Brown, Craig J. Santangelo, Leah M. 20210602 csv file Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GD75Y Santangelo, Leah M. Brown, Craig J. Shanley, James B. Pribil, Michael J. Rutherford, Danny L. 20210930 Journal article Amsterdam, Netherlands Applied Geochemistry Santangelo, L.M., Brown, C.J., Shanley, J.B., Pribil, M.J., and Rutherford, D.L., 2022, Occurrence and sources of lead in private wells in Sturbridge, Massachusetts: Applied Geochemistry, v. 139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105231. Lead (Pb) occurrence and sources and aqueous geochemistry were assessed in private wellhead and tap water at a targeted area of concern for possible exceedances and at a control area in the same geologic formation, and in wells at a nearby landfill in south-central Massachusetts (MA). Total Pb concentrations were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Action Level of 15 μg/L in all samples, and about 6% of unfiltered samples contained Pb concentrations that exceeded 1.0 μg/L. Pb concentrations were higher under conditions that are acidic and oxic (pH ≤ 6.5 and dissolved oxygen [DO] ≥ 2 mg/L), in which minerals that could sequester lead or manganese typically are undersaturated, and adsorption by hydrous ferric oxide is limited. Under more neutral to alkaline conditions, the precipitation of Pb in solid solution series minerals such as (Ca,Pb)CO3 and (Ba,Pb)SO4 2, and adsorption by amorphous ferric hydroxides, could limit Pb solubility in the bedrock aquifer or in the plumbing. The low Pb concentrations and the absence of distinctive Pb and strontium (Sr) isotope ratio patterns in samples indicate that a nearby landfill is not likely a significant Pb source. Dissolved concentrations of Pb, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in tap samples were significantly greater than those in wellhead samples, indicating that some Pb is derived from plumbing. Wellhead or tap samples with the highest Pb concentrations also had the greatest corrosivity potential based on the calcite saturation index and the PPGC (Potential to Promote Galvanic Corrosion) and supports the premise that Pb concentrations in tap samples were derived partly from corrosion of plumbing. Concentrations of other constituents, including arsenic (As), uranium (U), Sr, boron (B), and lithium (Li) were not statistically different between the tap and wellhead samples but, apart from Sr, all were statistically higher in the control area than in the target area. This variation in constituent concentrations suggests geochemical variation within the host Paxton Formation, possibly related to faulting and contact with the Ayer granite east of the control area. Data were collected to determine concentrations of lead in private drinking water wells based on preliminary concerns of contamination from a nearby landfill. 20180820 20181129 ground condition Complete None planned -72.0670 -71.9300 42.1500 42.0500 USGS Thesaurus lead drinking water private wells geochemical modeling isotopes corrosivity USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:60b6a011d34e86b9388487bc Geographic Names Information System Worchester County, Massachusetts Sturbridge, Massachusetts Charlton, Massachusetts Dudley, Massachusetts Comma-separated values (CSV) files can be read using software such as Notepad, Notepad++, or Microsoft Excel. CSV files are delimited text files that use a comma to separate values; each line of the file is a data record, and each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. none Craig Brown Northeast Region: NEW ENGLAND WSC CT OFC Research Hydrologist (Geol) mailing and physical

101 Pitkin Street

East Hartford CT 06108 US 860-291-6766 cjbrown@usgs.gov Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Windows 10, v. 1909 PHREEQC Interactive, v. 2.8.0.0 Kenneth Belitz Bryant C. Jurgens Tyler D. Johnson 2016 publication n/a US Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165092 Data were checked for accuracy by collection and analysis of field replicates and blank samples. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has either not been conducted, or is not applicable. U.S. Geological Survey, Parkhurst and Appelo, 2013 2013 version 3 application/service U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods book 6, chap. A43 Parkhurst, D.L., Appelo, C.A.J., 2013. Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3—A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations. In: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap. A43, 497 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a43 Digital and/or Hardcopy 2013 publication date PHREEQC, v. 3 Geochemical modeling for mineral saturation indices and aqueous lead species U.S. Geological Survey, J.W. Ball and D.K. Nordstrom 1991 spreadsheet https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91183 Digital and/or Hardcopy 1991 publication date WATEQ4F database Geochemical database used for PHREEQC, v. 3 simulations Geochemical modeling with PHREEQC, v. 3 (Parkhurst and Appelo, 2013), using the WATEQ4F database (Ball and Nordstrom, 1991) . Parkhurst and Appelo, 2013 Ball and Nordstrom, 1991 20210227 Craig Brown U.S. Geological Survey Research Hydrologist mailing and physical

