Christine M. Wieben 2020 Tabular Digital Data Data release version 2.0 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Wieben, C.M., 2019, Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use for Counties of the Conterminous United States, 2013-17 (ver. 2.0, May 2020): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9F2SRYH. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9F2SRYH This data release provides estimates of annual agricultural use of pesticide compounds in counties of the conterminous United States, for years 2013-17, compiled by means of methods described in Thelin and Stone (2013) and Baker and Stone (2015). For all States except California, U.S. Department of Agriculture county-level data for harvested-crop acreage were used in conjunction with proprietary Crop Reporting District-level pesticide-use data to estimate county-level pesticide use. Where Crop Reporting District data were not available or were incomplete, estimated pesticide-use values were calculated with two different methods, resulting in a low and a high estimate based on different assumptions about missing survey data (Thelin and Stone, 2013). Pesticide-use data for California for 2013-17 were obtained from the online Department of Pesticide Regulation Pesticide Use Reporting (DPR–PUR) database (California Department of Pesticide Regulation, variously dated). The California county data were appended after the estimation process was completed for the rest of the Nation. Estimates of annual agricultural pesticide use are provided as downloadable, tab-delimited files, organized by compound, year, state Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, county Federal Information Processing Standard code, and amount in kilograms (kg). This data release contains estimates of annual agricultural pesticide use for 2013-17 along with associated metadata. This data release is a continuation of the 1992-2009 pesticide-use estimates reported by Stone (2013) and the 2008-2012 pesticide-use estimates reported by Baker and Stone (2015). Tables of annual agricultural pesticide use estimates for 1992-2012 are available for download on the Pesticide National Synthesis Project (PNSP) webpage: https://doi.org/doi:10.5066/F7NP22KM. Beginning 2015, the provider of the surveyed pesticide data used to derive the county-level use estimates discontinued making estimates for seed treatment application of pesticides because of complexity and uncertainty. Pesticide-use estimates prior to 2015 include estimates with seed treatment application. Data for some compounds were missing from the version 1 estimates. Pesticide use estimates for compounds with missing data have been updated in version 2.0. First posted November 26, 2019 Revised May 27, 2020, ver. 2.0 References cited: Baker, N.T., and Stone, W.W., 2015, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2008–12: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 907, 9 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at https://doi.org/10.3133/ds907. California Department of Pesticide Regulation, variously dated, Pesticide use reporting (PUR): California Department of Pesticide Regulation Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR), Pesticide Use Report Data (PUR archives pur2013.zip, pur2014.zip, pur2015.zip, pur2016.zip, pur2017.zip), accessed June 26, 2019, at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm. Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 752, 1-p. pamphlet, 14 tables, accessed July 12, 2015, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/752/. Thelin, G.P., and Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimation of annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5009, 54 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5009/. Pesticide-use estimates from this dataset were compiled for U.S. Geological Survey water-quality studies and are suitable for making national, regional, and watershed assessments of annual pesticide use. For all states except California, pesticide-use data were obtained from proprietary surveys of farm operations within U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Crop Reporting Districts (CRDs). CRDs represent a collection of contiguous counties within a State. The survey data are based on agricultural pesticide-use surveys of farm operations distributed throughout the conterminous United States (Baker and Stone, 2015; Kynetec AgroTrak, written commun., annually 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). Survey data were used to calculate pesticide use per crop acre, or an 'estimated pesticide use' (EPest) rate, for each pesticide compound used in a CRD. County-use estimates were then calculated by multiplying EPest rates by harvested-crop acres for each pesticide-crop combination in the CRD by year for 2013-17; annual harvested-crop acres were reported by the USDA 2012 and 2017 Census of Agriculture (Ag Census) (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014, 2019) and the 2013-16 USDA National Agricultural Statistics (NASS) County Agricultural Production Survey (CAPS) (U.S. Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistics Service, variously dated). The methods documented in this report summarize the more detailed methods developed and described by Thelin and Stone (2013) and updated by Baker and Stone (2015). Two different estimates, EPest-low and EPest-high, provide a range of pesticide-use rates (Thelin and Stone, 2013 and Baker and Stone, 2015) where a pesticide-use rate is not available for a crop from a CRD. Both methods incorporated surveyed and extrapolated rates to estimate pesticide use for counties, but EPest-low and EPest-high estimation procedures differed in how they treated situations in which a CRD was surveyed and pesticide use was not reported (missing) for a particular pesticide-by-crop combination. The EPest-low estimate is assigned a null value (blank) when there is not enough information to determine whether use occurred but was not captured by the survey or whether use did not occur for that pesticide and crop. EPest-high, however, treats missing data for surveyed CRDs as pesticide use likely to occur and therefore calculates a use rate from neighboring CRDs or CRDs within the same region to estimate the pesticide-by-crop use. This method is described in detail by Thelin and Stone (2013). The EPest-high estimate is based generally on the median of reported pesticide-by-crop use rates from surveyed farmers in neighboring CRDs and, in some cases, CRDs within the same USDA Farm Resource Region (Thelin and Stone, 2013). EPest-low annual-use totals can be greater than EPest-high totals when the low method of estimation concentrates the use to a particular geographic area while the high method spreads the use over a larger geographic area. There is uncertainty in both the high and low estimates that is difficult to quantify. A user should become familiar with the two methods to decide which estimate is best for a specific application. County annual harvested-crop acres reported in the 2012 and 2017 Ag Census (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014, 2019) and 2013-16 CAPS (U.S. Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistics Service, variously dated) were used in this compilation. The Ag Census is the most uniform and complete source of crop-acre estimates for all counties in the United States. The Ag Census is published every 5th year, with CAPS reporting crop-acre estimates for selected crops and counties for interim Ag Census years. For many crops, CAPS data were not available for any county for the inter-Ag Census period (2013-16). For the 2013-17 estimates, acreages for crops not surveyed by CAPS were interpolated linearly between Ag Census years 2012 and 2017. The 2012 Ag Census data were used in the interpolation; however, the 2012 estimates are not included in this dataset because they are already published in Baker and Stone (2015). Pesticide-use data for California for 2013-17 were obtained from the online Department of Pesticide Regulation Pesticide Use Reporting (DPR–PUR) database (California Department of Pesticide Regulation, variously dated) and were appended to data for the rest of the Nation after the estimation process described above. Use estimates for California were compiled without extrapolation; therefore, EPest-low and EPest-high rates are the same for counties in California. Additional references cited in the Supplemental Information section: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014, State and county data, Geographic area series parts 1–50, AC–12–A–1—AC–12–A–50: U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017 Census of Agriculture, v. 1, accessed May 19, 2014, at http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2019, State and county data, Geographic area series parts 1–50, AC–17–A–1—AC–17–A–50: U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017 Census of Agriculture, v. 1, accessed May 22, 2019, at http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2017/. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, variously dated, Field crops: U.S. Department of Agriculture Quick Stats database (years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017), accessed June 11, 2019, at http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/. 2013 2017 publication date Complete None planned -125.77148437357 -65.830078125965 49.35346768179 23.523294619068 None pesticide water pesticide use Census of Agriculture Crop Reporting District crops National Water Quality Program NAWQA USGS Thesaurus agriculture water quality ISO 19115 Topic Category environment geoscientificInformation inlandWaters USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5e95c12282ce172707f2524e Geographic Names Information System United States none none Christine M Wieben U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

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Lawrenceville New Jersey 08648 United States 609-406-3817 cwieben@usgs.gov This work was done to support analyses by the National Water Quality Assessment Project, National Water Quality Program of the U.S. Geological Survey Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1 Esri ArcGIS 10.2.2 (Build 3552) Nancy T. Baker Wesley W. Stone 2015 publication U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 907 Reston, VA US Geological Survey Baker, N.T., and Stone, W.W., 2015, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2008–12: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 907, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds907. https://doi.org/10.3133/ds907 Wesley W. Stone 2013 publication U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 752 Reston, VA US Geological Survey Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 752, 1-p. pamphlet, 14 tables. https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/752/ Gail P. Thelin Wesley W. Stone 2013 publication U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5009 Reston, VA US Geological Survey Thelin, G.P., and Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimation of annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5009, 54 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5009/ No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record for additional details. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has either not been conducted, or is not applicable. Kynetec 2018 Digital Resources Kynetec written communication Proprietary data; no link provided Observed/Measured 20130101 20171231 publication date Kynetec Proprietary farm survey data on amounts of pesticides applied to individual crops by Crop Reporting District U.S. Department of Agriculture 2014 Tabular digital data Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 2012 publication date AgCensus Source information, in the form of county-level crop acres, used in support of the development of the dataset. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2019 Tabular digital data Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2017/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 2017 publication date AgCensus Source information, in the form of county-level crop acres, used in support of the development of the dataset. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2019 Tabular digital data Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20130101 20171231 publication date CAPS Source information, in the form of county-level crop acres, used in support of the development of the dataset. California Department of Pesticide Regulation 2019 Tabular digital data Sacramento, CA California Department of Pesticide Regulation http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm Digital 20130101 20171231 publication date DPR-PUR Annual agricultural pesticide use data for counties in California For all States except California, pesticide-use data compiled by proprietary surveys of farm operations located within U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Crop Reporting Districts (CRDs)—a collection of contiguous counties within each State—were used to calculate pesticide per crop acre, or an “estimated pesticide use” (EPest) rate, for each pesticide compound used in a CRD. 20190730 County-use estimates were then calculated by multiplying EPest rates by harvested-crop acres for each pesticide-by-crop combination in each county with annual harvested-crop acres. County annual harvested-crop acres reported by the USDA 2012 and 2017 Census of Agriculture (Ag Census) (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014, 2019) and USDA National Agricultural Statistics (NASS) County Agricultural Production Survey (CAPS) (U.S. Department of Agriculture--National Agricultural Statistics Service, variously dated) were used in this compilation. Estimates were produced using SAS software. For the 2013-17 estimates, acreages for crops not surveyed by CAPS were interpolated linearly between Ag Census years 2012 and 2017. 20190730 Where a pesticide-use rate is not available for a crop from a CRD, both EPest-low and EPest-high estimates were made to provide a range of pesticide-use rates (Thelin and Stone, 2013 and Baker and Stone, 2015). Both methods incorporated surveyed and extrapolated rates to estimate pesticide use for counties, but EPest-low and EPest-high estimation procedures differed in how they treated situations in which a CRD was surveyed and pesticide use was not reported (missing) for a particular pesticide-by-crop combination. The EPest-low estimate is assigned a null value (blank) when there is not enough information to determine whether use occurred but was not captured by the survey or whether use did not occur for that pesticide and crop. EPest-high, however, treats missing data for surveyed CRDs as pesticide use likely to occur and therefore calculates a use rate from neighboring CRDs or CRDs within the same region to estimate the pesticide-by-crop use. 20190730 Append California pesticide-use estimates to estimates compiled for the rest of the nation. 20190807 The original dataset was incomplete. Data for select compounds were missing from the original (version 1) pesticide use estimates. Pesticide use estimates were reprocessed following the above steps and pesticide use estimates for compounds with missing data have been updated in version 2.0. Specifically: 1. The following compounds were missing from the original pesticide use estimates for years 2013-17, for states except California. Pesticide use for the missing compounds has been added to the version 2.0 estimates. Note: there are no pesticide use estimates for these compounds for 2017. AMETRYN, ASULAM, AZINPHOS-METHYL, BACILLUS FIRMUS, BACTERIOPHAGE, CARBOXIN, DISULFOTON, ENDOSULFAN, FENAMIPHOS, FORAMSULFURON, HYMEXAZOL, IMAZALIL, IMAZAPYR, IPCONAZOLE, MANEB, METHAMIDOPHOS, NAPTALAM, PASTEURIA NISHIZAWAE, PENFLUFEN, PINOLENE, SEDAXANE, SUCROSE OCTANOATE, TCMTB, TEBUFENOZIDE, THIAZOPYR, TOLCLOFOS-METHYL, TRIADIMENOL, TRINEXAPAC, TRITICONAZOLE 2. The following compounds had incomplete estimates in the original pesticide use estimates as a result of missing use estimates for sugarcane for years 2013-17. Pesticide use on sugarcane has been added to the version 2.0 estimates for 2013-17. 2,4-D, ATRAZINE, AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLORANTRANILIPROLE, CHLORIMURON, CLOMAZONE, CLOPYRALID, CYFLUTHRIN, CYHALOTHRIN-LAMBDA, DICAMBA, DIURON, FLUBENDIAMIDE, FLUMIOXAZIN, FLUXAPYROXAD, GLYPHOSATE, HALOSULFURON, HEXAZINONE, IMIDACLOPRID, MESOTRIONE, METCONAZOLE, METRIBUZIN, NOVALURON, PARAQUAT, PENDIMETHALIN, PHORATE, PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN, SULFENTRAZONE, TERBACIL, TRIFLOXYSTROBIN, TRIFLOXYSULFURON, TRIFLURALIN 20200211 The metadata were updated. 20200520 EPest_county_estimates_2013_2017_v2.txt County-level estimates of annual agricultural pesticide use. This table contains 2,004,805 records. Producer defined COMPOUND Common name for the pesticide compound active ingredient Kynetec Pesticide compound active ingredients for which use estimates were calculated YEAR Calendar year for which pesticide use was estimated Producer defined 2013 2017 calendar year STATE_FIPS_CODE A standard two-digit identifier code for each state in the United States Federal Information Processing Standard developed by the U.S. federal government National Institute of Standards and Technology 2017 State, County, Minor Civil Division and Incorporated Place FIPS Codes https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2017/demo/popest/2017-fips.html COUNTY_FIPS_CODE A standard five-digit identifier code for each county in the United States (the first two digits are the FIPS state code. Only the three-digit county designations are given in this attribute.) Federal Information Processing Standard developed by the U.S. federal government National Institute of Standards and Technology 2017 State, County, Minor Civil Division and Incorporated Place FIPS Codes https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2017/demo/popest/2017-fips.html EPEST_LOW_KG Estimated pesticide use (low estimate), in kilograms. See 'Process Step' for more information on how low estimates were calculated. Null (blank) values indicate no use was estimated while zero values (0) indicate use was less than 0.01 kg. Producer defined 0 5,569,200.7 kilograms EPEST_HIGH_KG Estimated pesticide use (high estimate), in kilograms. See 'Process Step' for more information on how high estimates were calculated. Zero values (0) indicate use was less than 0.01 kg. Producer defined 0 5,569,200.7 kilograms U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase USGS mailing and physical

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