Josh Woda Jason Finkelstein John Williams 20220502 Data Release Troy, NY U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P96R5K5R Nicholas Corson-Dosch Michael N. Fienen Jason S. Finkelstein Andrew T. Leaf Jeremy T. White Joshua C. Woda John H. Williams 2022 publication n/a US Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215112 Digital hydrogeologic datasets were developed for the Fishkill and Wappinger Falls study area in upstate New York in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. These datasets define the hydrogeologic framework of the valley-fill aquifer and surrounding till-covered uplands within the study area. Datasets include: bedrock elevation raster, lacustrine silt and clay top and bottom elevation rasters (where present), LIDAR minimum elevation raster, lacustrine extent polygon, valley extent polygon, and surficial geology polygons. Elevation layers were interpolated at 125-foot discretization to match what was done in previous work. Understanding and interpreting the geologic framework from numerous data sources, which provided the necessary foundation for the development of a groundwater flow model. 2021 publication date Complete None planned -75.240344238273 -73.010119628987 42.282096078758 40.90179655243 USGS Thesaurus Sourcewater Valley fill Bedrock mapping Aquifer mapping Glacial geology Lacustrine silt and clay Hydrogeologic framework USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:60342487d34eb12031172aeb Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names Dutchess County New York Putnam County Fishkill Wappinger Falls none none Jason Finkelstein Northeast Region: NEW YORK WATER SCI CTR Hydrologist mailing and physical

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Troy NY 12180 US 518-285-5606 jfinkels@usgs.gov All layer elevations were interpolated using input point data. Interpolated raster layer elevations were checked against one another to ensure layering is in logical order. For example, the bedrock surface elevation is the lowest elevation in all cells across the model extent. Post processing from the raw interpolations was done to adjust where the interpolated hydrogeology was not in logical order. One possible reason this would occur is lack of data in certain areas. Layers were checked to make sure that layer elevations make logical geologic sense (e.g.. bedrock surface is not above land surface). Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Vertical elevation rasters were checked against one another, as described in the Attribute Accuracy Report section of this metadata file. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20150923 Shapefile Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service https://cugir.library.cornell.edu/catalog/cugir-002722 Shapefile 19980923 20150923 Complete SSURGO Soil Survey Geographic Database for Dutchess County, NY U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20131215 Shapefile Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service https://cugir.library.cornell.edu/catalog/cugir-007343 Shapefile 19990514 20131215 Complete SSURGO Soil Survey Geographic Database for Putnam County, NY U.S. Geological Survey 201508 Raster Rolla, MO U.S. Geological Survey https://gis.ny.gov/elevation/metadata/Ulster-Dutchess-Orange-Counties-NY-Classified-LAS.xml Raster 20131120 20140601 Complete Lidar LIDAR was used as a benchmark to: help define hydrogeologic layer elevations, adjust and create surficial geology, and provide understanding about the hydrogeologic framework New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water, Bureau of Watershed GIT Support 20080715 Raster Albany, NY New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water, Bureau of Watershed GIT Support https://gis.ny.gov/elevation/metadata/2008-Putnam-County-LiDAR.xml Raster 20080402 20080408 Complete Lidar LIDAR was used as a benchmark to: help define hydrogeologic layer elevations and, adjust and create surficial geology, and provide understanding about the hydrogeologic framework Snavely, Deborah S. 1980 Report PDF Reston, VA USGS https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr80437 Report PDF 19800101 19800102 Complete 80-437 This report provided important hydrogeologic information for both modeling and understanding the groundwater system in the study area Reynolds, Richard J., Calef III, F.J. 2011 Report PDF Reston, VA USGS https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3136/ Report PDF 20110101 20110102 Complete SIM 3136 This report provided important hydrogeologic information for both modeling and understanding the groundwater system in the study area The bedrock surface elevation raster was interpolated using point inputs. The natural neighbors interpolation tool was used for both the valley and uplands bedrock surface after validation through a Python script which analyzes the statistically best interpolation method for the dataset. A visual inspection of the interpolations was conducted to look for any substantial errors. The point inputs consist of bedrock elevation values from well logs, DOT borehole data, report "USGS SIM 3136 - Bedrock Valley" bedrock smoothing points, and "SSURGO - Bedrock Uplands" points. Smoothing