101 Pitkin St

East Hartford CT 06108 USA 860-291-6766 860-291-6799 cjbrown@usgs.gov Water-quality samples were collected from August 2018 and November 2018. 20200501 Leah M Santangelo U.S. Geological Survey, NORTHEAST REGION Hydrologist mailing address

331 Commerce Way

Pembroke NH 03275-3718 US 603-226-7806 603-226-7894 lsantangelo@usgs.gov Massachusetts towns of Sturbridge, Southbridge, Charlton, Dudley Point SturbPb_MajorsTrace_dataset.csv This comma-separated values format (.csv) file describes the field and lab measured concentrations of major and trace elements and associated calculated values, including water type, for water-quality samples. The table also includes the date, time, collection point, and sample group for each sample. The file name consists of "SturbPb", which refers to the Sturbridge lead study, and "MajorsTrace," which refers to the major and trace constituents. The symbol "<" indicates the measured value was less than the reporting level. Producer Defined Well_site Massachusetts well identifier Producer Defined Consists of a two letter State abbreviation (MA for Massachusetts), a three letter town abbreviation, followed by a number sequence that represents the well. Number Sequential number generated for PHREEQC simulations. Producer Defined 1 101 DATE Date of sample collection using 8-digit date format YYYMMDD where Y=Year, M=Month, D=Day Producer Defined 20180820 20181129 TIME Time of sample collection using 24-hour time format HHmm where H=Hour, m=Minute Producer Defined 1100 1300 COLLECT_PT Sample collection point (tap or wellhead) Producer Defined Tap Sample collected from kitchen sink tap, if available. Producer defined Wellhead Sample collected from inside well. Producer defined SAMP_GRP Location of sample (target area or control area) Producer Defined Target Target study subarea Producer defined Control Control study subarea Producer defined Temp Groundwater temperature Producer Defined 10.3 16.6 degrees Celsius SC_fld Specific conductance, measured in field Producer Defined 84 849 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius pH_fld pH, measured in field Producer Defined 5.7 8.8 O(0) Dissolved oxygen, including the valence state of dioxygen in parentheses Producer Defined 0.2 10.8 milligrams per liter Ca Calcium (dissolved) Producer Defined 6.65 106.0 milligrams per liter Mg Magnesium (dissolved) Producer Defined 0.221 10.7 milligrams per liter K Potassium (dissolved) Producer Defined 0.51 12.5 milligrams per liter Na Sodium (dissolved) Producer Defined 2.31 86.8 milligrams per liter ANC Acid neutralizing capacity (unfiltered) Producer Defined 12.9 146.0 milligrams per liter as CaCO3 Alk Alkalinity (dissolved) Producer Defined 12.2 146.0 milligrams per liter as CaCO3 Br Bromide (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.01 0.37 milligrams per liter Cl Chloride (dissolved) Producer Defined 1.56 217.0 milligrams per liter F Fluoride (dissolved) Producer Defined 0.02 2.27 milligrams per liter Si Silica (dissolved) Producer Defined 5.55 26.0 milligrams per liter S(6) Sulfate (with valence state) (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.02 147 milligrams per liter Al Aluminum (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.015 0.032 milligrams per liter As Arsenic (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.0001 0.078 milligrams per liter B Boron (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.015 0.047 milligrams per liter Ba Barium (dissolved) Producer Defined 0.0001 0.12 milligrams per liter Cd Cadmium (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.00003 0.00024 milligrams per liter Cu Copper (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.0004 0.121 milligrams per liter Fe (dissolved) Iron Producer Defined <0.01 14 milligrams per liter Pb Lead (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.00002 2.7 milligrams per liter Li Lithium (dissolved) Producer Defined 0.00028 0.0236 milligrams per liter Mn Manganese (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.0002 0.75 milligrams per liter Mo Molybdenum (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.00025 0.012 milligrams per liter Ni Nickel (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.0002 0.028 milligrams per liter Se Selenium (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.00005 0.00025 milligrams per liter Sr Selenium (dissolved) Producer Defined 0.00573 1.19 milligrams per liter U Uranium (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.00003 0.12 milligrams per liter Zn Zinc (dissolved) Producer Defined <0.002 0.062 milligrams per liter Al_u Aluminum (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.003 0.195 milligrams per liter As_u Arsenic (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.0001 0.083 milligrams per liter Ba_u Barium (unfiltered) Producer Defined 0.00016 0.112 milligrams per liter B_u Boron (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.005 0.041 milligrams per liter Cd_u Cadmium (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.00003 0.00025 milligrams per liter Cu_u Copper (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.0004 0.11 milligrams per liter Fe_u Iron (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.01 3.5 milligrams per liter Pb_u Lead (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.00002 0.0064 milligrams per liter Li_u Lithium (unfiltered) Producer Defined 0.00015 0.0242 milligrams per liter Mn_u Manganese (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.0004 0.75 milligrams per liter Mo_u Molybdenum (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.00005 0.0111 milligrams per liter Ni_u Nickel (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.0002 0.0287 milligrams per liter Se_u Selenium (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.0001 0.0003 milligrams per liter Sr_u Strontium (unfiltered) Producer Defined 0.0061 1.14 milligrams per liter U_u Uranium (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.00003 0.15 milligrams per liter Zn_u Zinc (unfiltered) Producer Defined <0.002 0.13 milligrams per liter pct_err Charge balance error(in percent) Producer Defined -6.6 23.5 percent Water_Type Water type based on predominant ions Producer Defined The water type is named for the dominant percentages of major dissolved cations and anions in the sample, including cations Ca, Na, Mg, and K, and anions Cl, SO4, and HCO3. The HCO3 mass concentration (in mg/L) is calculated by dividing the alkalinity by 0.8202. TDS1.mg Total dissolved solids Producer Defined 51.1 437 milligrams per liter Hardness Hardness (dissolved) Producer Defined 17.5 294.0 milligrams per liter as CaCO3 CSR Chloride to sulfate ratio Producer Defined 0.0602 266.0 PPGC Potential to promote galvanic corrosion (Belitz and others, 2016) Producer Defined LOW CSR < 0.2 Producer defined HIGH CSR > 0.5 and alkalinity is <50 mg/L as CaCO3 Producer defined MODERATE 0.2<= CSR <=0.5, or CSR > 0.5 and alkalinity >=50 mg/L as CaCO3 Producer defined PPGC low/high Whether potential to promote galvanic corrosion is low or high (0, low; 1, high) Producer Defined 0 1 SturbPb_SaturationIndices_dataset.csv This comma-separated values format (.csv) file describes the saturation indices and other values computed by PHREEQC, v. 3, for water-quality samples. The file name consists of "SturbPb", which refers to the Sturbridge lead study, and "Saturationindices," which refers to the saturation indices. Producer Defined Number Sequential number generated for PHREEQC simulations Producer Defined 1 101 lgPCO2 Logarithm partial pressure of carbon dioxide Producer Defined -4.04 -1.36 si_Quartz Saturation index for quartz (SiO2) Producer Defined 0.1368 0.7779 si_SiO2(a) Saturation index for amorphous silica Producer Defined -1.216 -0.5645 si_Calcite Saturation index for calcite Producer Defined -3.5536 0.3984 si_Aragonite Saturation index for aragonite (CaCO3) Producer Defined -3.7067 0.2458 si_Fluorite Saturation index for calcium fluoride (CaF2) Producer Defined -5.1804 -0.6787 si_Gypsum Saturation index for calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4:2H2O) Producer Defined -5.613 -1.2863 si_Dolomite(d) Saturation index for calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) Producer Defined -8.0935 -0.885 si_Chlorite14A Saturation index for magnesium aluminum silicate (Mg2.5AlSi1.5O5(OH)4) Producer Defined -31.0555 -1.1793 si_Al(OH)3(a) Saturation index for aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(a)) Producer Defined -3.6822 -0.8617 si_Gibbsite Saturation index for aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) Producer Defined -0.8706 1.9487 si_Adularia Saturation index for potassium aluminum silicate (KAlSi3O8) Producer Defined -3.1795 