvival This dataset contains the treatment and Barker model encounter history to calculate annual survival of adult piping plovers. Producer defined. rowid A numeric identifier for each observation. Producer defined. 1 367 unqid Whole number used to identify unique adult. This number is unique to this entity. Producer defined. 1001 1367 ch A year-structured capture history that consists of 4 annual occasions representing encounters in each year from 2014 to 2017. Producer defined. Resightings during the primary period were constrained to the alkali lakes region from May 1 to August 1, and secondary periods included resightings from throughout the year and range of plovers. An occasion was coded as “1” or “0” if the adult was seen or not for that year, respectively, in the primary period. If field crews resighted that individual outside the region of its nest, then this was coded as a “2” for the secondary period associated with that yearly interval. If an individual was found dead during an interval, this was coded as a “1” in the secondary period. treatment2014 The experimental treatment of the nest that the adult was associated with in 2014. Producer defined. NONE Individual was not associated to a nest that was included in the experimental study in 2014. This could mean the individual nested on a wetland not included in the experimental treatment, nested outside the study area (but was seen), or was not banded yet. Producer defined. CAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with had a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for some period of time and was therefore on a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. However, the wetland basin did have predator exclosures and was therefore a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_CONTROLWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. Similarly, the wetland basin did not have predator exclosures and was therefore a control wetland. Producer defined. treatment2015 The experimental treatment of the nest that the adult was associated with in 2015. Producer defined. NONE Individual was not associated to a nest that was included in the experimental study in 2015. This could mean the individual nested on a wetland not included in the experimental treatment, nested outside the study area (but was seen), or was not banded yet. Producer defined CAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with had a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for some period of time and was therefore on a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. However, the wetland basin did have predator exclosures and was therefore a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_CONTROLWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. Similarly, the wetland basin did not have predator exclosures and was therefore a control wetland. Producer defined. treatment2016 The experimental treatment of the nest that the adult was associated with in 2016. Producer defined. NONE Individual was not associated to a nest that was included in the experimental study in 2016. This could mean the individual nested on a wetland not included in the experimental treatment, nested outside the study area (but was seen), or was not banded yet. Producer defined. CAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with had a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for some period of time and was therefore on a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_TREATMENTWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. However, the wetland basin did have predator exclosures and was therefore a treatment wetland. Producer defined. UNCAGEDNEST_CONTROLWETLAND The nest the adult is associated with did not have a predator exclosure (i.e., cage) present for any period of time. Similarly, the wetland basin did not have predator exclosures and was therefore a control wetland. Producer defined. treatment2017 No experiment treatments were conducted in 2017. Producer defined. NONE Individual was not associated to a nest that was included in the experimental study in 2017. Producer defined. U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. 20210908 Rose Swift US Geological Survey - Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center mailing and physical

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Jamestown North Dakota 58401 United States 7012535506 rswift@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999