points were added in regions of the study area where previous USGS report SIM 3136 indicated a very thick unconfined aquifer thickness. Although the report did not illustrate the depth of bedrock, points were added at these locations to ensure that bedrock was at least as deep as the known aquifer thickness (without these points, depth to bedrock would likely have been too shallow). Please refer to the metadata files for both the well logs and supplemental points for more information. Natural neighbors was used with a discretization of 38.1 meters, or 125 feet per grid cell, and snapped to a pre created grid for consistency. Valley and upland interpolations were accomplished independent of one another. Bedrock surface interpolation for the valley was done using the "Elev_Meter" field within the point data (for shapefiles this field is labled "Elev_Meter" because of character limits associated with shapefiles). Bedrock surface interpolation for the uplands was done using the "DTB_Meters" field within the point data. The two interpolations were mosaicked together. For consistency purposes, a minimum thickness was applied to the bedrock raster, such that it must always be at least 3 meters below the land surface elevation value for the grid cell. Please refer to USGS SIR 2022–5024 (Finkelstein and others, 2022) for more information on this. 2020 Typically, a lack of data prevented mapping of the lacustrine silt and clay within the study area as mentioned in previous works (Sim 3136). However, an exception was made for one small subset of the study area based on well log data and the spatial relevance of priority public supply wells. The lacustrine silt and clay surface elevation raster was generated using constant thicknesses derived from one well log. A visual inspection of the interpolations was conducted to look for any substantial errors. Please refer to the metadata files for both the well logs and supplemental points for more information. Lacustrine silt and clay top elevation values were adjusted where necessary. This occurred where lacustrine silt and clay top elevations were interpolated higher than the LIDAR land surface elevation value for that grid cell. Please refer to USGS SIR 2022–5024 (Finkelstein and others, 2022) for more information on this. 2020 Typically, a lack of data prevented mapping of the lacustrine silt and clay within the study area as mentioned in previous works (Sim 3136). However, an exception was made for one small subset of the study area based on well log data and the spatial relevance of priority public supply wells. The lacustrine silt and clay bottom elevation raster was generated using constant thicknesses derived from one well log. A visual inspection of the interpolations was conducted to look for any substantial errors. Please refer to the metadata files for both the well logs and supplemental points for more information. Lacustrine silt and clay bottom elevation values were adjusted where necessary. Adjustments were made where the lacustrine silt and clay bottom elevations was within 1 meter of (or below) the bedrock elevation value for that grid cell. Because we assumed a constant thickness for the lacustrine sit and clay unit, there were instances where the bedrock surface would have conflicted with the assumed lacustrine unit thickness. The bottom elevation of the lacustrine unit was placed 1 meter above the bedrock elevation in grid cells where this occurred. 2020 The land surface elevations for the Fishkill and Wappinger Falls model area was obtained from two LIDAR datasets: LAS and LiDAR Elevation Data Collection - Putnam, NY (NYSDEC). The two LIDAR datasets were mosaicked together and upscaled to the 125-ft grid, where the minimum LIDAR elevation value within each grid cell is set as the elevation for that grid cell.Both datasets were upscaled to 125-ft for consistency purposes with previous work (Finkelstein and others, 2022). The minimum LIDAR value was also used for each grid cell for consistency purposes (Finkelstein and others, 2022) and is particularly useful for model applications that rely on incising streams being above land surface. 2020 Surficial geology polygons were compiled from published 1:24,000 scale maps where available that were modified and supplemented with SSURGO, LIDAR, and lithologic log data points. Hillshading was also used to help identify visual geologic features at the surface. 2020 The original aquifer extent was obtained from USGS Open File Report 80-437 (Snavely, 1990) and Scientific Investigations Map 3136 (Reynolds and Calef, 2010). Where previously published data was not available, and in rare cases when evidence was overwhelming, the aquifer boundary was determined or adjusted using SSURGO, and LIDAR/hillshading. Please refer to the georeferenced and digitized data within this data release. 2020 The lacustrine extent was estimated based on the southwestern subsection where Reynolds and Calef, 2010 noted thick aquifer thickness (100 to 180 feet). Additional well log data obtained in this study noted a thick confining package within the thick aquifer thickness noted in previous work (Reynolds and Calef, 2010). Based on this new data, and the prevalence of priority public supply wells in the region, the lacustrine extent was presumed to be present widespread throughout the thickest part of the aquifer in this southwestern subsection. 