1.0776 si_Albite Saturation index for sodium aluminum silicate (NaAlSi3O8) Producer Defined -5.4006 -0.5701 si_Anorthite Saturation index for calcium aluminum silicate (Ca0.5AlSiO4) Producer Defined -9.8471 -1.6911 si_Kmica Saturation index for potassium aluminum silicate (K0.333AlSiO3.333(OH)0.667) Producer Defined 0.745 10.4759 si_Illite Saturation index for potassium magnesium aluminum silicate (K0.261Mg0.109AlSi1.522O4.348(OH)0.870 Producer Defined -3.8478 4.0572 si_Kaolinite Saturation index for aluminum silicate (AlSiO2.5(OH)2) Producer Defined 0.4737 6.1073 si_Beidellite Saturation index for sodium potassium magnesium aluminum silicate ((NaKMg0.5)0.11Al2.33Si3.67O10(OH)2) Producer Defined -1.8148 5.1037 si_Siderite Saturation index for iron carbonate (FeCO3) Producer Defined -4.4905 0.617 si_Fe(OH)3(a) Saturation index for amorphous ferric hydroxide Producer Defined -4.3991 2.8165 si_Goethite Saturation index for ferric hydroxide (FeOOH) Producer Defined 1.6706 8.8772 si_Schwert(1.75) Saturation index for Schwertmannite (ferric hydrosulfate or FeO(OH)0.5625(SO4)0.2188) Producer Defined -4.4899 2.0976 si_Barite Saturation index for barium sulfate (BaSO4) Producer Defined -4.9675 0.0462 si_Strontianite Saturation index for strontium carbonate (SrCO3) Producer Defined -5.837 -1.0917 si_Celestite Saturation index for lead carbonate (PbCO3) Producer Defined -6.8035 -1.5357 si_Cerussite Saturation index for lead carbonate (PbCO3) Producer Defined -5.1854 -2.518 si_Hydrocerussite Saturation index for hydrous lead carbonate (Pb(OH)0.667(CO3)0.333) Producer Defined -6.1033 -3.0047 si_Pb(OH)2 Saturation index for lead hydroxide (Pb(OH)2) Producer Defined -7.4251 -2.9821 si_Massicot Saturation index for lead oxide (PbO) Producer Defined -12.2738 -7.8043 si_Minium Saturation index for lead oxide (PbO1.333) Producer Defined -54.0489 -35.1414 si_Plattnerite Saturation index for lead oxide (PbO2) Producer Defined -30.9799 -20.8244 si_Larnakite Saturation index for lead oxide (PbO0.5(SO4)0.5) Producer Defined -7.1899 -4.0873 si_Anglesite Saturation index for lead sulfate (PbSO4) Producer Defined -11.0429 -4.3429 si_Pb4(OH)6SO4 Saturation index for lead hydroxysulfate (Pb4(OH)6SO4) Producer Defined -7.9577 -4.8438 si_ssSulfate_Ba,Pb Saturation index for solid solution series barium-lead sulfate (Ba,Pb)SO4;(Ba,Pb)SO4(ss) Producer Defined -4.97 0.0462 si_ssCarbonate_Ca,Pb Saturation index for solid solution series calcium-lead carbonate (Ca,Pb)CO3;(Ca,Pb)CO3(ss) Producer Defined -3.69 0.246 lgPO2 Logarithm (log) partial pressure of dissolved oxygen Producer Defined -2.3 -0.565 peO2 Electron activity of dissolved oxygen-water redox couple Producer Defined 12.686 15.924 EHVO2 Electron potential of dissolved oxygen-water redox couple Producer Defined 0.75046 0.94199 Volts peSato Electron activity of dissolved oxygen-water redox couple using logK = -45.54 (Sato, 1960), where logk is the logarithm of the solubility constant Producer Defined 2.5509 5.7886 EhVSato Electron potential of dissolved oxygen-water redox couple using logK = -45.54 (Sato, 1960), where logk is the logarithm of the solubility constant Producer Defined 0.15091 0.34244 Volts SturbPb_Pbspecies_dataset.csv This comma-separated values format (.csv) file describes the lead (Pb) species concentrations computed by PHREEQC, v. 3, for water-quality samples. The file name consists of "SturbPb", which refers to the Sturbridge lead study, and "Pbspecies," which refers to the lead species. Producer Defined Number Sequential number used for PHREEQC simulations Producer Defined 1 101 m_PbTOT Total concentration of aqueous lead species Producer Defined 9.65e-11 1.31e-08 moles per liter m_Pb+2 Concentration of aqueous lead ion Producer Defined 3.21e-13 6.84e-09 moles per liter m_PbOH+ Concentration of aqueous lead hydroxide Producer Defined 6.01e-13 1.44e-10 moles per liter m_Pb(OH)2 Concentration of aqueous lead hydroxide Producer Defined 1.12e-16 2.29e-12 moles per liter m_Pb(OH)3- Concentration of aqueous lead hydroxide- Producer Defined 6.74e-22 5.97e-15 moles per liter m_Pb(OH)4-2 Concentration of aqueous lead hydroxide Producer Defined 8.81e-28 1.02e-17 moles per liter m_Pb2OH+3 Concentration of aqueous lead hydroxide Producer Defined 3.01e-23 2.7e-17 moles per liter m_Pb3(OH)4+2 Concentration of aqueous lead hydroxide Producer Defined 2.9e-33 4.67e-25 moles per liter m_PbHCO3+ Concentration of aqueous lead bicarbonate Producer Defined 2.23e-13 2.99e-09 moles per liter m_PbCO3 Concentration of aqueous lead carbonate Producer Defined 5.89e-12 2.75e-09 moles per liter m_Pb(CO3)2-2 Concentration of aqueous lead carbonate Producer Defined 1.01e-16 5.09e-11 moles