Peek, Sara
Nadeau, Patricia
Warren, S. Miki
Elias, Tamar
Hurwitz, Shaul
Hunt, Andrew G.
20201207
Gas chemistry and isotope compositions at Sulphur Banks, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai`i
tables in .csv and .xlsx format
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V9FSFZ
Sulphur Banks, near the summit of Kīlauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai`i, is a thermal area where volcanic gases and steam are discharged. A research well drilled in the 1920s at Sulphur Banks (Allen, 1922) has developed into a “fumarole” that has been used for gas sampling over the years (e.g., Friedman and Reimer, 1987; Hilton and McMurtry, 1997; Shinohara and others, 1999), but has not been subject to periodic monitoring.
Following the 2018 Kilauea eruption, draining of the lava lake, and cessation of activity at the summit (Neal and others, 2019), Sulphur Banks represents a continuing window into the outgassing dynamics at Kīlauea’s summit. Gas samples were collected at Sulphur Banks periodically since March 2018 in evacuated bottles for chemical compositional analysis and for stable carbon isotopes (13C-CO2), and in copper tubes for noble gas isotope ratio determinations. The goal of this effort is to track temporal variations that relate to volcanic activity at Kilauea.
Gas concentrations were analyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Gas Geochemistry Laboratory in Menlo Park, California using a Varian gas chromatograph with a dual-injection system using argon and helium carrier gases (Bergfeld and others, 2014). Analyzed gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and argon (Ar), hydrogen (H), helium (He), and carbon monoxide (CO). Stable carbon isotope ratios for the carbon dioxide component were measured at the USGS Stable Isotope Laboratory in Reston, Virginia. Gaseous CO2 samples were analyzed on a dual-inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (Coplen, 1973) and normalized (Coplen, 1988) with CO2 reference gases prepared using the method of Coplen and Kendall (1982). Noble gas isotope ratios were measured at the USGS Noble Gas Lab in Denver, Colorado following methods described in Hunt (2015). Temperatures measured during sampling with a K-type thermocouple and digital thermometer did not exceed 95.5°C, the approximate boiling temperature at the site’s elevation (1230 m).
Gas concentrations are reported as volume percent, normalized to 100%. Stable carbon isotopes are reported in permil (‰) notation relative to standard V-PDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite). Helium isotope data are reported as R/RA (3He/4He ratios in the sample over the ratio in the atmosphere).
References
Allen, E. T., 1922. Preliminary tests of the gases at Sulphur Banks, Hawaii, Monthly Bulletin of the Hawaii Volcano Observatory, Vol. X, No. 8.
Bergfeld, D., Lowenstern, J.B., Hunt, A.G., Shanks, W.C.P., III, and Evans, W.C., 2014. Gas and isotope chemistry of thermal features in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (ver. 1.1, September 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5012, 28 p. and data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115012.
Coplen, T.B., 1973. A double focusing, double collecting mass spectrometer for light stable isotope ratio analysis: International Journal Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics, v. 11, pp. 37–40.
Coplen, T. B., 1988. Normalization of Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Data, Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), v. 72, pp. 293-297.
Coplen, T.B., and Kendall, C., 1982. Preparation and stable isotope determination of NBS 16 and NBS 17 carbon dioxide reference samples: Analytical Chemistry, v. 54, pp. 2611–2612.
Friedman, I., and Reimer, G.M., 1987. Helium at Kilauea Volcano. Part 1: Spatial and Temporal Variations at Sulphur Bank. USGS Prof Paper 1350 (1987), pp. 809-813.
Hilton, D.R., McMurtry, G.M., and Kreulen, R., 1997. Evidence for extensive degassing of the Hawaiian mantle plume from helium‐carbon relationships at Kilauea volcano. Geophysical Research letters, 24, pp. 3065-3068.
Hunt, A.G., 2015. Noble Gas Laboratory’s standard operating procedures for the measurement of dissolved gas in water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 5, chap. A11, 22 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/tm5A11.
Neal, C., Brantley, S., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J. C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I. A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R. L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C. J., Nadeau, P. A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M. R., Shiro, B., Swanson, D. A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E. F., Zoeller, M. H., Montgomery‐Brown, E. K., Anderson, K. R., Poland, M. P., Ball, J. L., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H. R., Kern, C., Thelen, W. A., Cervelli, P. F., Orr, T., Houghton, B. F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A. K., Lerner, A. H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., Fisher, G., and Damby, D., 2019. The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano. Science, 363(6425), 367– 374.