2020 Occasionally, raster surfaces were generated using multiple interpolations. The interpolation types and locations are described in the associated SIR report (Finkelstein and others, 2022). This was typically done when different regions within the study area required or contained different data inputs (i.e. for the bedrock surface the uplands and valley were interpolated separately because of the vast difference in both data and hydrogeologic assumptions). All interpolations were ultimately mosaicked together to represent the layer as a continuous surface and applied to the model grid. 2020 During study area-wide bedrock interpolation, small regions of the study area were excluded from the interpolation. The natural neighbors interpolation only interpolates between input data points, and does not extrapolate beyond. In order to generate surfaces for these areas, a second natural neighbors interpolation was done using various point inputs, one of which being points generated along the edge of the initial interpolation (where the value of that interpolation was extracted to the point). This was done to ensure smoothness between the two interpolations once they were mosaicked together. Smoothing points were also added to these locations to guide the interpolation. These additional smoothing points were not included in the first valley interpolation so that they wouldn’t influence the original interpolation. 2020 Albers Conical Equal Area 29.5 45.5 -96.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.1 0.1 METERS North American Datum of 1983 NAD_1983 6378137.0 298.257222101 North American Vertical Datum of 1988 1.0E-6 meter Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Bedrock_Elevation_Raster.tif Raster showing interpolated bedrock surface at 125-foot discretization for the Fishkill Wappinger study area. Producer defined Value Bedrock surface elevation, in meters. Producer defined -75.0354 460.224 Meters Top_ConfiningUnit_Elevation_Raster.tif Raster showing interpolated surface of the top of the first major lacustrine silt and clay unit at 125-foot discretization for a select area of the Fishkill Wappinger study area. Typically, the lack of data prevented mapping of the lacustrine silt and clay within the study area (Sim 3136). However, an exception was made for one small subset of the study area based on well log data and the spatial relevance of priority public supply wells. Based on the data present, the top elevation of the confining unit was assumed to be 24.4 meters below the surface and the thickness was assumed to be 27.432 (reflected in the "Bottom_Lacustrine_Elevation_Raster.tif"). All layer elevations were checked against each other as described in Finkelstein and others, 2022. Producer defined Value Lacustrine silt and clay layer top elevation, in meters. Producer defined 38.9181 67.6544 Meters Bottom_ConfiningUnit_Elevation_Raster_Adjusted.tif Raster showing interpolated surface of the bottom of the first major lacustrine silt and clay unit at 125-foot discretization for a select area of the Fishkill Wappinger study area. Typically, the lack of data prevented mapping of the lacustrine silt and clay within the study area (Sim 3136). However, an exception was made for one small subset of the study area based on well log data and the spatial relevance of priority public supply wells. The lacustrine bottom elevation was calculated by subtracting 27.432 meters from the "Top_ConfiningUnit_Elevation_Raster.tif". Producer defined Value Lacustrine silt and clay layer bottom elevation, in meters. Producer defined 11.4861 46.371 Meters Lidar_Minimum_Elevation_Raster.tif Raster showing minimum LIDAR elevations at 125-foot discretization for the Fishkill Wappinger study area. Producer defined Value Minimum LIDAR elevation, in meters. Producer defined -69.2197 465.546 Meters Surficial_Geology_Polygons Surficial geology for the Fishkill Wappinger study area. Producer defined Geology Surficial geologic deposits Producer defined This field contains different surficial geologic types that are found within the Fishkill Wappinger study area. Valley_Extent Estimated aquifer boundary, represented as a polygon. This boundary was based on report data (when available) and updated with soil SSURGO data, and LIDAR. Producer defined Comments Additional details Producer defined Additional details that pertain to the shapefile. Confined_Aquifer_Extent Confined aquifer and associated lacustrine silt and clay confining unit extent Producer defined Comments Additional details Producer defined Additional details StudyArea_Extent Study area extent Producer defined Comments Additional details Producer defined Additional details ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Not for navigational use. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 20260424 Jason Finkelstein Northeast Region: NEW YORK WATER SCI CTR Hydrologist mailing and physical

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Troy NY 12180 US 518-285-5606 jfinkels@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998