per liter m_PbSO4 Concentration of aqueous lead sulfate Producer Defined 6.92e-17 3.55e-10 moles per liter m_Pb(SO4)2-2 Concentration of aqueous lead sulfate Producer Defined 7.13e-23 2.58e-13 moles per liter m_PbCl+ Concentration of aqueous lead chloride Producer Defined 3.55e-16 1.47e-10 moles per liter m_PbCl2 Concentration of aqueous lead chloride Producer Defined 2.97e-20 1.53e-12 moles per liter m_PbCl3- Concentration of aqueous lead chloride Producer Defined 1.02e-24 6.77e-15 moles per liter m_PbCl4-2 Concentration of aqueous lead chloride Producer Defined 2.33e-29 2.14e-17 moles per liter m_PbF+ Concentration of aqueous lead fluoride Producer Defined 3.31e-17 1.49e-13 moles per liter m_PbF2 Concentration of aqueous lead fluoride Producer Defined 9.15e-22 1.04e-16 moles per liter m_PbF3- Concentration of aqueous lead fluoride Producer Defined 1.04e-26 8.99e-20 moles per liter m_PbF4-2 Concentration of aqueous lead fluoride Producer Defined 8.93e-33 5.58e-24 moles per liter m_PbBr+ Concentration of aqueous lead bromide Producer Defined 4.73e-18 1.2e-13 moles per liter m_PbBr2 Concentration of aqueous lead bromide Producer Defined 2.93e-25 9.38e-20 moles per liter SturPb_QC_dataset.csv (QC) This comma-separated values format (.csv) file describes the measured concentrations of major and trace elements for quality control samples. The table also includes the date, time, collection point, sample group, and quality control type for each sample. The file name consists of "SturbPb", which refers to the Sturbridge lead study, and "QC", which refers to quality control. The symbol "<" indicates the measured value was less than the reporting level. Producer Defined Well_site Massachusetts well identifier Producer Defined Consists of a two letter State abbreviation (MA for Massachusetts), a three letter town abbreviation, followed by a number sequence that represents the well. DATE Date of sample collection using 8-digit date format YYYMMDD where Y=Year, M=Month, D=Day Producer Defined 20180820 20181116 TIME Time of sample collection using 24-hour time format HHmm where H=Hour, m=Minute Producer Defined 1059 1308 COLLECT_PT Sample collection point (tap or wellhead) Producer Defined Tap Sample collected from kitchen sink tap, if available. Producer defined Wellhead Sample collected from inside well. Producer defined SAMP_GRP Sample group Producer Defined Target Target study subarea Producer defined Control Control study subarea Producer defined QC_type Type of quality control sample collected Producer Defined Replicate A sample collected in a manner such that it is thought to be essentially identical in composition to the environmental sample. Producer defined Equipment blank A blank solution that is processed through some or all equipment used for collecting and processing an environmental sample. Producer defined Field blank A blank solution that is subjected to all aspects of sample collection, field-processing preservation, transportation, and laboratory handling as an environmental sample. Producer defined Temp Groundwater temperature (degrees Celsius) Producer Defined Groundwater temperature, in degrees Celsius SC_fld Specific conductance, measured in field (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius) Producer Defined Specific conductance, measured in field, in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius SC_lab Specific conductance, lab (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius) Producer Defined Specific conductance, measured in laboratory microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius pH_fld pH, field Producer Defined pH, measured in field O(0) Dissolved oxygen (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Dissolved oxygen, measured in field, in milligrams per liter) Ca Calcium (milligrams per liter), dissolved Producer Defined Calcium, dissolved (milligrams per liter) Mg Magnesium (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Magnesium (milligrams per liter) K Potassium (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Potassium, dissolved (milligrams per liter) Na Sodium (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Sodium, dissolved (milligrams per liter) ANC Acid neutralization capacity (milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate) Producer Defined Acid neutralization capacity, unfiltered (milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate) Alk Alkalinity (milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate) Producer Defined Alkalinity, dissolved (milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate) Br Bromide (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Bromide, dissolved (milligrams per liter) Cl Chloride (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Chloride, dissolved (milligrams per liter) F Fluoride (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Fluoride, dissolved (milligrams per liter) Si Silica (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Silica, dissolved (milligrams per liter) S(6) Sulfate (milligrams per liter) Producer Defined Sulfate, dissolved (milligrams per liter) Al Aluminum, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Aluminum, dissolved (micrograms per liter) As Arsenic, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Arsenic, dissolved (micrograms per liter) B Boron, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Boron, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Ba Barium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Boron, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Cd Cadmium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Cadmium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Cu Copper, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Copper, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Fe Iron, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Iron, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Pb Lead, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Lead, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Li Lithium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Lithium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Mn Manganese, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Manganese, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Mo Molybdenum, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Molybdenum, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Ni Nickel, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Nickel, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Se Selenium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Selenium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Sr Strontium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Strontium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) U Uranium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Uranium, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Zn Zinc, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Zinc, dissolved (micrograms per liter) Al_u Aluminum, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Aluminum, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) As_u Arsenic, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Arsenic, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) B_u Boron, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Boron, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Ba_u Barium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Barium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Cd_u Cadmium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Cadmium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Cu_u Copper, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Copper, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Fe_u Iron, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Iron, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Pb_u Lead, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Lead, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Li_u Lithium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Lithium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Mn_u Manganese, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Manganese, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Mo_u Molybdenum, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Molybdenum, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Ni_u Nickel, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Nickel, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Se_u Selenium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Selenium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Sr_u Strontium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Strontium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) U_u Uranium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Uranium, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Zn_u Zinc, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) Producer Defined Zinc, unfiltered (micrograms per liter) U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GD75YC None 20220222 Craig Brown Northeast Region: NEW ENGLAND WSC CT OFC Research Hydrologist (Geol) mailing and physical

101 Pitkin Street

East Hartford CT 06108 US 860-291-6766 cjbrown@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998