Shinohara, H., Martini, M., and Hirabayashi, J., 1999. Preliminary Evaluation of Analytical Results for Samples Collected During Sixth Field Workshop on Volcanic Gases. IAVCEI Commission on the Chemistry of Volcanic Gases Newsletter, No. 14, pp. 2-11. https://www.iavceivolcano.org/about-iavcei/iavcei-commissions/iavcei-commissions-list.html
The goal of this effort is to track temporal variations that relate to volcanic activity at Kilauea.
2018
present
ground condition
As needed
-155.2615
-155.2605
19.4324
19.4314
USGS Thesaurus
volcano
gas chemistry
noble gas isotopes
carbon isotopes
USGS Metadata Identifier
USGS:5fad8bbdd34eb413d5df4722
Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Sulphur Banks
none
none
Sara E Peek
ALASKA REGION: VOLCANO SCIENCE CENTER
Research Hydrologist
mailing and physical
350 North Akron Road
Moffett Field
CA
94035
US
650-329-4509
speek@usgs.gov
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and the National Park Service
No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted
No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted
Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
Samples were collected and shipped to Menlo Park, CA for bulk gas analysis. Following bulk gas analysis, CO2 was separated from the sample using cryogenic vacuum line separation, and shipped to Reston, VA for carbon isotope analysis. A separate sample (copper tube sample) was shipped to Denver, CO for noble gas isotope analysis.
2020
Point
Sulphur_Banks_Gas_Chemistry
Contains bulk gas analysis as well as carbon isotopes (d13C-CO2) of gas collected at Sulphur Banks.
The authors.
Sample #
An alphanumeric sample identifier, such as SB20-01A, consisting of a two-letter code corresponding to the site, a two-number code corresponding to the sampling year, and a two-number code corresponding to the sampling trip, with "A" and "B" representing duplicate samples.
Producer defined.
An alphanumeric sample identifier, such as SB20-01A, consisting of a two-letter code corresponding to the site, a two-number code corresponding to the sampling year, and a two-number code corresponding to the sampling trip, with "A" and "B" representing duplicate samples.
Date
The date the sample was collected.
Producer defined
3/7/2018
9/30/2020
Bottle type
The type of bottle the sample was collected in.
Producer defined
evac
An empty evacuated T-handle bottle.
Producer-defined.
caustic
An evacuated T-handle bottle containing 4N sodium hydroxide solution
Producer-defined.
Temp. ℃
Temperature in degrees C.
Producer defined.
91.1
95.8
degrees Celcius
CO2
Amount of CO2 in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
0
100
volume percent
H2S
Amount of H2S in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
bdl
"below detection limit"
Producer-defined
He
Amount of He in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
0
100
volume percent
H2
Amount of H2 in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined
0
100
volume percent
N2
Amount of N2 in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
0
100
volume percent
Ar
Amount of Ar in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
0
100
volume percent
na
no data
Producer-defined.
bdl
below detection limit
Producer-defined.
O2
Amount of O2 in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined
0
100
volume percent
bdl
below detection limit
Producer-defined.
CH4
Amount of CH4 in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
0
100
volume percent
bdl
below detection limit
Producer-defined.
CO
Amount of CO in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
0
100
volume percent
bdl
below detection limit
Producer-defined.
SO2
The amount of SO2 in the sample, in Volume Percent.
Producer defined.
0
100
volume percent
N2/Ar
The volume percent ratio of N2 to Ar
Producer defined.
32.9
195
dimensionless
na
no data
Producer-defined
N2/O2
The volume percent ratio of N2 to O2
Producer defined
3.7
89
dimensionless
na
no data
Producer-defined.
C/S
The volume percent ration of C to S.
Producer defined.
64
1390
dimensionless
na
no data
Producer-defined.
d13C
The stable carbon isotope ratio of CO2 from the gas sample
Producer defined.
-3.06
-2.74
per mil (V-PDB)
na
no data
Producer-defined
Noble gas isotope data is described by a data dictionary generated by the Denver Noble Gas lab. The data dictionary was developed to fit the lab's data. The data dictionary is included in the Excel file with the data.
Hunt, A. G., 2020. Gas Data Release Template. Version 1.0 (November 13th, 2020).
ScienceBase
U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
mailing and physical
Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
Denver
Colorado
80225
USA
1-888-275-8747
sciencebase@usgs.gov
Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This information product is in the public domain. The data have been approved for release and publication by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although the data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Users of the data are advised to read all metadata and associated documentation thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations.
20201207
Sara E Peek
ALASKA REGION: VOLCANO SCIENCE CENTER
Research Hydrologist
mailing and physical
350 North Akron Road
Moffett Field
CA
94035
US
650-329-4509
speek@usgs.gov
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998